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Kumar SRJ, Rao VK, Katari NK, Jyothi NS, Kowtharapu LP. Determination and quantification of related substances and degradation products in bictegravir by full factorial design evaluated HPLC and mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1274-1285. [PMID: 36852477 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining and quantifying novel impurities and degraded impurities of a drug product is always a continuous challenge to enhancing the drug quality for patients' safety. Herein, our work deals with (i) developing a rapid, accurate, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic validation method to quantify the bictegravir drug (integrase inhibitors of antiretroviral drugs) and its novel related impurities at low levels, and (ii) the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to identify degraded impurities. Separation of bictegravir acid (impurity-I) and methyl bictegravir (impurity-II) impurities which are identified by LC-MS in the bictegravir drug was executed by developing a method and the same method performance evaluated by using full factorial design. This developed analytical technique gave a well-separated peak of bictegravir and related analytes such as bictegravir acid (impurity-I) and methyl bictegravir (impurity-II), adequate with the peak properties as per USP guidelines. The method's sensitivity and linearity are demonstrated by its detection and quantification limits at low levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The method's repeatability, specificity, and accuracy suggest that this developed technique is a reliable determination strategy for the bictegravir drug substance and its related impurities (impurity-I and impurity-II) in a simple, feasible, and affordable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jythesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
- Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Centre-II, Indrakaran (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy-502329, Telangana, India
| | - Vandavasi Koteswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
| | - Narreddy Siva Jyothi
- Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Centre-II, Indrakaran (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy-502329, Telangana, India
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
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Significance of stressor media on the stability of statins: a critical assessment. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Comprehensive Assessment of Degradation Behavior of Simvastatin by UHPLC/MS Method, Employing Experimental Design Methodology. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:7170539. [PMID: 30174695 PMCID: PMC6106721 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes comprehensive approach for assessment of degradation behavior of simvastatin employing experimental design methodology as scientific multifactorial strategy. Experimental design methodology was used for sample preparation and UHPLC method development and optimization. Simvastatin was subjected to stress conditions of oxidative, acid, base, hydrolytic, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Using 2n full factorial design degradation conditions were optimized to obtain targeted level of degradation. Screening for optimal chromatographic condition was made by Plackett-Burman design and optimization chromatographic experiments were conducted according to Box-Behnken design. Successful separation of simvastatin from the impurities and degradation products was achieved on Poroshell 120 EC C18 50 × 3.0 mm 2.7 μm, using solutions of 20 mM ammonium formate pH 4.0 and acetonitrile as the mobile phase in gradient mode. The proposed method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Validation results have shown that the proposed method is selective, linear, sensitive, accurate, and robust and it is suitable for quantitative determination of simvastatin and its impurities. Afterwards, the degradation products were confirmed by a direct hyphenation of liquid chromatograph to ion-trap mass spectrometer with heated electrospray ionization interface. This study highlights the multiple benefits of implementing experimental design, which provides a better understanding of significant factors responsible for degradation and ensures successful way to achieve degradation and can replace the trial and error approach used in conventional forced degradation studies.
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Ruggenthaler M, Grass J, Schuh W, Huber C, Reischl R. Impurity profiling of liothyronine sodium by means of reversed phase HPLC, high resolution mass spectrometry, on-line H/D exchange and UV/Vis absorption. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:147-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Xia K, Shen S, Gao Q, Shang W, Pan Y, Wu J. Identification of a novel low-level impurity in fungicide pyraclostrobin by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:272-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Wang H, Xu T, Yuan J. The use of online heart-cutting high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry in the identification of impurities in vidarabine monophosphate. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1674-1685. [PMID: 28211639 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to identify unknown impurities in nucleotide analogues by mass spectrometry because mass-spectrometry-incompatible mobile phases need to be used to separate the major ingredient from impurities. In this study, vidarabine monophosphate was selected, and unknown impurities were identified by online heart-cutting two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography and linear ion trap mass spectrometry. The one-dimensional reversed-phase column was filled with a mobile phase containing nonvolatile salt. In two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, we used an Acclaim Q1 column with volatile salt, and the detection wavelength was 260 nm. The mass spectrum was scanned in positive- and negative-ion mode. The online heart-cutting and online demineralization technique ensured that the mobile phase was compatible with mass spectrometry; seven impurities were identified by MS2 and MS3 fragments. The mass fragmentation patterns of these impurities were investigated. The two isomers were semiprepared and complemented by nuclear magnetic resonance. The results were further compared with those of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The online heart-cutting two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was superior in identifying more impurities. The method solves the problem of incompatibility between the mobile phase and mass spectrometry, so it is suitable for identifying unknown impurities. This method may also be used for investigating impurities in other nucleotide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tongzhou Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojian Yuan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of butylhydroxyanisol, simvastatin and its impurities in tablet dosage forms. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2014; 72:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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Chen WL, Guo DW, Shen YY, Guo SR, Ruan KP. Effects of highly hygroscopic excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet at high relative humidity. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:527-34. [PMID: 23798778 PMCID: PMC3687922 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of highly hygroscopic sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablets at 25°/90% RH were studied. The simvastatin tablets were prepared by direct powder compression. Simvastatin and its hydrolyte, simvastatin acid, were quantitatively analysed by high performance liquid chromotography. The hygroscopicity, water swelling ratio, water solubility and pH of the four hygroscopic excipients were investigated. During the investigation period, the weight gain of sorbitol or citric acid increased faster than that of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose at 25°/90% RH, accordingly, the moisture sorption of the tablets containing citric acid or sorbitol (T-3 or T-6) were more than that of the tablets containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (T-4 or T-5). The increase of simvastatin acid content with time at 25°/90% RH for the tablets was in the following order: T-6 < T-4 < T-3 < T-5. The effects of the four excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet were related to not only their hygroscopicity but also their other properties, such as moisture retention capacity and pH. Sorbitol as hygroscopic excipient in tablet can most effectively prevent the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai-200 240, China
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11
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Goel A, Baboota S, Sahni JK, Srinivas KS, Gupta RS, Gupta A, Semwal VP, Ali J. Development and validation of stability-indicating assay method by UPLC for a fixed dose combination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:222-8. [PMID: 22865836 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a fixed dose combination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe in bulk drugs. The developed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the combination drugs in tablet. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil Eternity C18 UHPLC column (2.5 µm, 2.1 × 50 mm) using a gradient elution of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.70; 0.01M) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with column oven temperature of 40°C. Ultraviolet detection was performed at 245 nm. Total run time was 5 min, within which the primary compounds and their degradation products were separated. The method was validated for accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility and robustness. Linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were established for atorvastatin and ezetimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
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12
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The application of MALDI TOF MS in biopharmaceutical research. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Bhatia MS, Jadhav SD, Bhatia NM, Choudhari PB, Ingale KB. Synthesis, characterization and quantification of simvastatin metabolites and impurities. Sci Pharm 2011; 79:601-14. [PMID: 21886906 PMCID: PMC3163378 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1105-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is used in treatment of hypercholesterolemia because it regulates cholesterol synthesis as a result of its β-hydroxy acid acting as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The present communication deals with synthesis, characterization and development of accurate, precise and sensitive Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of simvastatin and its synthetic impurities. The impurities methyl ether and β-hydroxy acid of simvastatin were synthesized in the laboratory and characterized by MS, NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The separation of simvastatin and its impurities was carried out on an isocratic JASCO RP-HPLC system using KYA TECH HIQ SIL C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm internal diameter, particle size 5 μm) operating at ambient temperature using acetonitrile:water (80:20 v/v) with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid as mobile phase. The method developed for HPLC analysis of three impurities along with simvastatin was validated using ICH Q2B (R1) guidelines and it complied with these guidelines. The results of analysis were found to be in the range of 98.14% to 101.89% for all analytes with acceptable accuracy and precision. The method can be used for detection and quantification of synthetic impurities in bulk or formulations of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish S Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur-416013(M.S.), India
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14
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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Gillespie TA, Winger BE. Mass spectrometry for small molecule pharmaceutical product development: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:479-490. [PMID: 21500245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Developing a pharmaceutical product has become increasingly difficult and expensive. With an emphasis on developing project knowledge at an earlier stage in development, the use of information-rich technologies (particularly MS) has continued to expand throughout product development. Continued improvements in LC/MS technology have widened the scope of utilizing MS methods for performing both qualitative and quantitative applications within product development. This review describes a multi-tiered MS strategy designed to enhance and accelerate the identification and profiling of both process- and degradation-related impurities in either the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or formulated product. Such impurities can be formed either during chemical synthesis, formulation, or during storage. This review provides an overview of a variety of orthogonal-mass spectrometric methodologies, namely GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP-MS, in support of product development. This review is not meant to be all inclusive; however, it has been written to highlight the increasing use of hyphenated MS techniques within the pharmaceutical development area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Gillespie
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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Dixit RP, Barhate CR, Padhye SG, Viswanathan CL, Nagarsenker MS. Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe from Tablet Dosage Form. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:204-10. [PMID: 20838524 PMCID: PMC2929779 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.65028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, specific and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of ezetimibe and simvastatin from pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method uses C18 ODS Hypersil column and isocratic elution. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 4.5, 0.01M) in the ratio of 65:35 v/v was used at a flow rate of 1.0 ml /min. UV detector was programmed at 232 nm for first 10 min and at 238 nm for 10 to 20 min. All the validation parameters were in acceptable range. The developed method was effectively applied to quantitate amount of ezetimibe and simvastatin from tablets. The method was also applied suitably for determining the degradation products of ezetimibe and simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Dixit
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - C. R. Barhate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - S. G. Padhye
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - C. L. Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - M. S. Nagarsenker
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
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Novak T, Grinberg N, Hartman B, Marcinko S, DiMichele L, Mao B. LCMS using a hybrid quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer for impurity identification during process chemical development of a novel integrase inhibitor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nováková L, Šatínský D, Solich P. HPLC methods for the determination of simvastatin and atorvastatin. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Dixit RP, Barhate CR, Nagarsenker MS. Stability-Indicating HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bertacche V, Milanese A, Nava D, Pini E, Stradi R. Structural elucidation of an unknown Simvastatin by-product in industrial synthesis starting from Lovastatin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:642-7. [PMID: 17697761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unknown by-product in Simvastatin synthesis from Lovastatin was found. The elucidation of this molecular structure by means of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, HPLC/MS, MS/MS and FT-IR was shown. The mentioned by-product, originated during Merck Sharp and Dhome synthesis scheme was isolated in the second-last step replacing butylamine with benzylamine. The spectroscopic results agreed with a molecular formula C(32)H(43)NO(3). The proposed structure of this compound, characterised by the presence of a conjugated dienic system in the heptanoic acid amide residue, was alpha,beta,gamma,delta unsaturated Simvastatin N-benzylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bertacche
- Istituto di Chimica Organica A. Marchesini, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
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Xu H, Wang D, Sun C, Pan Y, Zhou M. Identification of an unknown trace-level impurity in bulk drug of Seroquel by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:414-20. [PMID: 17420108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An impurity was detected in bulk drug Seroquel at about 0.4% level by the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The accurate mass of impurity was measured by FTICR equipped with electrospray ionization interface, and the structure of impurity was characterized on the basis of the on-line multi-stage mass spectrometric evidences. The proposed structure was further confirmed by multi-stage mass spectrometry of Seroquel and four related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Arayne MS, Sultana N, Hussain F, Ali SA. Validated spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of simvastatin in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193480706007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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Baertschi SW. Analytical methodologies for discovering and profiling degradation-related impurities. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Andelija M, Darko I, Mirjana M, Biljana J, Slavko M. Influence of structural and interfacial properties of microemulsion eluent on chromatographic separation of simvastatin and its impurities. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:67-73. [PMID: 16919659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to calculate the structural and compositional characteristics of microemulsions, used as eluents in the investigation of HPLC separation of simvastatin and its six impurities, predictive molecular thermodynamic approach is developed. For calculating fundamental interfacial properties of microemulsions, from pure component properties, the lattice fluid self-consistent field theory (SCF), in conjunction with new classical thermodynamic expressions, was applied. Calculation of predicted radii (PR), area per surfactant (ApS) and film thickness (FT), as well as is interfacial tension and bending moment enabled better understanding of separation of such a complex mixture. The microemulsion, which contained 1% (w/w) of diisopropyl ether, 2% (w/w) of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 6.6% (w/w) of co-surfactant such as n-butanol and 90.4% (w/w) of aqueous 25 mM disodium phosphate pH 7.0 enabled appropriate chromatographic separation between investigated compounds. It has been proved that this microemulsion had the smallest droplet radii and film thickness, which enabled optimal separation. Also the interfacial tension is the smallest, so the free energy change associated with dispersing the drops favoured a large number of small droplets. Hydrophobic interactions between solutes and stationary phase, as well as the microstructural characteristics of microemulsion eluents had a significant influence on chromatographic behavior of simvastatin and its six impurities.
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