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Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Fang L. Effect of Physicochemical Properties on the Basic Drug-Acid-Polymer Interactions and Miscibility in PVA Based Orodispersible Films. AAPS J 2024; 26:83. [PMID: 39009955 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Salts of weakly basic drugs can partially dissociate in formulations, to give basic drugs and counter acids. The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of physicochemical properties on the basic drug-acid-polymer interactions and salt-polymer miscibility, and to explain the influence mechanism at the molecular level. Six maleate salts with different physicochemical properties were selected and PVA was used as the film forming material. The relationship between the physicochemical properties and the miscibility was presented with multiple linear regression analysis. The existence state of salts in formulations were determined by XRD and Raman imaging. The stability of salts was characterized by NMR and XPS. The intermolecular interactions were investigated by FTIR and NMR. The results showed that the salt-PVA miscibility was related to polar surface area of salts and Tg of free bases, which represented hydrogen bond interaction and solubility potential. The basic drug-acid-PVA intermolecular interactions determined the existence state and bonding pattern of the three molecules. Meanwhile, the decrease of the stability after formulation increased the number of free bases in orodispersible films, which in turn affected the miscibility with PVA. The study provided references for the rational design of PVA based orodispersible films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), Shenyang, 110840, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Yuan S, Xu C, Jin M, Xian M, Liu W. Synergistic improvement of cinnamylamine production by metabolic regulation. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:14. [PMID: 36823535 PMCID: PMC9948449 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic primary amines (APAs) are key intermediates in the chemical industry with numerous applications. Efficient and mild biocatalytic synthesis is an excellent complement to traditional chemical synthesis. Our lab previously reported a whole-cell catalytic system for the synthesis of APAs catalyzed by carboxylic acid reductase from Neurospora crassa (ncCAR) and ω-transaminase from Ochrobactrum anthropi (OATA). However, the accumulation of toxic intermediates (aromatic aldehydes) during biocatalytic synthesis affected yields of APAs due to metabolic imbalance. RESULTS In this work, the biocatalytic synthesis of APAs (taking cinnamylamine as an example) was metabolically regulated by the overexpression or knockout of five native global transcription factors (TFs), the overexpression of eight native resistance genes, and optimization of promoters. Transcriptome analysis showed that knockout of the TF arcA increased the fluxes of NADPH and ATP in E. coli, while the rate of pyruvate metabolism was accelerated. In addition, the genes related to stress and detoxification were upregulated with the overexpression of resistance gene marA, which reduced the NADPH level in E. coli. Then, the expression level of soluble OATA increased by promoter optimization. Overall, arcA and marA could regulate the catalytic rate of NADPH- dependent ncCAR, while arcA and optimized promoter could regulate the catalytic rate of OATA. Lastly, the cinnamylamine yield of the best metabolically engineered strain S020 was increased to 90% (9 mM, 1.2 g/L), and the accumulation of cinnamaldehyde was below 0.9 mM. This work reported the highest production of cinnamylamine by biocatalytic synthesis. CONCLUSION This regulatory process provides a common strategy for regulating the biocatalytic synthesis of other APAs. Being entirely biocatalytic, our one-pot procedure provides considerable advantages in terms of environmental and safety impacts over reported chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yuan
- grid.458500.c0000 0004 1806 7609CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- grid.458500.c0000 0004 1806 7609CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Jin
- grid.458500.c0000 0004 1806 7609CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, P.R. China.
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3
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Self-sufficient whole-cell biocatalysis for 3-(aminomethyl) pyridine synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Fabrication and optimization of polypyrrole/cerium oxide/glassy carbon sensing platform for the electrochemical detection of flupirtine. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ding Y, Luo S, Weng C, An J. Reductive Deuteration of Nitriles Using D2O as a Deuterium Source. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15098-15105. [PMID: 31610121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoqun Weng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Shelke M, Deshpande SS, Sharma S. Quinquennial Review of Progress in Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling: An Instrumental Perspective Statistics. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:226-253. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1615863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Shelke
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Feng WD, Zhuo SM, Zhang FL. Isolation, identification, characterization, synthesis and quality control strategy of new process-related impurities in ambrisentan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 165:325-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Non-opioid analgesic drug flupirtine: Spectral analysis, DFT computations, in vitro bioactivity and molecular docking study. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Bhosale DM, Nikalje APG. UPLC Method for Determination of Eight Flupirtine Impurities in Bulk Substance and Their Characterization by 1H NMR and ESI–MS. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Isolation and Structure Characterization of Two Novel Degradation Products in Flupirtine Maleate Formulation by Prep-HPLC, LC–MS/Q-TOF and 2D-NMR. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Kumar N, Devineni SR, Gajjala PR, Gupta DK, Bhat S, Kumar R, Dubey SK, Kumar P. Four process-related potential new impurities in ticagrelor: Identification, isolation, characterization using HPLC, LC/ESI-MS(n), NMR and their synthesis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 120:248-60. [PMID: 26760243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Five process-related impurities were detected in the range of 0.08-0.22% in ticagrelor laboratory batches by HPLC and LC-MS methods. These impurities were named as TIC Imp-I, -II, -III, -IV and -V. Four of these impurities, TIC Imp-I to -IV were unknown and have not been reported previously. Based on LC-ESI/MS(n) study, the chemical structures of new impurities were presumed as (1S,2S,3S,5S)-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(7-amino-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d] pyrimidin-3-yl)cyclopentane-1,2-diol (TIC Imp-I), (1S,2S,3S,5S)-3-(7-((1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-5-(propylsulfinyl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclopentane-1,2-diol (TIC Imp-II), (1S,2R,3S,4S)-4-(7-((1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol (TIC Imp-III) and (3S,5S)-3-(7-((1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclopentane-1,2-diol (TIC Imp-IV). The unknown impurities were isolated from enriched crude sample by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The complete spectral analysis, MS, 1D NMR ((1)H, (13)C and DEPT), 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC) and IR confirmed the proposed chemical structures of impurities. Identification, isolation, structural characterization, prospects for the formation of impurities and their synthesis were first reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Subba Rao Devineni
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasad Reddy Gajjala
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Gupta
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandesh Bhat
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Microlabs Ltd., Analytical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dubey
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Microlabs Ltd., Chemical Research Department, API R&D Centre, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560105, Karnataka, India.
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Separation and Characterization of Process-Related Impurities and Forced Degradation Products of G004, a Novel Sulfonylurea Derivative. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Chen W, Zou L, Zhang F, Xu X, Zhang L, Liao M, Li X, Ding L. Determination and characterization of two degradant impurities in bendamustine hydrochloride drug product. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1673-9. [PMID: 26052090 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bendamustine hydrochloride is an alkylating antitumor agent with a good efficacy in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). Under the stressed conditions, two degradant impurities in bendamustine hydrochloride drug product were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. These two degradant impurities were isolated from preparative liquid chromatography, and were further characterized using Q-TOF/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Based on the MS and NMR spectral data, they were characterized as 4-[5-(2-chloro-ethylamino)-1-methyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl] butyric acid hydrochloride (impurity-A) and 4-{5-[[2-(4-{5-[bis-(2-chloroethyl) amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl}-butyryloxy)-ethyl]-(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1-methyl-3a, 7a-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl} butyric acid hydrochloride (impurity-B). Isolation, structural elucidation of these two impurities by spectral data (Q-TOF/MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, D2O exchange NMR and two-dimensional NMR) and the probable formation mechanism of the impurities were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Limin Zou
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Liandi Zhang
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Mingyi Liao
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Ltd, Xuanwu Avenue No. 699-18, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Bellur Atici E, Karlığa B. Identification, synthesis and characterization of process related desfluoro impurity of ezetimibe and HPLC method validations. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:356-370. [PMID: 29403950 PMCID: PMC5762248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezetimibe, which selectively inhibits cholesterol absorption across the intestinal wall and is used as an antihyperlipidemic agent, is synthesized for commercial use as a drug substance in highly pure form. During the synthetic process development studies of ezetimibe, an impurity was detected in the final product at levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.15% in reverse phase gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and its molecular weight was determined by LC-MS analysis. The impurity was identified as (3R,4S)-3-((S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylazetidin-2-one which is called desfluoro ezetimibe (lactam-related) impurity, synthesized and characterized, the mechanism of its formation was discussed in detail. After all standardization procedures, it was used as a reference standard during validation of HPLC method and routine analyses. In addition, content of Eze-1 desfluoro impurity in Eze-1 intermediates was specified as 0.10% to keep the formation of desfluoro ezetimibe impurity under control and the related substances HPLC method was validated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Bellur Atici
- Deva Holding A.Ş., Çerkezköy-2 Production Plant, Karaağaç Mh. Fatih Blv. No: 26, Address No: 2278035833, Kapaklı, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Bekir Karlığa
- Deva Holding A.Ş., Çerkezköy-2 Production Plant, Karaağaç Mh. Fatih Blv. No: 26, Address No: 2278035833, Kapaklı, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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15
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Zhu P, Yang W, Hong L, Cheng Q, Luo L, He J, Chen J. Characterization of a novel process-related impurity in commercial bendazac lysine eye drops by LC–ESI-QTOF/MS/MS and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Lemmerhirt CJ, Rombach M, Bodtke A, Bednarski PJ, Link A. Oxidation potentials of N-modified derivatives of the analgesic flupirtine linked to potassium KV 7 channel opening activity but not hepatocyte toxicity. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:368-79. [PMID: 25392984 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Openers of neuronal voltage-gated potassium channels (KV ) are of interest as therapeutic agents for treating pain (flupirtine) and epilepsy (retigabine). In an effort to better understand the mechanisms of action and toxicity of flupirtine, we synthesized nine novel analogues with varying redox behavior. Flupirtine can be oxidatively metabolized into azaquinone diimines; thus, the oxidation potentials of flupirtine and its analogues were measured by cyclic voltammetry. KV 7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) opening activity was determined by an established assay with HEK293 cells overexpressing these channels. A link was found between the oxidation potentials of the compounds and their EC50 values for potassium channel opening activity. On the other hand, no correlation was observed between oxidation potentials and cytotoxicity in cultures of transgenic mouse hepatocytes (TAMH). These results support the idea that oxidative metabolites of flupirtine contribute to the mechanism of action, similar to what was recently proposed for acetaminophen (paracetamol), but not to hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Lemmerhirt
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17487 Greifswald (Germany)
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Zhang D, Song X, Su J. Isolation, identification and structure elucidation of two novel process-related impurities of retigabine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 99:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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