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Niu X, Shi Y, Teng L, Lv C, Lu J. Two new dammarane-type saponins from radix and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1463-1470. [PMID: 36503373 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2150848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two new dammarane-type ginsenosides elucidated as 6-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-24-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 20S-tetraol, named 20(S)-Ginsenoside Re10 (4); 6-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-24-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 20R-tetraol, named 20(R)-Ginsenoside Re11 (8); along with one steroidal saponin (1) and six known triterpenoid ginsenosides (2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9) were isolated from the radix and rhizomes of mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, family Araliaceae). Their structures were determined by comprehensive chemical and spectroscopic analysis. In addition, what's even more concerning is that protodioscin was isolated for the first time from Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Niu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinuo Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linxuan Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chongning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Lu YA, Liu SJ, Hou SY, Ge YY, Xia BH, Xie MX. Metabolomics distinguishes different grades of Scrophularia ningpoensis hemsl: Towards a biomarker discovery and quality evaluation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28458. [PMID: 38601543 PMCID: PMC11004711 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In managing unique complexities associated with Chinese medicinal quality assessment, metabolomics serves as an innovative tool. This study proposes an analytical approach to assess differing qualities of Scrophularia ningpoensis (S. ningpoensis)Hemsl by identifying potential biomarker metabolites and their activity with the corresponding secondary metabolites. The methodology includes four steps; first, a GC-MS based metabolomics exploration of the Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. Second, a multivariate statistical analysis (PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA) for quality assessment and biomarker identification. Third, the application of ROC analysis and pathway analysis based on identified biomarkers. Finally, validation of the associated active ingredients by HPLC. The analysis showed distinct metabolite profiles across varying grades of S. ningpoensis Hemsl, establishing a grading dependency relationship. Select biomarkers (gluconic Acid, d-xylulose, sucrose, etc.) demonstrated robust grading performances. Further, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, deemed as most influential in grading, was tied to the synthesis of key constituents (iridoids, phenylpropanoids). HPLC validation tests affirm a decreasing trend in harpagoside and cinnamic acid levels between first and third-grade samples. In conclusion, this GC-MS based metabolomics combined HPLC method offers a sound approach to assess and distinguish quality variations in S. ningpoensis Hemsl samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ai Lu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Shi-Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Yu-Ying Ge
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Bo-Hou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Ming-Xia Xie
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
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Seo CS, Shin HK. Quantitative Analysis of Eight Compounds in Traditional Korean Medicine, Gongjindan Using HPLC, UPLC–MS/MS, and GC–MS/MS Systems. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gongjindan (GJD) is a traditional Korean medicine consisting of four herbal medicines and two animal-derived medicines, and is taken as a tonic in Republic of Korea. In this study, the goal was to develop and validate a simultaneous analytical method to quantify eight compounds in commercially available GJD samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS), and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) systems. In HPLC and UPLC–MS/MS, seven components (gallic acid, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, morroniside, loganin, nodakenin, decursin, and decursinol angelate) were separated and quantified using a distilled water–acetonitrile mobile phase system on a Capcell Pak UG80 C18 column and an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column, respectively. Muscone was quantified using GC–MS/MS. The developed assays were validated by evaluating the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, recovery, and precision. In the regression equations of all compounds, the coefficient of determination was ≥0.9917, showing good linearity. The recovery was 93.70–108.17%, and the relative standard deviation values in the precision test were all <1.50%. Using the developed analysis methods, GJD samples were determined to contain the eight target compounds in concentrations from non-detected to 10.75 mg/g. The analytical assays developed and validated in this study can be used to obtain data for the quality control of commercially available GJDs and for the further expansion of efficacy and clinical studies.
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Kan H, Zhang D, Chen W, Wang S, He Z, Pang S, Qu S, Wang Y. Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:123-131. [PMID: 36875431 PMCID: PMC9975637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify the main medicinal active components of Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) in the compatibility environment of clinical application. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. ginseng were investigated based on its therapeutic effect in Sijunzi Decoction (SJD) which is a widely used traditional Chinese formula. Methods The fingerprints of 10 batches of SJD consisting of different sources of P. ginseng were established by UPLC technique to investigate the chemical components. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory effects of these components were evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Grey relational analysis was applied to explore the correlation degree between fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects in SJD. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages were established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the screened effective substances of P. ginseng. Results According to grey relational analysis, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rb3 of P. ginseng were the major anti-inflammatory contributions in SJD. They had been proven to be closely associated with the anti-inflammatory process of SJD and displayed a close effect compared with SJD by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Conclusion Our work provides a general strategy for exploring the pharmacological ingredients of P. ginseng in traditional Chinese formulas which is beneficial for establishing the quality standards of traditional herbs in traditional Chinese medicine prescription based on their clinical therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shuai Qu
- Jilin Institute of Biology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Quantitative Analysis and Differential Evaluation of Radix Bupleuri Cultivated in Different Regions Based on HPLC-MS and GC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154830. [PMID: 35956782 PMCID: PMC9369679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of Radix Bupleuri is greatly affected by its growing environment. In this study, Radix Bupleuri samples that were harvested from seven different regions across northwest China were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to reveal significant differences in quality contributed by the cultivation region. An HPLC-MS method was firstly established and used in the multiple reaction monitoring mode for the quantitative analysis of five saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri so as to evaluate the difference in the absolute content of saikosaponins attributable to the cultivation region. The effect on the components of Radix Bupleuri was further investigated based on the profiles of the representative saponins and volatile compounds, which were extracted from the Radix Bupleuri samples and analyzed by HPLC-MS and GC-MS. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to differentiate the Radix Bupleuri samples cultivated in different regions and to discover the differential compositions. The developed quantitative method was validated to be accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the determination of five saikosaponins. Further statistical tests revealed that the collected Radix Bupleuri samples were distinctly different from each other in terms of both saponins and volatile compounds, based on the provinces where they were grown. In addition, twenty-eight saponins and fifty-eight volatile compounds were identified as the differentially accumulated compositions that contributed to the discrimination of the Radix Bupleuri samples. The Radix Bupleuri samples grown in Shouyang county showed the highest content of saikosaponins. All of the results indicated that the cultivation region significantly affected the accumulation and diversity of the main chemical components of Radix Bupleuri. The findings of this research provide insights into the effect of the cultivation region on the quality of Radix Bupleuri and the differentiation of Radix Bupleuri cultivated in different regions based on the use of HPLC-MS and GC-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis.
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Du KZ, Cui Y, Chen S, Yang R, Shang Y, Wang C, Yan Y, Li J, Chang YX. An integration strategy combined progressive multivariate statistics with anticoagulant activity evaluation for screening anticoagulant quality markers in Chinese patent medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114964. [PMID: 34990765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases affect human health globally. Naoxintong capsules (NXTs), a famous Chinese Patent Medicine, has been especially applied to treat cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease in clinical practice. The anticoagulant activity of this prescription plays an important role in this course of treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY Thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) are two key targets considering the anticoagulant activity. The purpose of this investigation is to screen the quanlity markers as key thrombin and FXa inhibitors for the anticoagulant activity oriented quality control of Chinese patent medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simple multi-polar solvent extraction processes using various proportions of solvents were conducted and their thrombin/FXa inhibitory activities were evaluated in vitro. Bivariate correlation analysis (BCA), grey correlation analysis (GCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) were adopted for screening the potential active markers related to the anticoagulant activity. The chemical structures of these active compounds were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and their thrombin/FXa inhibitory activity was determined. The molecular docking technology was applied to explore the interaction between the compounds and targets. The contribution of these anticoagulant active ingredients in NXT was also investigated. Last but not the least, the contents of these markers in NXT were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. RESULTS The results showed that the NXT extract exhibited great activity against thrombin and FXa, especially extracted by 75% methanol (v/v). Six marker compounds with potential anticoagulant activity were screened out. Therein, four of the active compounds owing thrombin inhibitory activity (paeoniflorin, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, Z-ligustilide) and five of the active compounds owing FXa inhibitory activity (3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B and Z-ligustilide). In addition, these active compounds accounted for a large proportion of thrombin/FXa inhibitory activity of NXTs. The binding energy also showed the strong interaction formed by close connection of the compounds to the residues of targets. CONCLUSIONS The proposed integrated stategy could be an efficient strategy to screen potential thrombin/FXa inhibitors for the bioactivity related quanlity control of Chinese patent medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ye Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Lu J, Wang X, Wu A, Cao Y, Dai X, Liang Y, Li X. Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1523-1544. [PMID: 35084783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yang D, Jeong H, Hwang SM, Kim JW, Moon HW, Lee YE, Oh HB, Park CB, Kim B. Oral administration of Jinan Red Ginseng and licorice extract mixtures ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating lipogenesis. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:126-137. [PMID: 35058729 PMCID: PMC8753527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the main chronic liver diseases. NASH is identified by lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Jinan Red Ginseng (JRG) and licorice have been widely used because of their anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. Hence, this study assessed JRG and licorice extract mixtures' effects on NASH progression. Methods Palmitic acid (PA) and the western diet (WD) plus, high glucose-fructose water were used to induce in vitro and in vivo NASH. Mice were orally administered with JRG-single (JRG-S) and JRG-mixtures (JRG-M; JRG-S + licorice) at 0, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg/day once a day during the last half-period of diet feeding. Results JRG-S and JRG-M reduced NASH-related pathologies in WD-fed mice. JRG-S and JRG-M consistently decreased the mRNA level of genes related with inflammation, fibrosis, and lipid metabolism. The treatment of JRG-S and JRG-M also diminished the SREBP-1c protein levels and the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. The FAS protein levels were decreased by JRG-M treatment both in vivo and in vitro but not JRG-S. Conclusion JRG-M effectively reduced lipogenesis by modulating AMPK downstream signaling. Our findings suggest that this mixture can be used as a prophylactic or therapeutic alternative for the remedy of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daram Yang
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Hwang
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Won Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Lee
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Oh
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-berm Park
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbang-ro, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55442, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabukdo, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Gong PY, Guo YJ, Tian YS, Gu LF, Qi J, Yu BY. Reverse tracing anti-thrombotic active ingredients from dried Rehmannia Radix based on multidimensional spectrum-effect relationship analysis of steaming and drying for nine cycles. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114177. [PMID: 33945856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and modern pharmacodynamics, dried Rehmannia Radix (DRR) possesses prominent anti-thrombotic activity that decreases after processing by nine steaming and drying cycles to develop processed Rehmannia Radix (PRR). Due to the complexity of the DRR components, the chemical mechanism leading to efficacy changes of DRR caused by processing is still unclear. AIM OF STUDY This study aimed to trace the anti-thrombotic active compounds of DRR and different degrees of processed RR (PRR) and to evaluate the synergistic effects among different active components. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-thrombotic active chemical fraction of DRR extracts was evaluated. Targeted fractions of the processed products of RR were prepared at different processing stages. The changes in monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and secondary metabolites during processing were characterized by multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anti-thrombotic effects of targeted fractions of different RR samples were evaluated by analyzing the length of tail thrombus (LT) and serum biochemical indicators in carrageenan-induced tail-thrombus mice. The spectrum-effect relationships were investigated by partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis and gray correlation analysis (GRA). Finally, the active compounds were screened by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and validated in vivo, and their synergistic effects were determined by Webb's fraction multiplication method. RESULTS Six ingredients highly associated with anti-thrombotic activities were screened out by the spectrum-effect relationship analysis, of which oligosaccharides (stachyose, sucrose and raffinose) and iridoid glycosides (catalpol, leonuride and melitoside) possessed a synergistic effect on tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)/tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) ratio in vivo with synergistic coefficient (SC) > 1. CONCLUSION The main material basis of the anti-thrombotic activities of DRR is oligosaccharide components of stachyose, raffinose and sucrose, iridoid glycosides components of catalpol, leonuride and melittoside. The two kinds of components exert synergistic anti-thrombotic effects by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors and regulating the balance of the fibrinolysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Yang Gong
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yu-Jie Guo
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yu-Shan Tian
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Li-Fei Gu
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Jin Qi
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Li H, Feng T, Wen Y, Li L, Liu Y, Ren X, Dou Z. Comparative Investigation for Raw and Processed Products of Euodiae Fructus Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Chemical Pattern Recognition. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100281. [PMID: 34145965 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Euodiae Fructus is widely used due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. However, Euodiae Fructus has also been documented to be toxic, and the toxic effects can be reduced by processing. To distinguish Euodiae Fructus from its processes products and study the changes of raw and processed products before and after processing, we evaluated four auxiliary material processing methods including vinegar, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Coptidis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The raw Euodiae Fructus and four processed Euodiae Fructus samples were analyzed and compared based on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints combined with chemometrics, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal component analysis-class (PCA-Class). A total of 27 common peaks were obtained by fingerprint analysis. The fingerprint similarity of raw and processed samples was between 0.86-0.999. We also determined the contents of the main active ingredients - Evodiamine and Rutaecarpine. PCA and PLS-DA analyses were used to distinguish between the raw and processed samples of Euodiae Fructus, and 14 chemical markers were screened out. Four kinds of processed products were further analyzed and the results showed that they could be successfully distinguished under the established models, and 12 chemical markers were labeled. PCA-Class results revealed that the classification models constructed in this study had adequate discrimination ability. The method combined with HPLC fingerprinting and multi-component chemical pattern recognition technology could be used to differentiate raw and processed Euodiae Fructus with adequate predictive power. Our findings confirmed the rationality of the pharmacopoeial method and provided a reference for the quality control of the Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma processed Euodiae Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yingli Wen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Dou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
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11
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Quality Assessment of Insamyangpye Decoction by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multiple Reaction Monitoring. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insamyangpye decoction (ISYPD) is an oriental herbal prescription used in Korea to treat lung-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ISYPD is a complex prescription consisting of 13 herbal medicines, and ISYPD sample was obtained by adding 50 L of distilled water to a mixture (5 kg) of 13 herbal medicines, extracting at 100 °C for 2 h using an electric extractor, and freeze-drying. In this study, an accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was developed and verified for quality assessment of ISYPD using 10 marker components: mulberroside A (1), amygdalin (2), liquiritin apioside (3), naringin (4), poncirin (5), platycodin D (6), ginsenoside Rb1 (7), glycyrrhizin (8), saikosaponin A (9), and schizandrin (10). These marker compounds were separated using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) maintained at 30 °C with a mobile phase elution gradient of acetonitrile in distilled water, both containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid. Marker components were quantified using the LC–MS/MS MRM method developed and validated, and found at 0.09–7.47 mg/g.
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12
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Zhang T, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Li Q, Qi W. Changes in the Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Tissue-Specific Distribution of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng During Flowering Stage Under Cold Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:637324. [PMID: 33816450 PMCID: PMC8011539 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.637324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a valuable traditional herbal medicine material with numerous applications. Ginsenosides are the key bioactive compounds in ginseng. Cold stress can activate stress tolerance mechanisms that regulate biomass and biosynthesis in ginseng tissue. In this study, the effects of short- and long-term cold stress (5°C) on the physiological characteristics, tissue-specific ginsenoside distributions, and ginsenoside synthesis gene expressions of 3-year-old P. ginseng during the flowering period were investigated. Short-term cold stress significantly reduced ginseng biomass (root fresh weight and dry weight), and increased malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein concentrations. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities also increased significantly under cold stress. With prolongation of the cold stress period, all antioxidant enzyme activity decreased. The protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside concentrations in the taproots (phloem and xylem) and fibrous roots, as well as the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside concentrations in the leaves, increased significantly under short-term cold stress. The key genes (SE, DS-II, CYP716A52v2, and CYP716A53v2) involved in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway were significantly positively correlated with the ginsenoside accumulation trends. Thus, short-term cold stress can stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation, in turn stimulating the antioxidant enzyme system to alleviate oxidative damage and increasing the expression of key enzyme genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. During agricultural production, protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol ratios could be manipulated by low-temperature storage or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weichen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Planting and Development, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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13
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Qiao X, Qu C, Luo Q, Wang Y, Yang J, Yang H, Wen X. UHPLC-qMS spectrum-effect relationships for Rhizoma Paridis extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113770. [PMID: 33288343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis (RP) with significant anti-tumor and haemostatic effects, has been used as the raw material of many Traditional Chinese preparations. However, its active ingredients are still unclear. The present study aimed to discover bioactive ingredients from RP based on spectrum-relationship and chemometric methods. Firstly, the saponins extract was prepared by phytochemical methods. Furthermore, UHPLC-QTOF-MS and UHPLC-qMS were incorporated to establish an efficient and sensitive method for obtaining the chemical profiles of RP. A total of 34 saponins were characterized in RP and 13 of them were assigned as common peaks in 25 batches of samples. After evaluation of the anti-tumor and haemostatic activities of samples, spectrum-effect relationships were investigated by the grey relational analysis (GRA), orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). These analyses showed that polyphyllin VII (P27), polyphyllin II (P30), dioscin (P31) and polyphyllin I (P33) play a role in the haemostatic effects of RP whereas polyphyllin VII (P27), dioscin (P31), polyphyllin I (P33), progenin III (P34) were assigned as candidate ingredients accounting for the anti-tumor activity of RP. The anti-tumor and haemostatic activities of these screened ingredients were subsequently verified in vitro. Collectively, the present study established the spectrum-effect relationship mode of RP and discovered the bioactive compounds of RP, which could be also used for exploration of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines, especially for trace compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Hyun SH, Kim SW, Seo HW, Youn SH, Kyung JS, Lee YY, In G, Park CK, Han CK. Physiological and pharmacological features of the non-saponin components in Korean Red Ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:527-537. [PMID: 32617032 PMCID: PMC7322739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant, has been used as a blood-nourishing tonic for thousands of years in Asia, including Korea and China. P. ginseng exhibits adaptogen activity that maintains homeostasis by restoring general biological functions and non-specifically enhancing the body's resistance to external stress. Several P. ginseng effects have been reported. Korean Red Ginseng, in particular, has been reported in both basic and clinical studies to possess diverse effects such as enhanced immunity, fatigue relief, memory, blood circulation, and anti-oxidation. Moreover, it also protects against menopausal symptoms, cancer, cardiac diseases, and neurological disorders. The active components found in most Korean Red Ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds. In this review, the identity and bioactivity of the non-saponin components of Korean Red Ginseng discovered to date are evaluated and the components are classified into polysaccharide and nitrogen compounds (protein, peptide, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid), as well as fat-soluble components such as polyacetylene, phenols, essential oils, and phytosterols. The distinct bioactivity of Korean Red Ginseng was found to originate from both saponin and non-saponin components rather than from only one or two specific components. Therefore, it is important to consider saponin and non-saponin elements together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Youn
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kyung
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Efficacy Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Meng Z, Huang Y, Wang L, Jiang K, Guo L, Wang J, Yin G, Wang T. Quality evaluation of
Panax notoginseng
using high‐performance liquid chromatography with chemical pattern recognition. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Meng
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- School of pharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Yang Huang
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Linxiu Guo
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Guo Yin
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Tiejie Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for drug control Shenzhen P. R. China
- School of pharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research Shenzhen P. R. China
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16
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A short-term, hydroponic-culture of ginseng results in a significant increase in the anti-oxidative activity and bioactive components. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1007-1012. [PMID: 32577317 PMCID: PMC7297876 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng CA Meyer has a variety of biological effects, including antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Ginseng requires long-term cultivation, but this can be shortened using hydroponic systems to facilitate the commercial development of ginseng as a functional food. However, the characteristics of short-term-cultured (< 30 days) hydroponic ginseng (sHCG) are unclear. We investigated the characteristics of 21-day-cultured sHCG compared 5-year-old normally cultured ginseng. The free radical-scavenging activity and total ginsenoside and phenolic contents were significantly higher in sHCG than in normally cultured ginseng. Fifteen ginsenosides were detected in sHCG, and the concentrations of most were higher in shoots than roots. These findings suggest that 21-day-cultured sHCG, due to its enhanced antioxidant activity and higher concentrations of total phenolics and ginsenosides (including Rd and Re), has potential as a functional food.
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17
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Yang Y, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Z. Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:1-21. [PMID: 33437152 PMCID: PMC7790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanhai Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
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18
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112090. [PMID: 31315027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely used ingredient in several traditional Chinese medicine formulation, mainly as a prophylactic and restorative agent. Ginseng's Chinese traditional formulations have shown protective effects against atherosclerosis, suggesting that ginseng may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether the supplementation with Panax ginseng (PG) has an effect on blood lipid profile in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to evaluate the effects of PG on blood lipid profile. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 10 studies were performed in volunteers with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, 3 in postmenopausal women, 2 in healthy volunteers and 3 with other types of inclusion criteria. The doses employed ranged from 0.2 to 20 g/day (median 3 g/day, 95% CI 1.7, 5.8), while the treatment time ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median 8 weeks, 95% CI 6, 9). Few studies reported the composition of the PG extract employed. The main ginsenosides reported were Rb1 and Rg1 (content ranging from Rb1 0.023-6.44 mg/g and Rg1 0.028-3.21 mg/g). Significant modification in blood profile was described in 7 studies, in which 5 studies observed a reduction in total cholesterol, 4 in LDL-cholesterol, and 2 in triacylglycerides. The meta-analysis of 10 studies in volunteers with parameters related with metabolic syndrome describes that PG may induce a mean difference compared to a placebo of -2.30 (95% CI -3.79,-0.80) and -1.47 (95% CI -1.90,-1.05) mg/dL per g/day of PG in the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, with no significant effects in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerides. CONCLUSIONS PG extract may induce an improvement in blood lipid profile mainly by a reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Ce Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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19
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A classification of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques for evaluation of chemical composition and quality control of traditional medicines. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460501. [PMID: 31515074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) and traditional medicines (TMs) are used for treatment of various diseases and also to develop new drugs. However, identification of drug leads within the immense biodiversity of living organisms is a challenging task that requires considerable time, labor, and computational resources as well as the application of modern analytical instruments. LC-MS platforms are widely used for both drug discovery and quality control of TMs and food supplements. Moreover, a large dataset generated during LC-MS analysis contains valuable information that could be extracted and handled by means of various data mining and statistical tools. Novel sophisticated LC-MS based approaches are being introduced every year. Therefore, this review is prepared for the scientists specialized in pharmacognosy and analytical chemistry of NPs as well as working in related areas, in order to navigate them in the world of diverse LC-MS based techniques and strategies currently employed for NP discovery and dereplication, quality control, pattern recognition and sample comparison, and also in targeted and untargeted metabolomic studies. The suggested classification system includes the following LC-MS based procedures: elemental composition determination, isotopic fine structure analysis, mass defect filtering, de novo identification, clustering of the compounds in Molecular Networking (MN), diagnostic fragment ion (or neutral loss) filtering, manual dereplication using MS/MS data, database-assisted peak annotation, annotation of spectral trees, MS fingerprinting, feature extraction, bucketing of LC-MS data, peak profiling, predicted metabolite screening, targeted quantification of biomarkers, quantitative analysis of multi-component system, construction of chemical fingerprints, multi-targeted and untargeted metabolite profiling.
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20
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Shen T, Li W, Zhang X, Kong W, Liu F, Wang W, Peng J. High-Sensitivity Determination of Nutrient Elements in Panax notoginseng by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Chemometric Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081525. [PMID: 31003405 PMCID: PMC6515346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-accuracy and fast detection of nutritive elements in traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng (PN) is beneficial for providing useful assessment of the healthy alimentation and pharmaceutical value of PN herbs. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for high-accuracy and fast quantitative detection of six nutritive elements in PN samples from eight producing areas. More than 20,000 LIBS spectral variables were obtained to show elemental differences in PN samples. Univariate and multivariate calibrations were used to analyze the quantitative relationship between spectral variables and elements. Multivariate calibration based on full spectra and selected variables by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) weights was used to compare the prediction ability of the partial least-squares regression (PLS), least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), and Lasso models. More than 90 emission lines for elements in PN were found and located. Univariate analysis was negatively interfered by matrix effects. For potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and boron, LS-SVM models based on the selected variables obtained the best prediction performance with Rp values of 0.9546, 0.9176, 0.9412, 0.9665, and 0.9569 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.7704 mg/g, 0.0712 mg/g, 0.1000 mg/g, 0.0012 mg/g, and 0.0008 mg/g, respectively. For iron, the Lasso model based on full spectra obtained the best result with an Rp value of 0.9348 and RMSEP of 0.0726 mg/g. The results indicated that the LIBS technique coupled with proper multivariate chemometrics could be an accurate and fast method in the determination of PN nutritive elements for traditional Chinese medicine management and pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weijiao Li
- Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Wenwen Kong
- School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiyu Peng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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21
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Seo CS, Yoo SR, Jeong SJ, Ha H. Quantification of the constituents of the traditional Korea medicine, Samryeongbaekchul-san, and assessment of its antiadipogenic effect. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:145-153. [PMID: 30662318 PMCID: PMC6323196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Samryeongbaekchul-san (SBS) is a traditional herbal formula, which is used for the treatment of dyspepsia, chronic gastritis, and anorexia in Korea. To evaluate the quality of SBS decoction by quantifying its main constituents simultaneously using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (HPLC–PDA) detection, and secondly to determine the antiadipogenic effect of SBS decoction. The main constituents in a 10-μL injection volume of the decoction were separated on Gemini C18 and Luna NH2 columns (both 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 40 °C using a gradient of two mobile phases eluting at 1.0 mL/min. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes for 8 days with or without SBS. After differentiation, accumulated triglyceride contents and leptin production were measured. The correlation coefficients of all constituents in a calibration curve were ≥0.9998 and showed good linearity in the tested concentration range after validation of the method established. The recovery of the four major compounds were 99.46–102.61% with intra- and interday precisions of 0.08–1.01% and 0.15–0.99%, respectively. The four compounds in the lyophilized SBS sample were detected up to 6.46 mg/g. SBS treatment of the differentiated adipocytes significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and leptin production without cytotoxicity. Optimized simultaneous determination of constituents by HPLC–PDA detection will help to improve quality assessment of SBS or related formulas. SBS has an antiadipogenic effect and further investigation to establish the mechanisms of action of its antiadipogenic effect is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Rom Yoo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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22
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Gu B, Wang J, Song Y, Wang Q, Wu Q. The inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rd on the human glioma U251 cells and its underlying mechanisms. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4444-4450. [PMID: 30260020 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rd (Gs-Rd) on human glioma U251 cells in vitro and its possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS The groups included blank control group, low concentration Gs-Rd treatment group (20 μM), mid concentration Gs-Rd treatment group (40 μM), and high concentration Gs-Rd treatment group (80 μM). The proliferative activity of human glioma U251 cells was detected by the MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed to measure cell apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells. In addition, the ELISA assay was used to measure the telomerase activities in different groups on 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Furthermore, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to measure the expression of Bcl-2, human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT), and caspase-3 in different groups on 48 hours at both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. RESULTS The proliferation of U251 cells was inhibited by Gs-Rd with different concentrations in the dose- and time-dependent manners. In addition, Gs-Rd promoted U251 cell apoptosis rate in a dose-dependent manner. Gs-Rd with different concentrations (20 μM, 40 μM, and 80 μM) significantly enhanced the expression of teleomerase on 24 hours and 48 hours. In addition, Gs-Rd with different concentrations significantly increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 and hTERT expressions at both mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION The Gs-Rd can remarkably inhibit the proliferation and promote cell apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells. The possible underlying mechanisms could be related to inhibiting telomerase activity, downregulating expression of Bcl-2 and hTERT, and upregulating expression of caspase-3 of human glioma U251 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaqi Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingquan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang C, Zheng X, Ni H, Li P, Li HJ. Discovery of quality control markers from traditional Chinese medicines by fingerprint-efficacy modeling: Current status and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lee JW, Ji SH, Choi BR, Choi DJ, Lee YG, Kim HG, Kim GS, Kim K, Lee YH, Baek NI, Lee DY. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082062. [PMID: 30126124 PMCID: PMC6222836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the food industry and herbal markets, it is critical to control the quality of processed Panax ginseng products. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics was applied for the quality evaluation of white ginseng (WG), tae-geuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG). Diverse metabolites including ginsenosides were profiled by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the datasets of WG, TG, RG, and BG were then subjected to multivariate analyses. In principal component analysis (PCA), four processed ginseng products were well-differentiated, and several ginsenosides were identified as major components of each product. S-plot also characterized the metabolic changes between two processed ginseng products, and the major ginsenosides of each product were found as follows: WG (M-Rb1, M-Rb2, M-Rc, Re, Rg1), TG (Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), RG (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), and BG (Rd, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3). Furthermore, the quantitative contents of ginsenosides were evaluated from the four processed ginseng products. Finally, it was indicated that the proposed metabolomics approach was useful for the quality evaluation and control of processed ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Seung-Heon Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Doo Jin Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Kyuil Kim
- Institute of JinAn Red Ginseng, JinAn 55442, Korea.
| | - Youn-Hyung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
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Yu Y, Gong D, Zhu Y, Wei W, Sun G. Quality consistency evaluation of Isatidis Folium combined with equal weight quantified ratio fingerprint method and determination of antioxidant activity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:149-156. [PMID: 30077095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isatidis Folium has been known as a valuable traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Little attention, however, has been paid to its quality control. The aim of the present study was to establish a novel strategy to monitor and assess the quality consistency of Isatidis Folium. First, 20 samples were separated and identified simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography in an effective, quick and sensitive way. Then, Single-wavelength fingerprint was fused into multi-wavelength fingerprints to show fingerprints' information thoroughly. The similarity analyses of fingerprints were performed by equal weight quantified ration fingerprint method in terms of qualitative and quantitative aspects. The evaluation result showed that 20 batches of samples were classified into different grades. In addition, the relationship between fingerprints and antioxidant activity were investigated by partial least-squares model, which offered significant medicinal efficacy information for quality control. This comprehensive strategy provided a valuable reference for Isatidis Folium to ameliorate their quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dandan Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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26
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Huang BM, Zha QL, Chen TB, Xiao SY, Xie Y, Luo P, Wang YP, Liu L, Zhou H. Discovery of markers for discriminating the age of cultivated ginseng by using UHPLC-QTOF/MS coupled with OPLS-DA. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 45:8-17. [PMID: 29551643 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is gaining more publicity in modern society due to its health benefit and huge value in market. In the practice of grading and pricing of ginseng, the age is one of the major factor influencing the price and grade of ginseng. Therefore, the age discrimination is an important task for the quality control of ginseng. However, the traditional morphological methods are too subjective to be reproductive in discrimination. PURPOSE To establish a method that can discriminate the ginseng samples with different cultivation years. STUDY DESIGN To analyze the correlation between chemical compositions and cultivation years of cultivated ginseng samples of different age and thus discover potential quality marker (Q-marker) for discriminating the age of cultivated ginseng. METHODS In the present study, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with the quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) were utilized for the age discrimination and marker discovery. A statistical data processing procedure was established to screen markers and reduce the false positive rate. RESULTS The results showed that the ginseng samples from 2- to 6-year-old could be well separated in the orthogonal projections on the latent structure - discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) using the markers screened by the established statistical procedure, which could reduce approximately 20% of the insignificant markers and false positive discoveries. Ultimately, more than 50 compounds contributing to the age discrimination were identified including one new compound (malonylginsenoside). One negative marker (1038.4825@8.98) was discovered for the 2-year-old ginseng, and an equation was established to effectively predict the age of 3- to 6-year-old of ginseng. CONCLUSION The constructed method can discriminate the ginseng samples with different cultivation years and is a complement to the traditional discrimination method of ginseng age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ming Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Qing-Lin Zha
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Ting-Bo Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xiao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China; Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Pei Luo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China; Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China; International Institute of Translation Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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So SH, Lee JW, Kim YS, Hyun SH, Han CK. Red ginseng monograph. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:549-561. [PMID: 30337816 PMCID: PMC6190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used for several millennia in Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan, not only as a nourishing and tonifying agent but also as a therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases. In recent years, the various effects of red ginseng including immunity improvement, fatigue relief, memory improvement, blood circulation improvement, antioxidation, mitigation of menopausal women's symptoms, and anticancer an effect have been reported in clinical as well as basic research. Around the world, there is a trend of the rising consumption of health functional foods on the level of disease prevention along with increased interest in maintaining health because of population aging and the awareness of lifestyle diseases and chronic diseases. Red ginseng occupies an important position as a health functional food. But till now, international ginseng monographs including those of the World Health Organization have been based on data on white ginseng and have mentioned red ginseng only partly. Therefore, the red ginseng monograph is needed for component of red ginseng, functionality certified as a health functional food in the Korea Food and Drug Administration, major efficacy, action mechanism, and safety. The present red ginseng monograph will contribute to providing accurate information on red ginseng to agencies, businesses, and consumers both in South Korea and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kim
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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28
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Zhang XF, Chen J, Yang JL, Shi YP. UPLC-MS/MS analysis for antioxidant components of Lycii Fructus based on spectrum-effect relationship. Talanta 2018; 180:389-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Wang S, Zhao LL, Qiu XJ, Wang DS, Tang T, Luo JK, Hu SY, Huang HY. Efficacy and Safety of a Formulated Herbal Granula, Jiu Wei Zhen Xin, for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:9090181. [PMID: 29707037 PMCID: PMC5863357 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9090181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicine formula Jiu Wei Zhen Xin Granula (JWZXG) is prescribed to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in China. This study was to assess the efficacy and safety of JWZXG in patients with GAD. METHOD Data were pooled from 14 randomized controlled trials involving the assessment of mean changes of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) total scores, response rates, adverse event rates, quality, publication bias, and risk of bias. RESULTS Pooled analysis showed no significant difference in response rate (risk ratio 1.01, 95% CI [0.93-1.08]; Z test = 0.17, P = 0.86) and no significant difference between JWZXG group and azapirones group (RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.45, 1.06]; Z test = 1.69, P = 0.09) in rate of adverse events. Though no difference exists between JWZXG group and azapirones group in HAMA total score from baseline, JWZXG group was inferior to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) group (WMD -0.93, 95% CI [-1.64, -0.23]; Z test = 2.6, P = 0.009) which had more adverse events than JWZXG group (RR 0.64, 95% CI [0.46, 0.89]; Z test = 2.63, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis preliminarily suggests that JWZXG is as effective as azapirones, though having the same possibility of suffering AEs. JWZXG was inferior to SSRIs but causes fewer AEs in the treatment of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lin-lin Zhao
- Medical Examination Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Xin-jian Qiu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Key Clinical Specialist Vocational School of TCM Encephalopathy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dong-sheng Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Key Clinical Specialist Vocational School of TCM Encephalopathy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jie-kun Luo
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sui-yu Hu
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hui-yong Huang
- Institute of Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410218, China
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Kim YJ, Joo SC, Shi J, Hu C, Quan S, Hu J, Sukweenadhi J, Mohanan P, Yang DC, Zhang D. Metabolic dynamics and physiological adaptation of Panax ginseng during development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:393-410. [PMID: 29150823 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of metabolites from leaves to roots of Panax ginseng during development has revealed the tissue-specific and year-specific metabolic networks. Being an essential Oriental medicinal plant, ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a slow-growing perennial herb-accumulating pharmaceutically active metabolites such as ginsenosides in roots during growth. However, little is known about how ginseng plants survive in the harsh environments such as winter cold and summer heat for a longer period and accumulates those active metabolites as the plant grows. To understand the metabolic kinetics in both source and sink organs such as leaves and roots of ginseng plant, respectively, and to assess the changes in ginsenosides biosynthesis during ginseng growth, we investigated the metabolic profiles from leaves and roots of 1-, 4-, and 6-year-old field-grown ginseng plants. Using an integrated non-targeted metabolomic approach, we identified in total 348 primary and secondary metabolites, which provided us for the first time a global metabolomic assessment of ginseng during growth, and morphogenesis. Strikingly, the osmoprotectants and oxidized chemicals were highly accumulated in 4- and 6-year-old ginseng leaves suggested that ginseng develop a wide range of metabolic strategies to adapt unfavorable conditions as they mature. In 6-year-old plants, ginsenosides were decreased in leaves but increased in roots up to 1.2- to sixfold, supporting the view that there is a long-distance transport of ginsenosides from leaves to roots as ginseng plants mature. Our findings provide insights into the metabolic kinetics during the development of ginseng plant and this could complement the pharmacological importance of ginseng and its compounds according to their age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sung Chul Joo
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
- Crop Biotech Institute and Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Jiang K, Wang L, Han D, Yin G, Wang J, Qin B, Li S, Wang T. Identification of Salvia species using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:609-617. [PMID: 29105962 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hematological abnormalities. The root and rhizome of Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis have been found as substitutes for Salvia miltiorrhiza in the market. In this study, the chemical information of 14 major compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Stepwise discriminant analysis was adopted to select the characteristic variables. Partial least squares discriminant and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to classify Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes. The results showed that all of the samples were correctly classified both in partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the four compounds (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid A). This method can not only distinguish Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes, but also classify Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis. The method can be applied for the quality assessment of Salvia miltiorrhiza and identification of unknown samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
- School of pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongqi Han
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo Yin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Qin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Tiejie Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen, China
- School of pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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32
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Gao X, Ma Y, Wang Z, Bia R, Zhang P, Hu F. Identification of anti-inflammatory active ingredients from Tumuxiang by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight-MSE. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4179. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Ma
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- Waters Corporation; Beijing Office; People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Bia
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Fangdi Hu
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
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Jin SE, Ha H, Seo CS, Shin HK, Jeong SJ. Expression of Hepatic Cytochrome P450s in Rats Administered with Guibi-tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13:S822-S827. [PMID: 29491639 PMCID: PMC5822506 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_107_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible herb-drug interactions between the traditional herbal formula Guibi-tang (GBT; Guipi-tang, Kihi-to) and conventional drugs. Materials and Methods: GBT was orally administered to either male or female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats once daily at doses of 1000, 2000, or 5000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 isozymes (cytochrome P450s; CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B1/2, 2C11, 2E1, 3A1, 3A2, and 4A1) was analyzed in hepatic tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Repeated oral administration of GBT did not significantly influence the mRNA expression of hepatic CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B1/2, 2C11, 2E1, 3A1, 3A2, and 4A1 in male rats. By contrast, in female rats, the mRNA expression of hepatic CYP1A2 and 2B1/2 was significantly increased by repeated GBT treatment. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that caution is required in females when GBT is taken concomitantly with conventional drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 or 2B1/2. Our results provide information regarding the safety and effectiveness of GBT for clinical use. SUMMARY Repeated oral administration of Guibi-tang (GBT) for 13 weeks did not affect the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of hepatic CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B1/2, 2C11, 2E1, 3A1, 3A2, and 4A1 in male rats Repeated oral administration of GBT for 13 weeks induced mRNA expression of hepatic CYP1A2 and 2B1/2 but not for CYP1A1, 2C11, 2E1, 3A1, 3A2, and 4A1 in female rats.
Abbreviations used: CYP450: Cytochrome P450s, GBT: Guibi-tang, SD: Sprague Dawley, HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography, OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, RNA: Ribonucleic acid, RT-PCR: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Xiu Y, Li X, Sun X, Xiao D, Miao R, Zhao H, Liu S. Simultaneous determination and difference evaluation of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different areas and ages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:508-516. [PMID: 31700257 PMCID: PMC6823800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction–monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Miao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Comprehensive Profiling and Quantification of Ginsenosides in the Root, Stem, Leaf, and Berry of Panax ginseng by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122147. [PMID: 29207539 PMCID: PMC6149965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
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36
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Gurung B, Bhardwaj PK, Rai AK, Sahoo D. Major ginsenoside contents in rhizomes of Panax sokpayensis and Panax bipinnatifidus. Nat Prod Res 2017. [PMID: 28649854 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1343322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared eight major ginsenosides (Rg1, Rg2, Rf, Re, Rd, Rc, Rb1 and Rb2) between Panax sokpayensis and Panax bipinnatifidus collected from Sikkim Himalaya, India. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that all major ginsenosides were present in the rhizomes of P. sokpayensis except ginsenoside Rc, whereas ginsenoside Rf, Rc and Rb2 were not detected in P. bipinnatifidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhusan Gurung
- a Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre , Gangtok , India
| | - Pardeep Kumar Bhardwaj
- a Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre , Gangtok , India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- a Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre , Gangtok , India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- b Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development , Imphal , India
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Zhang JJ, Su H, Zhang L, Liao BS, Xiao SM, Dong LL, Hu ZG, Wang P, Li XW, Huang ZH, Gao ZM, Zhang LJ, Shen L, Cheng RY, Xu J, Chen SL. Comprehensive Characterization for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Ginseng Root by Integration Analysis of Chemical and Transcriptome. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060889. [PMID: 28561788 PMCID: PMC6152789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbgenomics provides a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs on the genome level. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal plant with numerous pharmaceutical effects. Previous reports mainly discussed the transcriptome of ginseng at the organ level. However, based on mass spectrometry imaging analyses, the ginsenosides varied among different tissues. In this work, ginseng root was separated into three tissues-periderm, cortex and stele-each for five duplicates. The chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis were conducted simultaneously. Gene-encoding enzymes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis and modification were studied based on gene and molecule data. Eight widely-used ginsenosides were distributed unevenly in ginseng roots. A total of 182,881 unigenes were assembled with an N50 contig size of 1374 bp. About 21,000 of these unigenes were positively correlated with the content of ginsenosides. Additionally, we identified 192 transcripts encoding enzymes involved in two triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways and 290 transcripts encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Of these UGTs, 195 UGTs (67.2%) were more highly expressed in the periderm, and that seven UGTs and one UGT were specifically expressed in the periderm and stele, respectively. This genetic resource will help to improve the interpretation on complex mechanisms of ginsenosides biosynthesis, accumulation, and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - He Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Data Center, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bao-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shui-Ming Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Hai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Gao
- The Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lian-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Rui-Yang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shi-Lin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Mass Spectrometry Based Profiling and Imaging of Various Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng Roots at Different Ages. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061114. [PMID: 28538661 PMCID: PMC5485938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Panax ginseng root is one of the most important herbal products, and the profiling of ginsenosides is critical for the quality control of ginseng roots at different ages in the herbal markets. Furthermore, interest in assessing the contents as well as the localization of biological compounds has been growing. The objective of this study is to carry out the mass spectrometry (MS)-based profiling and imaging of ginsenosides to assess ginseng roots at different ages; (2) Methods: Optimal ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight/MS (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to profile various ginsenosides from P. ginseng roots. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF)/MS-based imaging was also optimized to visualize ginsenosides in ginseng roots; (3) Results: UPLC-QTOF/MS was used to profile 30 ginsenosides with high mass accuracy, with an in-house library constructed for the fast and exact identification of ginsenosides. Using this method, the levels of 14 ginsenosides were assessed in P. ginseng roots cultivated for 4, 5, and 6 years. The optimal MALDI-imaging MS (IMS) was also applied to visualize the 14 ginsenosides in ginseng roots. As a result, the MSI cross sections showed the localization of 4 ginsenoside ions ([M + K]⁺) in P. ginseng roots at different ages; (4) Conclusions: The contents and localization of various ginsenosides differ depending on the cultivation years of P. ginseng roots. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the utility of MS-based profiling and imaging of ginsenosides for the quality control of ginseng roots.
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Dynamic Changes in Neutral and Acidic Ginsenosides with Different Cultivation Ages and Harvest Seasons: Identification of Chemical Characteristics for Panax ginseng Quality Control. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050734. [PMID: 28471389 PMCID: PMC6153749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, dynamic changes in ginsenoside content and ratios in the Panax ginseng root were investigated with different cultivation ages and different collection months, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our data indicate that changes in ginsenoside Ro and malonyl ginsenosides content were dependent on the ginseng cultivation age (p < 0.05); especially, the Ro content varied from 0.16 to 4.91 mg/g, with a difference about 30-fold. Further, we found that the samples of 5 and 6-year-old P. ginseng had high Ro/Re ratio, whereas two and three-year-old P. ginseng possessed low Ro/Re ratio. Thus, the Ro/Re ratio can be used as a characteristic marker for differentiating the age of the root. The relative content of ginsenosides Rg₁ and Re were affected by the ginseng's harvest season. The Re content was higher than the Rg₁ content in May and June, but lower than the Rg₁ content from August to October. Thus, the Rg₁/Re ratio can be used as a characteristic marker for differentiating the ginseng's harvest seasons. These results indicate that the chemical characteristics of P. ginseng at different cultivation ages and harvest seasons are clearly different, which may cause differences in pharmacological activities and therapeutic effects. In addition, we developed HPLC coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis methods to identify the cultivation age and harvest season of P. ginseng using characteristic ginsenosides. Our results showed that this method can be used to discriminate the cultivation age and harvest season of P. ginseng.
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40
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Liu M, Wang Q, Xie H, Liu S, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhao Y. UDP and NTF2 are the most consistently expressed genes in Panax ginseng roots at different growth stages. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4382-4390. [PMID: 28440415 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis relies on normalization against a consistently expressed reference gene. However, it has been reported that reference gene expression levels often vary markedly between samples as they are usually selected based solely on convention. The advent of RNA sequencing technology offers the opportunity to select reference genes with the least variability in steady‑state transcript levels. To identify the most consistently stable genes, which are a prerequisite for obtaining reliable gene expression data, the present study analyzed transcriptomes from six Panax ginseng transcriptome data sets, representing six growth stages, and selected 21 candidate reference genes for screening using RT‑qPCR. Of the 21 candidate genes, 13 had not been reported previously. The geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper programs were used to analyze the stability of the 21 candidate reference genes. The results showed that UDP‑N‑acetylgalactosamine transporter and nuclear transport factor 2 were likely to be the optimal combination of reference genes for use in investigations of ginseng. The novel reference genes were validated by correlating the gene expression profiles of four pathogenesis‑related protein genes generated from RT‑qPCR, with their expression levels calculated from the RNA sequencing data. The expression levels were well correlated, which demonstrated their value in performing RT‑qPCR analyses in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Liu
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Siming Wang
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Center of Chinese Medicine and Bio‑Engineering Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
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Liang S, Xu XW, Zhao XF, Hou ZG, Wang XH, Lu ZB. Two new fatty acids esters were detected in ginseng stems by the application of azoxystrobin and the increasing of antioxidant enzyme activity and ginsenosides content. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:63-72. [PMID: 27914541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a valuable herb in China that has also gained popularity in the West because of its pharmacological properties. The constituents isolated and characterized in ginseng stems include ginsenosides, fatty acids, amino acids, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. In this study, the effects of fungicide azoxystrobin applied on antioxidant enzyme activity and ginsenosides content in ginseng stems was studied by using Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. cv. (the cultivar of Ermaya) under natural environmental conditions. The azoxystrobin formulation (25% SC) was sprayed three times on ginseng plants at different doses (150ga.i./ha and 225ga.i./ha), respectively. Two new fatty acids esters (ethyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) were firstly detected in ginseng stems by the application of azoxystrobin as foliar spray. The results indicated that activities of enzymatic antioxidants, the content of ginsenosides and two new fatty acids esters in ginseng stems in azoxystrobin-treated plants were increased. Azoxystrobin treatments to ginseng plants at all growth stages suggest that the azoxystrobin-induced delay of senescence is due to an enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity protecting the plants from harmful active oxygen species (AOS). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in azoxystrobin-treated plants was about 1-3 times higher than that in untreated plants. And the effects was more significant (P=0.05) when azoxystrobin was applied at dose of 225ga.i./ha. This work suggests that azoxystrobin plays an important role in delaying of senescence by changing physiological and biochemical indicators and increasing ginsenosides content in ginseng stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, PR China
| | - Xuan-Wei Xu
- Ginseng and Antler Products Testing Center of the Ministry of Agricultural PRC, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guang Hou
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, PR China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhong-Bin Lu
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, PR China
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Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Zhang ZH, Tang ZH. Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1770. [PMID: 27795912 PMCID: PMC5059545 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5000 years in medicines in Asia and recently in the West. Ginsenosides, the main active constituents in Panax herbs, have prominent immunoregulatory effects. Although extensively studied in the roots, ginsenosides have not been studied with regard to their profiles and natural variations in the leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root, and main roots during development or among species. In this study, a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method with a shorter chromatographic running time was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of ten ginsenosides. Comparing ginsenoside contents in various parts during different developmental stages revealed part-specific accumulation of most ginsenosides. Further investigation indicated that Rg3 accumulated at significantly higher levels in the petiole of P. ginseng than in that of P. quinquefolius. The relative ratio of ginsenoside Rb2 to Rb1 appears to be a candidate metabolic marker for identifying the ginseng cultivar within a diverse collection of ginseng accessions. In addition, the PCA showed that aboveground parts differed significantly between species and can be considered as species-specific markers rather than roots. This comprehensive survey, providing reliable, affordable and adequate scientific evidence, could be used to differentiate two species and discriminate ginseng cultivar ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Long Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhong-Hua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
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Ristivojević P, Dimkić I, Trifković J, Berić T, Vovk I, Milojković-Opsenica D, Stanković S. Antimicrobial Activity of Serbian Propolis Evaluated by Means of MIC, HPTLC, Bioautography and Chemometrics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157097. [PMID: 27272728 PMCID: PMC4896501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New information has come to light about the biological activity of propolis and the quality of natural products which requires a rapid and reliable assessment method such as High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. This study investigates chromatographic and chemometric approaches for determining the antimicrobial activity of propolis of Serbian origin against various bacterial species. A linear multivariate calibration technique, using Partial Least Squares, was used to extract the relevant information from the chromatographic fingerprints, i.e. to indicate peaks which represent phenolic compounds that are potentially responsible for the antimicrobial capacity of the samples. In addition, direct bioautography was performed to localize the antibacterial activity on chromatograms. The biological activity of the propolis samples against various bacterial species was determined by a minimum inhibitory concentration assay, confirming their affiliation with the European poplar type of propolis and revealing the existence of two types (blue and orange) according to botanical origin. The strongest antibacterial activity was exhibited by sample 26 against Staphylococcus aureus, with a MIC value of 0.5 mg/mL, and Listeria monocytogenes, with a MIC as low as 0.1 mg/mL, which was also the lowest effective concentration observed in our study. Generally, the orange type of propolis shows higher antimicrobial activity compared to the blue type. PLS modelling was performed on the HPTLC data set and the resulting models might qualitatively indicate compounds that play an important role in the activity exhibited by the propolis samples. The most relevant peaks influencing the antimicrobial activity of propolis against all bacterial strains were phenolic compounds at RF values of 0.37, 0.40, 0.45, 0.51, 0.60 and 0.70. The knowledge gained through this study could be important for attributing the antimicrobial activity of propolis to specific chemical compounds, as well as the verification of HPTLC fingerprinting as a reliable method for the identification of compounds that are potentially responsible for antimicrobial activity. This is the first report on the activity of Serbian propolis as determined by several combined methods, including the modelling of antimicrobial activity by HPTLC fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Ristivojević
- Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivica Dimkić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Trifković
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Berić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Vovk
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Slaviša Stanković
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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Sun X, Zhang L, Cao Y, Gu Q, Yang H, Tam JP. Quantitative Analysis and Comparison of Four Major Flavonol Glycosides in the Leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roemer (Chinese Toon) from Various Origins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S270-6. [PMID: 27279719 PMCID: PMC4883091 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roemer is an endemic species of Toona genus native to Asian area. Its dried leaves are applied in the treatment of many diseases; however, few investigations have been reported for the quantitative analysis and comparison of major bioactive flavonol glycosides in the leaves harvested from various origins. Objective: To quantitatively analyze four major flavonol glycosides including rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside in the leaves from different production sites and classify them according to the content of these glycosides. Materials and Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for their simultaneous determination was developed and validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and repeatability. Moreover, the method established was then employed to explore the difference in the content of these four glycosides in raw materials. Finally, a hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to classify 11 voucher specimens. Results: The separation was performed on a Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) kept at 35°C, and acetonitrile and H2O containing 0.30% trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase was driven at 1.0 mL/min during the analysis. Ten microliters of solution were injected and 254 nm was selected to monitor the separation. A strong linear relationship between the peak area and concentration of four analytes was observed. And, the method was also validated to be repeatable, stable, precise, and accurate. Conclusion: An efficient and reliable HPLC-DAD method was established and applied in the assays for the samples from 11 origins successfully. Moreover, the content of those flavonol glycosides varied much among different batches, and the flavonoids could be considered as biomarkers to control the quality of Chinese Toon. SUMMARY Four major flavonol glycosides in the leaves of Toona sinensis were determined by HPLC-DAD and their contents were compared among various origins by HCA.
Abbreviations used: HPLC-DAD: High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, HCA: Hierarchical clustering analysis, MS: Mass spectrometry, RSD: Relative standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qinying Gu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:344-62. [PMID: 26169932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As all medicines, herbal medicinal products are expected to be safe, effective, and of appropriate quality. However, regulations on herbal medicinal products vary from country to country, and herbal preparations do occur not only in the form of medicinal products but also as less strictly regulated product groups like dietary supplements. Therefore, it is not always easy for the consumers to discriminate high-quality products from low-quality products. On the other hand, herbal medicines have many special features that distinguish them from conventional medicinal products. Plants are complex multicomponent mixtures; in addition, their phytochemical composition is not constant because of inherent variability and a plethora of external influences. Therefore, the production process of an herbal medicinal product needs to be strictly monitored. First of all, the starting materials need to be correctly authenticated and free of adulterants and contaminants. During plant growth, many factors like harvest season and time, developmental stage, temperature, and humidity have a strong impact on plant metabolite production. Also, postharvest processing steps like drying and storage can significantly alter the phytochemical composition of herbal material. As the production of many phytopharmaceuticals includes an extraction step, the extraction solvent and conditions need to be optimized in order to enrich the bioactive constituents in the extract. The quality of finished preparations needs to be determined either on the basis of marker constituents or on the basis of analytical fingerprints. Thus, all production stages should be accompanied by appropriate quality assessment measures. Depending on the particular task, different methods need to be applied, ranging from macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA-based authentication methods to spectroscopic methods like vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic and hyphenated methods like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Also, when performing pharmacological and toxicological studies, many features inherent in herbal medicinal products need to be considered in order to guarantee valid results: concerning in vitro studies, difficulties are often related to lacking knowledge of ADME characteristics of the bioactive constituents, nuisance compounds producing false positive and false negative results, and solubility problems. In in vivo animal studies, the route of administration is a very important issue. Clinical trials on herbal medicinal products in humans very often suffer from a poor reporting quality. This often hampers or precludes the pooling of clinical data for systematic reviews. In order to overcome this problem, appropriate documentation standards for clinical trials on herbal medicinal products have been defined in an extension of the CONSORT checklist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Bai H, Wang S, Liu J, Gao D, Jiang Y, Liu H, Cai Z. Localization of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different age by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1026:263-271. [PMID: 26520809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (P. ginseng) is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines, with ginsenosides as its main bioactive components. Because different ginsenosides have varied pharmacological effects, extraction and separation of ginsenosides are usually required for the investigation of pharmacological effects of different ginsenosides. However, the contents of ginsenosides vary with the ages and tissues of P. ginseng root. In this research, an efficient method to explore the distribution of ginsenosides and differentiate P. ginseng roots with different ages was developed based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF-MSI). After a simple sample preparation, there were 18 peaks corresponding to 31 ginsenosides with distinct localization in the mass range of m/z 700-1400 identified by MALDI-TOF-MSI and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. All the three types of ginsenosides were successfully detected and visualized in images, which could be correlated with anatomical features. The P. ginseng at the ages of 2, 4 and 6 could be differentiated finely through the principal component analysis of data collected from the cork based on the ion images but not data from the whole tissue. The experimental result implies that the established method for the direct analysis of metabolites in plant tissues has high potential for the rapid identification of metabolites and analysis of their localizations in medicinal herbs. Furthermore, this technique also provides valuable information for the component-specific extraction and pharmacological research of herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangrui Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Alvarez-Zapata R, Sánchez-Medina A, Chan-Bacab M, García-Sosa K, Escalante-Erosa F, García-Rodríguez RV, Peña-Rodríguez LM. Chemometrics-enhanced high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection of bioactive metabolites from phytochemically unknown plants. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:213-221. [PMID: 26515384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the use of Colubrina greggii as a model to investigate the use of chemometric analysis combined with data from a leishmanicidal bioassay, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (O-PLS), to detect biologically active natural products in crude extracts from plants having little or no phytochemical information. A first analysis of the HPLC-UV profiles of the extract and its semi-purified fractions using both Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (O-PLS) indicated that the components at tR 48.2, 48.7, 51.8min correlated with the variation in bioactivity. However, a further O-PLS analysis of the HPLC-UV profiles of fractions obtained through a final semi-preparative HPLC purification showed two components at tR 48.7 and 49.5min which correlated with the variation of the bioactivity in a high performance predictive model, with high determination coefficient, high correlation coefficient values (R(2) and Q(2)=0.99) and a low root mean square error (RMSE=0.018). This study demonstrates that the association of chemometric analysis with bioassay results can be an excellent strategy for the detection and isolation of bioactive metabolites from phytochemically unknown plant crude extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radamés Alvarez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 N. 130, Col. Chuburná, CP 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Medina
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Col. Industrial Ánimas, CP 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Manuel Chan-Bacab
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar S/N, Col. Buenavista, CP 24039 Campeche, Campeche, México
| | - Karlina García-Sosa
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 N. 130, Col. Chuburná, CP 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Escalante-Erosa
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 N. 130, Col. Chuburná, CP 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Virginia García-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Col. Industrial Ánimas, CP 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 N. 130, Col. Chuburná, CP 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Lim HS, Yeji K, Seo CS, Yoo SR, Jin SE, Shin HK, Jeong SJ. Chungsimyeonja-eum inhibits inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:371. [PMID: 26474855 PMCID: PMC4609053 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Chungsimyeonja-eum (CSYJE) is an herbal prescription used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating cerebral infarction by reducing ischemic damage. However, the effects of CSYJE on inflammation have not been verified scientifically. Methods Anti-inflammatory effects of CSYJE was investigated to dertermine the inhibitory effects of CSYJE against inflammation using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and HaCaT human keratinocytes. To measure the effects of CSYJE on inflammatory mediators and cytokines/chemokines, we used the following methods: cell viability assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, immunocytochemistry. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with CSYJE (250, 500, or 1000 μg/mL) for 4 h and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for additional 20 h. HaCaT cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (TI), and CSYJE (125, 250, or 500 μg/mL) for 24 h. Results CSYJE suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO, IC50 1000 μg/mL), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, IC50 = 12.1 μg/mL), and interleukin (IL)-6 (IC50 = 248 μg/mL) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. CSYJE suppressed the effects of TI on the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, IC50 = 330.2 μg/mL), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22, IC50 = 52.5 μg/mL), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5, IC50 = 372.9 μg/mL), and IL-8 (IC50 = 345.1 μg/mL) in HaCaT cells. CSYJE inhibited TI-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner and nuclear translocation at 500 μg/mL in HaCaT cells. Conclusion Our results suggest a possible therapeutic application of CSYJE for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Seo CS, Shin HK. HPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Determination of Nine Marker Components in Banhasasim-Tang. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:299-304. [PMID: 26354947 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nine components-liquiritin, coptisine, baicalin, palmatine, berberine, wogonoside, baicalein, glycyrrhizin and wogonin-in the traditional Korean formula, Banhasasim-tang decoction. A Gemini C18 analytical column was used to separate the nine constituents and kept at 40°C by gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in distilled water (A) and acetonitrile (B) as mobile phases. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injection volume was 10 µL. The PDA detection wavelengths were set at 254, 275 and 350 nm. Calibration curves of all compounds showed good linearity with coefficients of determination ≥0.9998 within the test ranges. The limits of detection and quantification of all compounds were in the range 0.01-0.09 and 0.03-0.30 µg/mL, respectively. All recoveries of the nine marker compounds ranged from 98.65 to 103.22% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values <1.25%. The RSDs of intraday and interday precision were <1.13 and 1.83%, respectively. The concentrations of the nine marker constituents were 0.19-41.09 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seob Seo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
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Yao CL, Yang WZ, Wu WY, Da J, Hou JJ, Zhang JX, Zhang YH, Jin Y, Yang M, Jiang BH, Liu X, Guo DA. Simultaneous quantitation of five Panax notoginseng saponins by multi heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Method development and application to the quality control of eight Notoginseng containing Chinese patent medicines. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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