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Marden S, Campbell JM, Adams N, Coelho R, Foti C, Franca JR, Hostyn S, Huang Z, Ultramari M, Zelesky T, Baertschi SW. Mass Balance in Pharmaceutical Stress Testing: A Review of Principles and Practical Applications. AAPS J 2024; 26:96. [PMID: 39174806 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress testing (also known as forced degradation) of pharmaceutical drug substances and products is a critical part of the drug development process, providing insight into the degradation pathways of drug substances and drug products. This information is used to support the development of stability-indicating methods (SIMs) capable of detecting pharmaceutically relevant degradation products that might potentially be observed during manufacturing, long-term storage, distribution, and use. Assessing mass balance of stressed samples is a key aspect of developing SIMs and is a regulatory expectation. However, the approaches to measure, calculate, and interpret mass balance can vary among different pharmaceutical companies. Such disparities also pose difficulties for health authorities when reviewing mass balance assessments, which may result in the potential delay of drug application approvals. The authors have gathered input from 10 pharma companies to map out a practical review of science-based approaches and technical details to assess and interpret mass balance results. Key concepts of mass balance are introduced, various mass balance calculations are demonstrated, and recommendations on how to investigate poor mass balance results are presented using real-world case studies. Herein we provide a single source reference on the topic of mass balance in pharmaceutical forced degradation for small molecule drug substances and drug products in support of regulatory submissions with the goal of facilitating a shared understanding among pharmaceutical scientists and health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, Astrazeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, Massachusetts, 02451, USA.
| | - John M Campbell
- Analytical Development, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Rd, Mail Stop UP1400, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA.
| | - Neal Adams
- Scientific and Laboratory Services-Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronan Coelho
- Regulatory Affairs, Eurofarma Laboratórios SA, Itapevi, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Steven Hostyn
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, a Johnson & Johnson Company, Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences Coe, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Zongyun Huang
- Drug Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mariah Ultramari
- Spektra Soluções Científico-Regulatórias Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Wynendaele E, Urlaub J, Xu X, Holzgrabe U, De Spiegeleer B. Quality Control of L-Ascorbic Acid 2-Phosphate Magnesium Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae031. [PMID: 38796178 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (AP-Mg) salt is a Vitamin C derivative frequently used as a raw material in cell culture media for research purposes as well as for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-manufacturing of cell and tissue advanced therapy medicinal products. A selective reversed-phase HPLC (RP-LC) method was developed and validated. Commercially available AP-Mg products from different suppliers were analyzed. Various new impurities were found using this newly developed RP-LC method. Using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a mass balance of roughly 99.9% was obtained; the total numbers of impurities detected in both methods are also identical. The values of the relative ultraviolet (UV) response factors at λ = 210 nm of the impurities in this RP-LC method were discussed. When equaling the overall mean relative response factor of the impurities to 0.6 (estimated central value), the mass balance in the RP-LC method was nearly 100%. The structures of the new impurities are proposed as ethylation derivatives of open-ring AP-Mg products as well as phosphorylated derivatives of ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Urlaub
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Residual active pharmaceutical ingredient on the primary packaging of medicines: A valuable GMP-marker. Talanta 2019; 201:259-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method to quantify E. coli l-asparaginase and its acidic variants. Talanta 2018; 182:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Grech J, Robertson J, Thomas J, Cooper G, Naunton M, Kelly T. An empirical review of antimalarial quality field surveys: the importance of characterising outcomes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:612-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu X, Gevaert B, Bracke N, Yao H, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method development and validation for the assay of HEPES zwitterionic buffer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 135:227-233. [PMID: 27993432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HEPES is a zwitterionic buffer component used as a raw material in the GMP-manufacturing of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), hence requiring an adequate assay method with sufficient selectivity toward related impurities. Therefore, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method was developed. Different factors were investigated towards the retention behavior of HEPES, its analogue EPPS and its starting material isethionate: pH, ion concentration and organic solvent ratio of the mobile phase, as well as column temperature. Moreover, stress testing resulted in the N-oxide degradant, identified by high resolution MS. The final method consisted of an isocratic system with an aqueous (pH 2.0 with H3PO4) acetonitrile (35:65, v/v) mobile phase on a zwitterionic HILIC (Obelisc N) column with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min and UV detection at 195nm. The assay method of HEPES was validated, obtaining adequate linearity (R2=0.999), precision (RSD of 0.5%) and accuracy (recovery of 100.08%). Finally, the applicability of the validated method was demonstrated by analysis of samples from different suppliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Gevaert
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Bracke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Han Yao
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Raghuvanshi D, Nkepang G, Hussain A, Yari H, Awasthi V. Stability study on an anti-cancer drug 4-(3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene)-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (CLEFMA) using a stability-indicating HPLC method. J Pharm Anal 2016; 7:1-9. [PMID: 29404012 PMCID: PMC5686864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CLEFMA, 4-(3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene)-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid, is a new chemical entity with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report its stability in solution against stress conditions of exposure to acid/base, light, oxidant, high temperature, and plasma. The identity of the degradation products was ascertained by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To facilitate this study, we developed and validated a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method for detection of CLEFMA and its degradation. The method was linear over a range of 1–100 µg/mL; the accuracy and precision were within acceptable limits; it was stability-indicating as it successfully separated cis-/trans-isomers of CLEFMA as well as its degradation product. The major degradation product was produced from amide hydrolysis at maleic acid functionality caused by an acidic buffer, oxidant (3% hydrogen peroxide), or temperature stress (40–60 °C). The log k-pH profile showed that CLEFMA was most stable at neutral pH. In accelerated stability study we found that the shelf-life (T90%) of CLEFMA at 25 °C and 4 °C was 45 days and 220 days, respectively. Upon exposure to UV-light (365 nm), the normally prevalent trans-CLEFMA attained cis-configuration. This isomerization also involved the maleic acid moiety. CLEFMA was stable in plasma from which it could be efficiently extracted by an acetonitrile precipitation method. These results indicate that CLEFMA is sensitive to hydrolytic cleavage at its maleic acid moiety, and it is recommended that its samples should be stored under refrigerated and light-free conditions, and under inert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhawal Raghuvanshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Gregory Nkepang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Alamdar Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Hooman Yari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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Stalmans S, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, D'Hondt M, Bracke N, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Quality control of cationic cell-penetrating peptides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang Z, Chen J, Li L, Zhou Z, Geng Y, Sun T. Detailed structural study of β-artemether: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of Infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and vibrational circular dichroism. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Suleman S, Verheust Y, Dumoulin A, Wynendaele E, D'Hondt M, Vandercruyssen K, Veryser L, Duchateau L, De Spiegeleer B. Gas chromatographic method for the determination of lumefantrine in antimalarial finished pharmaceutical products. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:552-559. [PMID: 28911715 PMCID: PMC9351795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ann Dumoulin
- Research Group EnBiChem, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Veryser
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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D’Hondt M, Fedorova M, Peng CY, Gevaert B, Taevernier L, Hoffmann R, De Spiegeleer B. Dry heat forced degradation of buserelin peptide: Kinetics and degradant profiling. Int J Pharm 2014; 467:48-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Maggio RM, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Practical and regulatory considerations for stability-indicating methods for the assay of bulk drugs and drug formulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Selective separation, detection of zotepine and mass spectral characterization of degradants by LC-MS/MS/QTOF. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:107-116. [PMID: 29403872 PMCID: PMC5761085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, precise, accurate stability-indicating gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP–HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of zotepine (ZTP) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products (DPs). The method was developed using Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with a mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of solvents, A (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), pH=3.0) and B (acetonitrile). The eluted compounds were monitored at 254 nm; the run time was within 20.0 min, in which ZTP and its DPs were well separated, with a resolution of >1.5. The stress testing of ZTP was carried out under acidic, alkaline, neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. ZTP was found to degrade significantly in acidic, photolytic, thermal and oxidative stress conditions and remain stable in basic and neutral conditions. The developed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines. This method was also suitable for the assay determination of ZTP in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The DPs were characterized by LC–MS/MS and their fragmentation pathways were proposed.
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Suleman S, Vandercruyssen K, Wynendaele E, D'Hondt M, Bracke N, Duchateau L, Burvenich C, Peremans K, De Spiegeleer B. A rapid stability-indicating, fused-core HPLC method for simultaneous determination of β-artemether and lumefantrine in anti-malarial fixed dose combination products. Malar J 2013; 12:145. [PMID: 23631682 PMCID: PMC3651282 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based fixed dose combination (FDC) products are recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) as a first-line treatment. However, the current artemisinin FDC products, such as β-artemether and lumefantrine, are inherently unstable and require controlled distribution and storage conditions, which are not always available in resource-limited settings. Moreover, quality control is hampered by lack of suitable analytical methods. Thus, there is a need for a rapid and simple, but stability-indicating method for the simultaneous assay of β-artemether and lumefantrine FDC products. Methods Three reversed-phase fused-core HPLC columns (Halo RP-Amide, Halo C18 and Halo Phenyl-hexyl), all thermostated at 30°C, were evaluated. β-artemether and lumefantrine (unstressed and stressed), and reference-related impurities were injected and chromatographic parameters were assessed. Optimal chromatographic parameters were obtained using Halo RP-Amide column and an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 1mM phosphate buffer pH 3.0 (52:48; V/V) at a flow of 1.0 ml/min and 3 μl injection volume. Quantification was performed at 210 nm and 335 nm for β-artemether and for lumefantrine, respectively. In-silico toxicological evaluation of the related impurities was made using Derek Nexus v2.0®. Results Both β-artemether and lumefantrine were separated from each other as well as from the specified and unspecified related impurities including degradants. A complete chromatographic run only took four minutes. Evaluation of the method, including a Plackett-Burman robustness verification within analytical QbD-principles, and real-life samples showed the method is suitable for quantitative assay purposes of both active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a mean recovery relative standard deviation (± RSD) of 99.7 % (± 0.7%) for β-artemether and 99.7 % (± 0.6%) for lumefantrine. All identified β-artemether-related impurities were predicted in Derek Nexus v2.0® to have toxicity risks similar to β-artemether active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) itself. Conclusions A rapid, robust, precise and accurate stability-indicating, quantitative fused-core isocratic HPLC method was developed for simultaneous assay of β-artemether and lumefantrine. This method can be applied in the routine regulatory quality control of FDC products. The in-silico toxicological investigation using Derek Nexus® indicated that the overall toxicity risk for β-artemether-related impurities is comparable to that of β-artemether API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vergote V, Jansen H, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:37-52. [PMID: 29403867 PMCID: PMC5761056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective and stability-indicating HPLC-method, combined with appropriate sample preparation steps, is developed for β-artemether assay and profiling of related impurities, including possible degradants, in a complex powder for oral suspension. Following HPLC conditions allowed the required selectivity: a Prevail organic acid (OA) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), flow rate set at 1.5 mL/min combined with a linear gradient (where A=25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), and B=acetonitrile) from 30% to 75% B in a runtime of 60 min. Quantitative UV-detection was performed at 210 nm. Acetonitrile was applied as extraction solvent for sample preparation. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as extraction solvent, a compartmental behaviour by a non-solving excipient-bound fraction and an artemether-solubilising free fraction of solvent was demonstrated, making a mobile phase based extraction not a good choice. Method validation showed that the developed HPLC-method is considered to be suitable for its intended regulatory stability-quality characterisation of β-artemether paediatric formulations. Furthermore, LC-MS on references as well as on stability samples was performed allowing identity confirmation of the β-artemether related impurities. MS-fragmentation scheme of β-artemether and its related substances is proposed, explaining the m/z values of the in-source fragments obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herwig Jansen
- Dafra Pharma International, Slachthuisstraat 30/7, B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 264 8100; fax: +32 9 264 8193.
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