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Hou X, Zhang Y, Xu D, Qin S, Xue C, Wang J, Zhou X, Shangguan J, Li Z, Liu J, Jia Z, Lu J. Metabolic profiling of a new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, ADMB-FUBIATA, with human liver microsomes, human primary hepatocytes and human recombinant CYP450 enzymes using LC-quadrupole-orbitrap MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116342. [PMID: 38986350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA), ADMB-FUBIATA, featuring an acetamide-linked structure, has emerged on the illicit drug market. To provide dependable verification of its consumption and identify reliable biomarkers, we investigated an in vitro metabolism study of ADMB-FUBIATA incubated with human primary hepatocytes (HPHs) for the first time and correlated our findings with those from human liver microsomes (HLMs). In this work, ADMB-FUBIATA (10 μM) was incubated with HLM and HPH for 1 and 5 h, respectively, and then subjected to LC-quadrupole-orbitrap MS. A total of 25 metabolites across 8 metabolic pathways were identified after incubation with HLM and HPH, respectively. Monohydroxylation and N-dealkylation were the major metabolic pathways, and formation to ketone was first identified. In addition, the metabolism of ADMB-FUBIATA were found to be mediated by multiple CYP450 enzymes, predominantly CYP2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. This research also initially characterized the fragmentation patterns of the metabolites of ADMB-FUBIATA, elaborating on their structural relationship with ADMB-FUBIATA analogs. To effectively monitor ADMB-FUBIATA abuse, metabolites M4 and M1 were proposed as reliable biomarkers by cross-validating the HLM and HPH incubation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hou
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Public Security Forensic Identification Centre, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security for Toxicological Analysis in Court, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Shiyang Qin
- Beijing Public Security Forensic Identification Centre, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security for Toxicological Analysis in Court, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Chenyu Xue
- Beijing Public Security Forensic Identification Centre, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security for Toxicological Analysis in Court, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Jifen Wang
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Xinyang Zhou
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Jianyang Shangguan
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Zhuoyan Li
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Jiatong Liu
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Zhenjun Jia
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Jianghai Lu
- Drug and Food Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing 100029, China.
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Characterisation of AMB-FUBINACA metabolism and CB 1-mediated activity of its acid metabolite. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:114-125. [PMID: 36652070 PMCID: PMC9849163 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AMB-FUBINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) which is primarily metabolised by hepatic enzymes producing AMB-FUBINACA carboxylic acid. The metabolising enzymes associated with this biotransformation remain unknown. This study aimed to determine if AMB-FUBINACA metabolism could be reduced in the presence of carboxylesterase (CES) inhibitors and recreational drugs commonly consumed with it. The affinity and activity of the AMB-FUBINACA acid metabolite at the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1) was investigated to determine the activity of the metabolite. METHODS The effect of CES1 and CES2 inhibitors, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) on AMB-FUBINACA metabolism were determined using both human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant carboxylesterases. Radioligand binding and cAMP assays comparing AMB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA acid were carried out in HEK293 cells expressing human CB1. RESULTS AMB-FUBINACA was rapidly metabolised by HLM in the presence and absence of NADPH. Additionally, CES1 and CES2 inhibitors both significantly reduced AMB-FUBINACA metabolism. Furthermore, digitonin (100 µM) significantly inhibited CES1-mediated metabolism of AMB-FUBINACA by ~ 56%, while the effects elicited by Δ9-THC were not statistically significant. AMB-FUBINACA acid produced only 26% radioligand displacement consistent with low affinity binding. In cAMP assays, the potency of AMB-FUBINACA was ~ 3000-fold greater at CB1 as compared to the acid metabolite. CONCLUSIONS CES1A1 was identified as the main hepatic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of AMB-FUBINACA to its less potent carboxylic acid metabolite. This biotransformation was significantly inhibited by digitonin. Since other xenobiotics may also inhibit similar SCRA metabolic pathways, understanding these interactions may elucidate why some users experience high levels of harm following SCRA use.
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Yeh YL, Wang SM. Quantitative Determination and Metabolic Profiling of Synthetic Cathinone Eutylone In Vitro and in Urine Samples by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1325-1337. [PMID: 35332690 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Forensic Science Section, Hsinchu City Police Bureau, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Meng Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kong D, Tian Y, Duan K, Guo W, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yang Z, Qin X, Ren L, Zhang W. Elucidating a Complicated Enantioselective Metabolic Profile: A Study From Rats to Humans Using Optically Pure Doxazosin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:834897. [PMID: 35359849 PMCID: PMC8960639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.834897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxazosin (DOX) is prescribed as a racemic drug for the clinical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension. Recent studies found that the two enantiomers of DOX exhibit differences in blood concentration and pharmacological effects. However, the stereoselective metabolic characteristics and mechanisms for DOX are not yet clear. Herein, we identified 34 metabolites of DOX in rats based on our comprehensive and effective strategy. The relationship among the metabolites and the most discriminative metabolites between (-)-DOX and (+)-DOX administration was analyzed according to the kinetic parameters using state-of-the-art multivariate statistical methods. To elucidate the enantioselective metabolic profile in vivo and in vitro, we carefully investigated the metabolic characteristics of metabolites after optically pure isomers administration in rat plasma, rat liver microsomes (RLMs) or human liver microsomes (HLMs), and recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. As a result, the differences of these metabolites were found based on their exposure and elimination rate, and the metabolic profile of (±)-DOX was more similar to that of (+)-DOX. Though the metabolites identified in RLMs and HLMs were the same, the metabolic profiles of the metabolites from (-)-DOX and (+)-DOX were greatly different. Furthermore, four human CYP enzymes could catalyze DOX to produce metabolites, but their preferences seemed different. For example, CYP3A4 highly specifically and selectively catalyzed the formation of the specific metabolite (M22) from (-)-DOX. In conclusion, we established a comprehensive metabolic system using pure optical isomers from in vivo to in vitro, and the complicated enantioselectivity of the metabolites of DOX was clearly shown. More importantly, the comprehensive metabolic system is also suitable to investigate other chiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kunfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zuxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leiming Ren
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Sia CH, Wang Z, Goh EML, Tan YL, Fong CY, Moy HY, Chan ECY. Urinary Metabolite Biomarkers for the Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA Abuse. Clin Chem 2021; 67:1534-1544. [PMID: 34387654 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (S)-N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA) is an emerging synthetic cannabinoid that was first identified in Europe in 2019 and entered Singapore's drug scene in January 2020. Due to the unavailable toxicological and metabolic data, there is a need to establish urinary metabolite biomarkers for detection of ADB-BUTINACA consumption and elucidate its biotransformation pathways for rationalizing its toxicological implications. METHODS We characterized the metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA in human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. Enzyme-specific inhibitors and recombinant enzymes were adopted for the reaction phenotyping of ADB-BUTINACA. We further used recombinant enzymes to generate a pool of key metabolites in situ and determined their metabolic stability. By coupling in vitro metabolism and authentic urine analyses, a panel of urinary metabolite biomarkers of ADB-BUTINACA was curated. RESULTS Fifteen metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA were identified with key biotransformations being hydroxylation, N-debutylation, dihydrodiol formation, and oxidative deamination. Reaction phenotyping established that ADB-BUTINACA was rapidly eliminated via CYP2C19-, CYP3A4-, and CYP3A5-mediated metabolism. Three major monohydroxylated metabolites (M6, M12, and M14) were generated in situ, which demonstrated greater metabolic stability compared to ADB-BUTINACA. Coupling metabolite profiling with urinary analysis, we identified four urinary biomarker metabolites of ADB-BUTINACA: 3 hydroxylated metabolites (M6, M11, and M14) and 1 oxidative deaminated metabolite (M15). CONCLUSIONS Our data support a panel of four urinary metabolite biomarkers for diagnosing the consumption of ADB-BUTINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hon Sia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Mei Ling Goh
- Division of Analytical Toxicology, Department of Drug Abuse Testing, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Yen Li Tan
- Division of Analytical Toxicology, Department of Drug Abuse Testing, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Ching Yee Fong
- Division of Analytical Toxicology, Department of Drug Abuse Testing, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Hooi Yan Moy
- Division of Analytical Toxicology, Department of Drug Abuse Testing, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wright E, Hafner JW, Podolej G, Feinstein DL, van Breemen R, Rubinstein I, Aks S, Wahl M. Severe Vitamin K-dependent Coagulopathy from Rodenticide-contaminated Synthetic Cannabinoids: Emergency Department Presentations. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:1014-1019. [PMID: 35354010 PMCID: PMC8328164 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.2.46317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synthetic cannabinoids are a rapidly expanding subset of designer drugs widely available in the United States since 2008. In Illinois during the spring of 2018, over 160 documented cases of bleeding and prolonged coagulopathy occurred secondary to contaminated synthetic cannabinoids. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of 38 patients to describe the initial emergency department (ED) presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS Through serum testing we found that three long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAAR) were detected in patients who had inhaled these tainted products: brodifacoum, difenacoum, and bromodialone. DISCUSSION This study encompasses the largest ED presentation of LAAR poisoning via the inhalational route known to date. CONCLUSION The emergency physician should be aware of the potential for tainted coingestants as the cause of undifferentiated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wright
- University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
| | - John W. Hafner
- University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Department of Emergency Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Gregory Podolej
- University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Department of Emergency Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Douglas L. Feinstein
- University of Illinois Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- University of Illinois Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven Aks
- Rush University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Wahl
- John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Zhou Y, Hua A, Zhou Q, Geng P, Chen F, Yan L, Wang S, Wen C. Inhibitory Effect of Lygodium Root on the Cytochrome P450 3A Enzyme in vitro and in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1909-1919. [PMID: 32546958 PMCID: PMC7250706 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the interactions of the main components of Lygodium root (ie, p-coumaric acid, acacetin, apigenin, buddleoside and Diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) with cytochrome P450 3A enzyme activity both in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro inhibition of drugs was assessed by incubating rat liver microsomes (RLMs) with a typical P450 3A enzyme substrate, midazolam, to determine their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. For the in vivo study, healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were consecutively administered acacetin or apigenin for 7 days at the dosage of 5 mg/kg after being randomly divided into 3 groups: Group A (control group), Group B (acacetin group) and Group C (apigenin group). Results Among the five main components of Lygodium root, only acacetin and apigenin showed inhibitory effects on the cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in vitro. The IC50 values of acacetin and apigenin were 58.46 μM and 8.20 μM, respectively. Additionally, the in vivo analysis results revealed that acacetin and apigenin could systemically inhibit midazolam metabolism in rats. The Tmax, AUC(0-t) and Cmax of midazolam in group B and group C were significantly increased (P<0.05), accompanied by a significant decrease in Vz/F and CLz/F (P<0.05). Conclusion Acacetin and apigenin could inhibit the activity of the cytochrome P450 3A enzyme in vitro and in vivo, indicating that herbal drug interactions might occur when taking Lygodium root and midazolam synchronously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailian Hua
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311100, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Chen
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhe Yan
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
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In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a synthetic cannabinoid EAM-2201 detected by LC–quadrupole-ion trap-MS/MS and high-resolution LC–Orbitrap-MS/MS. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim JH, Kim S, Lee J, In S, Cho YY, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS. In Vitro Metabolism of 25B-NBF, 2-(4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)- N-(2-Fluorobenzyl)ethanamine, in Human Hepatocytes Using Liquid Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E818. [PMID: 30823561 PMCID: PMC6412758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
25B-NBF, 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)ethanamine, is a new psychoactive substance classified as a phenethylamine. It is a potent agonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, but little is known about its metabolism and elimination properties since it was discovered. To aid 25B-NBF abuse screening, the metabolic characteristics of 25B-NBF were investigated in human hepatocytes and human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes using liquid chromatography⁻high resolution mass spectrometry. At a hepatic extraction ratio of 0.80, 25B-NBF was extensively metabolized into 33 metabolites via hydroxylation, O-demethylation, bis-O-demethylation, N-debenzylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and acetylation after incubation with pooled human hepatocytes. The metabolism of 25B-NBF was catalyzed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2J2, CYP3A4, and UGT2B7 enzymes. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop a bioanalytical method for the determination of not only 25B-NBF but also its metabolites in biological samples for the screening of 25B-NBF abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Jaesin Lee
- National Forensic Service, Wonju 24460, Korea.
| | - Sangwhan In
- National Forensic Service, Wonju 24460, Korea.
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
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Chi Q, Wang L, Xie D, Wang X. Characterization of in vitro metabolism of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors by LC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:163-173. [PMID: 30807921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is critically involved in cell migration, spreading and proliferation at the early step of various cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of FAK are effective to inhibit its activation in the process of tumor formation in cell. To better understand biotransformation of FAK inhibitors, this work has investigated in vitro phase I metabolism of inhibitors (namely PF-573228, PF-562271 and PF-03814735) by rat liver microsomes model. Using liquid chromatography - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/MS and MS/MS), three metabolites of PF-573228 and PF-562271 were observed and characterized, respectively. These in vitro metabolites were reported for the first time. The structures and fragmentation patterns of these metabolites were elucidated, and phase I metabolic pathways for FAK inhibitors were proposed. The main metabolic pathways of PF-573228 were hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and N-dealkylation. For PF-562271, they were hydroxylation and dehydrogenation. Hydroxylation was observed as the primary metabolism for PF-0381473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:691-710. [PMID: 30039377 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug-drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug-drug interactions in the clinic.
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Watanabe S, Kuzhiumparambil U, Fu S. In vitro metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid AM1220 by human liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:435-446. [PMID: 29963209 PMCID: PMC6002424 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Identifying intake of synthetic cannabinoids generally requires the metabolism data of the drugs so that appropriate metabolite markers can be targeted in urine testing. However, the continuous appearance of new cannabinoids during the last decade has made it difficult to keep up with all the compounds including {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM1220). In this study, metabolism of AM1220 was investigated with human liver microsomes and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Methods Metabolic stability of AM1220 was analysed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode after 1 µM incubation in human liver microsomes for 30 min. Tentative structure elucidation of metabolites was performed on both human liver microsome and fungal incubation samples using liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results Half-life of AM1220 was estimated to be 3.7 min, indicating a high clearance drug. Nine metabolites were detected after incubating human liver microsomes while seven were found after incubating Cunninghamella elegans, leading to 11 metabolites in total (five metabolites were common to both systems). Demethylation, dihydrodiol formation, combination of the two, hydroxylation and dihydroxylation were the observed biotransformations. Conclusions Three most abundant metabolites in both human liver microsomes and Cunninghamella elegans were desmethyl, dihydrodiol and hydroxy metabolites, despite different isomers of dihydrodiol and hydroxy metabolites in each model. These abundant metabolites can potentially be useful markers in urinalysis for AM1220 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Watanabe
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Unnikrishnan Kuzhiumparambil
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
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13
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In Vitro Inhibitory Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid EAM-2201 on Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme Activities in Human Liver Microsomes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040920. [PMID: 29659506 PMCID: PMC6017357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
EAM-2201, a synthetic cannabinoid, is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors that is widely abused as an illicit recreational drug in combination with other drugs. To evaluate the potential of EAM-2201 as a perpetrator of drug–drug interactions, the inhibitory effects of EAM-2201 on major drug-metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were evaluated in pooled human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). EAM-2201 at doses up to 50 µM negligibly inhibited the activities of eight major human CYPs (1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) and five UGTs (1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7) in human liver microsomes. EAM-2201 exhibited time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine N-deethylation, CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation, CYP2C19-catalyzed [S]-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation and CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1′-hydroxylation with Ki values of 0.54 µM (kinact: 0.0633 min−1), 3.0 µM (kinact: 0.0462 min−1), 3.8 µM (kinact: 0.0264 min−1) and 4.1 µM (kinact: 0.0250 min−1), respectively and competitively inhibited UGT1A3-catalyzed chenodeoxycholic acid 24-acyl-glucuronidation, with a Ki value of 2.4 µM. Based on these in vitro results, we conclude that EAM-2201 has the potential to trigger in vivo pharmacokinetic drug interactions when co-administered with substrates of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and UGT1A3.
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14
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Kim JH, Kong TY, Moon JY, Choi KH, Cho YY, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS. Targeted and non-targeted metabolite identification of MAM-2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1328-1335. [PMID: 29608249 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MAM-2201 is a fluorinated naphthoylindole synthetic cannabinoid with potent psychoactive properties that has been detected as an active ingredient in herbal incense blends. To gain a greater understanding of MAM-2201 metabolism and to compare its metabolic fate in humans with those in animals, the metabolism of MAM-2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes was investigated using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling approaches. Nineteen phase I metabolites (M1-M19) reported previously in human liver microsomes and 13 novel metabolites were identified in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes: 1 phase I metabolite (M20) and 12 phase II metabolites including 6 glucuronides (G1-G6), 1 sulfate (S1), and 5 glutathione (GSH) conjugates (GS1-GS5) of MAM-2201 metabolites. G3 was human-specific, but M20, G1, G2, and 5 GSH conjugates were rat-specific, indicating species-related differences in MAM-2201 metabolism. The findings in the present study can be useful for the experimental design and assessment of metabolism-mediated toxic risk of MAM-2201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Moon
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Souza Anselmo C, Sardela VF, Matias BF, Carvalho AR, Sousa VP, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Is zebrafish
(
Danio rerio
)
a tool for human‐like metabolism study? Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Souza Anselmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fonseca Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Amanda Reis Carvalho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira Sousa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Drugs and Pharmaceutics Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco Bss, 36 ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐170 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
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16
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Li J, Liu C, Li T, Hua Z. UPLC-HR-MS/MS-based determination study on the metabolism of four synthetic cannabinoids, ADB-FUBICA, AB-FUBICA, AB-BICA and ADB-BICA, by human liver microsomes. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28992356 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 2012, several cannabimimetic indazole and indole derivatives with valine amino acid amide residue have emerged in the illicit drug market, and have gradually replaced the old generations of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) with naphthyl or adamantine groups. Among them, ADB-FUBICA [N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide], AB-FUBICA [N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide], AB-BICA [N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-benzyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide] and ADB-BICA [N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-benzyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide] were detected in China recently, but unfortunately no information about their in vitro human metabolism is available. Therefore, biomonitoring studies to screen their consumption lack any information about the potential biomarkers (e.g. metabolites) to target. To bridge this gap, we investigated their phase I metabolism by incubating with human liver microsomes, and the metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolites generated by N-dealkylation and hydroxylation on the 1-amino-alkyl moiety were found to be predominant for all these four substances, and others which underwent hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis and dehydrogenation were also observed in our investigation. Based on our research, we recommend that the N-dealkylation and hydroxylation metabolites are suitable and appropriate analytical markers for monitoring their intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Narcotic Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of Minister of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- National Narcotic Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of Minister of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Narcotic Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of Minister of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- National Narcotic Laboratory, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of Minister of Public Security, Beijing, China
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17
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Öztürk YE, Yeter O, Öztürk S, Karakus G, Ates I, Buyuk Y, Yurdun T. Detection of metabolites of the new synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in authentic urine samples and human liver microsomes using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:449-459. [PMID: 28691766 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CUMYL-4CN-BINACA(1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) is a recently introduced indazole-3-carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoid (SC) that was detected in herbal incense seized by of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Narcotics Department, in May 2016 in Turkey. Recently introduced SCs are not detected in routine toxicological analysis; therefore, analytical methods to measure these compounds are in demand. The present study aims to identify urinary marker metabolites of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA by investigating its metabolism in human liver microsomes and to confirm the results in authentic urine samples (n = 80). In this study, 5 μM CUMYL-4CN-BINACA was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) for up to 3 hours, and metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Less than 21% of the CUMYL-4CN-BINACA parent compound remained after 3 hours of incubation. We identified 18 metabolites that were formed via monohydroxylation, dealkylation, oxidative decyanation to aldehyde, alcohol, and carboxylic acid formation, glucuronidation or reaction combinations. CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid (M16) was found to be major metabolite in HLMs. In urine samples CUMYL-4CN-BINACA was not detected; CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid (M16) was major metabolite after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Based on these findings, we recommend using M16 (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA N-butanoic acid), M8 and M11 (hydroxylcumyl CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) as urinary marker metabolites to confirm CUMYL-4CN-BINACA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeter Erol Öztürk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Yeter
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Öztürk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksun Karakus
- Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey.,Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ates
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Buyuk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Morque Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Yurdun
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Mogler L, Franz F, Rentsch D, Angerer V, Weinfurtner G, Longworth M, Banister SD, Kassiou M, Moosmann B, Auwärter V. Detection of the recently emerged synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PICA in 'legal high' products and human urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:196-205. [PMID: 28371476 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Indole or indazole-based synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) bearing substituents derived from valine or tert-leucine are frequently abused new psychoactive substances (NPS). The emergence of 5F-MDMB-PICA (methyl N-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]carbonyl}-3-methylvalinate) on the German drug market is a further example of a substance synthesized in the context of scientific research being misused by clandestine laboratories by adding it to 'legal high' products. In this work, we present the detection of 5F-MDMB-PICA in several legal high products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. To detect characteristic metabolites suitable for a proof of 5F-MDMB-PICA consumption by urine analysis, pooled human liver microsome (pHLM) assays were performed and evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) techniques to generate reference spectra of the in vitro phase I metabolites. The in vivo phase I metabolism was investigated by the analysis of more than 20 authentic human urine specimens and compared to the data received from the pHLM assay. Biotransformation of the 5-fluoropentyl side chain and hydrolysis of the terminal methyl ester bond are main phase I biotransformation steps. Two of the identified main metabolites formed by methyl ester hydrolysis or mono-hydroxylation at the indole ring system were evaluated as suitable urinary biomarkers and discussed regarding the interpretation of analytical findings. Exemplary analysis of one urine sample for 5F-MDMB-PICA phase II metabolites showed that two of the main phase I metabolites are subject to extensive glucuronidation prior to renal excretion. Therefore, conjugate cleavage is reasonable for enhancing sensitivity. Commercially available immunochemical pre-tests for urine proved to be unsuitable for the detection of 5F-MDMB-PICA consumption. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mogler
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Franz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Rostock, St.-Georg-Str. 108, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Weinfurtner
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, medbo® - District Hospital for Mental Health, Universitätstraße 84, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mitchell Longworth
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane 235, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bjoern Moosmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases by MAM-2201 in human liver microsomes. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:727-735. [PMID: 28484907 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
MAM-2201, a synthetic cannabinoid, is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors and is increasingly used as an illicit recreational drug. The inhibitory effects of MAM-2201 on major drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) have not yet been investigated although it is widely abused, sometimes in combination with other drugs. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of MAM-2201 on eight major human CYPs (CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) and six UGTs (UGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, and 2B7) of pooled human liver microsomes; we thus explored potential MAM-2201-induced drug interactions. MAM-2201 potently inhibited CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation, CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, and UGT1A3-catalyzed chenodeoxycholic acid 24-acyl-glucuronidation, with K i values of 5.6, 5.4 and 5.0 µM, respectively. MAM-2201 exhibited mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine N-de-ethylation with K i and k inact values of 1.0 µM and 0.0738 min-1, respectively. In human liver microsomes, MAM-2201 (50 µM) negligibly inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. Based on these in vitro results, we conclude that MAM-2201 has the potential to trigger in vivo pharmacokinetic drug interactions when co-administered with substrates of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and UGT1A3.
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20
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wei L, Deng Y, Ren W. Metabolic profiling of five flavonoids from Dragon's Blood in human liver microsomes using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:91-102. [PMID: 28376352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about the pharmacological activities of Dragon's Blood (DB, a traditional Chinese herb), its metabolism in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes has not been studied. This study aims to identify the metabolic profile of five flavonoids (loureirin A, loureirin B, loureirin C, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone) from DB in HLMs as well as the CYP enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of them. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterize the structures of their metabolites and 10 cDNA-expressed CYP enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) were used to verify which isozymes mediate in the metabolism of the metabolites. Totally, 29 metabolites including 10 metabolites of loureirin A, 10 metabolites of loureirin B, 4 metabolites of loureirin C, 2 metabolites of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and 3 metabolites of 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone were elucidated and identified on the basis of the high-resolution MSn data. The metabolic profile of the five flavonoids in HLMs involved hydroxylation, oxidation and demethylation. Among them, hydroxylation was the predominant biotransformation of the five flavonoids in HLMs, occurring in combination with other metabolic reactions. Assay with recombinant P450s revealed that CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 played an important role in the hydroxylation of flavonoids in HLMs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro evaluation of the metabolic profile of loureirin A, loureirin B, loureirin C, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone in HLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Wei
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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21
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Yang XN, Lv QQ, Zhao Q, Li XM, Yan DM, Yang XW, Li F. Metabolic profiling of myrislignan by UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based metabolomics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic map of myrislignan was determined by UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based metabolomics in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Qian-Qian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Xin-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
| | - Dong-Mei Yan
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- China
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22
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Kong TY, Kim JH, Choi WG, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim JY, In MK, Lee HS. Metabolic characterization of (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl)-methanone (MAM-2201) using human liver microsomes and cDNA-overexpressed cytochrome P450 enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1667-1680. [PMID: 27924364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MAM-2201 is a synthetic cannabinoid that is increasingly found in recreational drug abusers and cases of severe intoxication. Thus, characterization of the metabolic pathways of MAM-2201 is necessary to predict individual pharmacokinetics and toxicity differences, and to avoid toxic drug-drug interactions. Collectively, 19 phase 1 metabolites of MAM-2201 were identified using liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry following human liver microsomal incubations in the presence of NADPH: 7 hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1-M7), 4 dihydroxy-MAM-2201 (M8-M11), dihydrodiol-MAM-2201 (M12), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), hydroxy-M13 (M14), N-dealkyl-MAM-2201 (M15), 2 hydroxy-M15 (M16, M17), MAM-2201 N-pentanoic acid (M18), and hydroxy-M18 (M19). On the basis of intrinsic clearance values in human liver microsomes, hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), and hydroxy-M13 (M14) were the major metabolites. Based on an enzyme kinetics study using human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and an immunoinhibition study using selective CYP antibodies in human liver microsomes, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 enzymes were responsible for MAM-2201 metabolism. The CYP3A4 enzyme played a prominent role in MAM-2201 metabolism, and CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 enzymes played major roles in the formation of some metabolites. MAM-2201 is extensively metabolized by multiple CYP enzymes, indicating that MAM-2201 and its metabolites should be used as markers of MAM-2201 abuse and toxicity. Graphical abstract In vitro metabolic pathways of MAM-2201 were characterized in human liver microsomes and recombinant CYPs using LC-HRMS analysis. Total 19 phase I metabolites were identified with predominant contribution of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kong
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyo In
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Tentative identification of in vitro metabolites of 5-APDB, a synthetic benzofuran, by LC-Q/TOF-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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New psychoactive substances: an overview on recent publications on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2421-44. [PMID: 27665567 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers English-written and PubMed-listed review articles and original studies published between January 2015 and April 2016 dealing with the toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics of new psychoactive substances. Compounds covered include stimulants and entactogens, synthetic cannabinoids, tryptamines, NBOMes, phencyclidine-like drugs, benzodiazepines, and opioids. First, an overview and discussion is provided on timely review articles followed by an overview and discussion on recent original studies. Both sections are then concluded by an opinion on these latest developments. This review shows that the NPS market is still highly dynamic and that the data published on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics can hardly keep pace with the appearance of new entities. However, data available are very helpful to understand and predict how NPS may behave in severe intoxication. The currently best-documented parameter is the in vitro metabolism of NPS, a prerequisite to allow detection of NPS in biological matrices in cases of acute intoxications or chronic consumption. However, additional data such as their chronic toxicity are still lacking.
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