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Determination of elemental impurities Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, V, Ni, Pd, Ru, Ag, Pt, Mo, Al, and Fe in highly potent analgesic activity agent by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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An overview of sample preparation procedures for determination of elemental impurities in medicines. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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3
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Development of Green Methods for the Determination of Elemental Impurities in Commercial Pharmaceutical Tablets. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two methods based on the use of diluted acids were developed: microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD) and microwave-assisted ultraviolet digestion (MAWD-UV). These methods are evaluated for the digestion of oral pharmaceutical drugs and further determination of elemental impurities from classes 1 (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and 2A (Co, Ni and V) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Commercial drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes are used. No prior comminution is performed. For MAWD, the optimized conditions were 2 mol L−1 or 3 mol L−1 HNO3, 1 mL of 50% H2O2 and a 45 min or 55 min irradiation program. For MAWD-UV, the condition using 1 mol L−1 HNO3, 1.6 mL of 50% H2O2 and a 55 min irradiation program enabled the digestion of all samples. In this way, efficient methods are proposed for the digestion of commercial pharmaceutical tablets for further determination of class 1 and 2A elemental impurities (ICH Q3D guidelines).
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Janchevska K, Stafilov T, Memed-Sejfulah S, Bogdanoska M, Ugarkovic S, Petrushevski G. ICH Q3D based elemental impurities study in liquid pharmaceutical dosage form with high daily intake - comparative analysis by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:456-461. [PMID: 31999195 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1724136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Guideline for Elemental Impurities-Q3D of the International Conference on Harmonisation represents a new paradigm in the control of elemental impurities (EIs) in pharmaceuticals. It changes the approach toward control of EIs from the historical 'heavy metals test', to a scientific-based risk assessment and testing by modern analytical instrumentation such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Management of EIs related to all finished drug products must be implemented in strict compliance with the regulatory requirements of pharmaceutical industry due to their quality and safety concerns. Testing for presence of EIs from Class 1 and Class 2a in methadone hydrochloride 1 mg/ml oral solution with recommended daily intake of 150 mg methadone hydrochloride was initially performed on ICP-OES using in-house validated method according to the requirements of pharmacopoeias, in line with Q3D. During the procedure, it became apparent that ICP-OES has its own limitations, especially when it comes to testing arsenic and lead in low concentrations. ICP-MS in-house validated method was developed and employed for determination of trace concentrations of arsenic and lead, providing resourceful information that were compared and correlated to the data obtained by ICP-OES analysis. Sample preparation using microwave digestion technique was applied for the analyses by both techniques. Although the applied ICP-OES in-house method is suitable for determination of Hg, Cd, Co, V, and Ni, more sensitive technique such as ICP-MS is required for accurate determination of As and Pb concerning pharmaceuticals with high daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Janchevska
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Trajče Stafilov
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Mirjana Bogdanoska
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Ugarkovic
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Gjorgji Petrushevski
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Pinheiro FC, Barros AI, Nóbrega JA. Microwave-assisted sample preparation of medicines for determination of elemental impurities in compliance with United States Pharmacopeia: How simple can it be? Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1065:1-11. [PMID: 31005141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work proposed a procedure for microwave-assisted sample preparation of medicines using diluted nitric acid followed by determination of elemental impurities using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) according to the United States Pharmacopeia Chapters 232 and 233. Three solutions, i.e. inverse aqua regia, 7.0 and 2.0 mol L-1 HNO3, were evaluated for microwave-assisted digestion of nine drugs samples. The applicability of each digestion procedure was assessed by comparison of analyte concentrations determined using total (reference procedure) and partial digestions (proposed procedure) as well as by determining dissolved carbon content and evaluating matrix effects. There were none significant differences at a 95% confidence level among the concentrations determined applying reference and proposed procedures. Internal standardization (ICP OES) and aerosol dilution (ICP-MS) were applied for minimization and correction of matrix effects. Addition and recovery experiments were performed according to oral permissible daily exposures values specific for each element and each sample was spiked with element concentrations of 0.5J and 1.5J in order to check accuracies for 24 analytes. Recoveries ranged from 70 to 138% for ICP OES and from 72 to 128% for ICP-MS, for all elements but Os. All analytes were below the respective limits of quantification when applying all sample preparation procedures, except As, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl and V, however the determined concentrations for these elements were lower than the limits proposed by Chapter 232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Pinheiro
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil
| | - Ariane I Barros
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A Nóbrega
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil.
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Maithani M, Raturi R, Sharma P, Gupta V, Bansal P. Elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products adding fuel to the fire. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104435. [PMID: 31376414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceuticals may generate impurities at various stages of development, transportation and storage which make them risky to be administered. Thus, it is essential that these impurities must be detected and quantified. However, their presence as impurities in finished products is virtually unavoidable, even under GMP conditions. Control of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical materials is currently undergoing a transition from control based on concentrations in components of drug products to control based on permitted daily exposures in drug products. Within the pharmaceutical community, there is uncertainty regarding the impact of these changes on manufactures of drug products. This uncertainty is fueled due to lack of publicly available information on elemental impurity levels in common pharmaceutical excipients. The present compilation gives an account of updated information about elemental impurities and reviews the regulatory aspects for such impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients/drug formulations. In addition, the aim of this article is to review and discuss the currently used quantitative analytical method, which is used for quality control of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maithani
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - R Raturi
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - P Sharma
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - V Gupta
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - P Bansal
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, 151203, Punjab, India.
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Molecular Mechanism of N, N-Dimethylformamide Degradation in Methylobacterium sp. Strain DM1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00275-19. [PMID: 30952664 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00275-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is one of the most common xenobiotic chemicals, and it can be easily emitted into the environment, where it causes harm to human beings. Herein, an efficient DMF-degrading strain, DM1, was isolated and identified as Methylobacterium sp. This strain can use DMF as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Whole-genome sequencing of strain DM1 revealed that it has a 5.66-Mbp chromosome and a 200-kbp megaplasmid. The plasmid pLVM1 specifically harbors the genes essential for the initial steps of DMF degradation, and the chromosome carries the genes facilitating subsequent methylotrophic metabolism. Through analysis of the transcriptome sequencing data, the complete mineralization pathway and redundant gene clusters of DMF degradation were elucidated. The dimethylformamidase (DMFase) gene was heterologously expressed, and DMFase was purified and characterized. Plasmid pLVM1 is catabolically crucial for DMF utilization, as evidenced by the phenotype identification of the plasmid-free strain. This study systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms of DMF degradation by Methylobacterium IMPORTANCE DMF is a hazardous pollutant that has been used in the chemical industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and agriculture. Biodegradation as a method for removing DMF has received increasing attention. Here, we identified an efficient DMF degrader, Methylobacterium sp. strain DM1, and characterized the complete DMF mineralization pathway and enzymatic properties of DMFase in this strain. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary advantage of DMF degradation facilitated by plasmid pLVM1 and redundant genes in strain DM1, suggesting the emergence of new ecotypes of Methylobacterium.
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Pinheiro FC, Barros AI, Nóbrega JA. Evaluation of dilute-and-shoot procedure for determination of inorganic impurities in liquid pharmaceutical samples by ICP OES. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cardoso P, Amaro P, Santos JP, de Assis JT, Carvalho ML. Determination of Nickel and Manganese Contaminants in Pharmaceutical Iron Supplements Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:432-437. [PMID: 27694429 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816670912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the capability of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXF) spectrometry in a triaxial geometry apparatus as a fast and nondestructive determination method of both dominant and contaminant elements in pharmaceutical iron supplements. The following iron supplements brands with their respective active ingredients were analyzed: Neutrofer fólico (iron gylcinate), Anemifer (iron(II) sulfate monohydrate), Noripurum (iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex), Sulferbel (iron(II) sulfate monohydrate), and Combiron Fólico (carbonyl iron). Although we observe a good agreement between the iron content obtained by the present method and that indicated in the supplement's prescribed dose, we observe contamination by manganese and nickel of up to 180 μg and 36 μg, respectively. These contents correspond to 7.2% and 14.4% of the permitted daily exposure of manganese and nickel, respectively, for an average adult individual as determined by the European Medicine Agency (EMEA). The method was successfully validated against the concentrations of several certified reference materials of biological light matrices with similar concentrations of contaminants. Moreover, we also validated our method by comparing the concentrations with those obtained with the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cardoso
- 1 Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Amaro
- 1 Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Santos
- 1 Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joaquim T de Assis
- 2 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Politécnico, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Carvalho
- 1 Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL), Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Li L, Zheng S, Yang Q, Chen S, Huang L. Distinguishing Astragalus mongholicus and Its Planting Soil Samples from Different Regions by ICP-AES. Molecules 2016; 21:482. [PMID: 27077837 PMCID: PMC6273576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
“Daodi herb” enjoys a good reputation for its quality and clinical effects. As one of the most popular daodi herbs, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao (A. membranaceus) is popularly used for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing properties. In this study, we used inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) technique to investigate the inorganic elements contents in A. mongholicu and its soil samples from daodi area (Shanxi) and non-daodi areas (Inner Mongolia and Gansu). A total of 21 inorganic elements (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, P, K, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Se, B, Al, Na, Cr, Ni, Ba, Ti and Sr) were simultaneously determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to differentiate A. mongholicu and soil samples from the three main producing areas. It was found that the inorganic element characteristics as well as the uptake and accumulation behavior of the three kinds of samples were significantly different. The high contents of Fe, B, Al, Na, Cr and Ni could be used as a standard in the elements fingerprint to identify daodi and non-daodiA. Mongholicus. As the main effective compounds were closely related to the pharmacodynamics activities, the inter-relationships between selected elements and components could reflect that the quality of A. Mongholicus from Shanxi were superior to others to a certain degree. This finding highlighted the usefulness of ICP-AES elemental analysis and evidenced that the inorganic element profile can be employed to evaluate the genuineness of A. mongholicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingzhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Fangshan District, Beijing 102400, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products and related matrices by ICP-based methods: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4547-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Azcarate SM, Savio M, Smichowski P, Martinez LD, Camiña JM, Gil RA. Single-step solubilization of milk samples with N,N-dimethylformamide for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis and classification based on their elemental composition. Talanta 2015; 143:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leclercq A, Nonell A, Todolí Torró JL, Bresson C, Vio L, Vercouter T, Chartier F. Introduction of organic/hydro-organic matrices in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry: a tutorial review. Part II. Practical considerations. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:57-91. [PMID: 26231892 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are increasingly used to carry out analyses in organic/hydro-organic matrices. The introduction of such matrices into ICP sources is particularly challenging and can be the cause of numerous drawbacks. This tutorial review, divided in two parts, explores the rich literature related to the introduction of organic/hydro-organic matrices in ICP sources. Part I provided theoretical considerations associated with the physico-chemical properties of such matrices, in an attempt to understand the induced phenomena. Part II of this tutorial review is dedicated to more practical considerations on instrumentation, instrumental and operating parameters, as well as analytical strategies for elemental quantification in such matrices. Two important issues are addressed in this part: the first concerns the instrumentation and optimization of instrumental and operating parameters, pointing out (i) the description, benefits and drawbacks of different kinds of nebulization and desolvation devices and the impact of more specific instrumental parameters such as the injector characteristics and the material used for the cone; and, (ii) the optimization of operating parameters, for both ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Even if it is at the margin of this tutorial review, Electrothermal Vaporization and Laser Ablation will also be shortly described. The second issue is devoted to the analytical strategies for elemental quantification in such matrices, with particular insight into the isotope dilution technique, particularly used in speciation analysis by ICP-coupled separation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Leclercq
- CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Anthony Nonell
- CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - José Luis Todolí Torró
- Universidad de Alicante, Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatología, Ap. de Correos, 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Carole Bresson
- CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Laurent Vio
- CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- CEA Saclay, DEN, DANS, DPC, SEARS, Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Frentiu T, Ponta M, Darvasi E, Frentiu M, Cordos E. Analytical capability of a medium power capacitively coupled plasma for the multielemental determination in multimineral/multivitamin preparations by atomic emission spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 134:2447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shaw BJ, Semin DJ, Rider ME, Beebe MR. Applicability of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) as a screening platform for pharmaceutical inorganic impurity analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Antosz FJ, Xiang Y, Diaz AR, Jensen AJ. The use of total reflectance X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) for the determination of metals in the pharmaceutical industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dash K, Venkateswarlu G, Thangavel S, Rao S, Chaurasia S. Ultraviolet photolysis assisted mineralization and determination of trace levels of Cr, Cd, Cu, Sn, and Pb in isosulfan blue by ICP-MS. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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