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Sloan-Dennison S, Wallace GQ, Hassanain WA, Laing S, Faulds K, Graham D. Advancing SERS as a quantitative technique: challenges, considerations, and correlative approaches to aid validation. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:33. [PMID: 39154073 PMCID: PMC11330436 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) remains a significant area of research since it's discovery 50 years ago. The surface-based technique has been used in a wide variety of fields, most prominently in chemical detection, cellular imaging and medical diagnostics, offering high sensitivity and specificity when probing and quantifying a chosen analyte or monitoring nanoparticle uptake and accumulation. However, despite its promise, SERS is mostly confined to academic laboratories and is not recognised as a gold standard analytical technique. This is due to the variations that are observed in SERS measurements, mainly caused by poorly characterised SERS substrates, lack of universal calibration methods and uncorrelated results. To convince the wider scientific community that SERS should be a routinely used analytical technique, the field is now focusing on methods that will increase the reproducibility of the SERS signals and how to validate the results with more well-established techniques. This review explores the difficulties experienced by SERS users, the methods adopted to reduce variation and suggestions of best practices and strategies that should be adopted if one is to achieve absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Sloan-Dennison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Gregory Q Wallace
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Waleed A Hassanain
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Stacey Laing
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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2
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Hassanain W, Johnson CL, Faulds K, Keegan N, Graham D. Ultrasensitive Dual ELONA/SERS-RPA Multiplex Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12093-12101. [PMID: 38975860 PMCID: PMC11270532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat concern, necessitating healthcare practitioners to accurately prescribe the most effective antimicrobial agents with correct doses to combat resistant infections. This is necessary to improve the therapeutic outcomes for patients and prevent further increase in AMR. Consequently, there is an urgent need to implement rapid and sensitive clinical diagnostic methods to identify resistant pathogenic strains and monitor the efficacy of antimicrobials. In this study, we report a novel proof-of-concept magnetic scaffold-recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technique, coupled with an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection, aimed at selectively amplifying and detecting the DNA signature of three resistant carbapenemase genes, VIM, KPC, and IMP. To achieve this, streptavidin-coated magnetic beads were functionalized with biotin-modified forward primers. RPA was conducted on the surface of the beads, resulting in an immobilized duplex amplicon featuring a single overhang tail specific to each gene. These tails were subsequently hybridized with recognition HRP probes conjugated to a complementary single-stranded oligonucleotide and detected colorimetrically. Additionally, they underwent hybridization with similar selective SERS probes and were measured using a handheld Raman spectrometer. The resulting quantification limits were at subpicomolar level for both assays, allowing the potential for early diagnosis. Moreover, we demonstrated the platform capability to conduct a multiplex RPA-SERS detection of the three genes in a single tube. Compared to similar approaches like PCR, RPA offers advantages of speed, affordability, and isothermal operation at 37 °C, eliminating the need for a thermal cycler. The whole assay was completed within <2 h. Therefore, this novel magnetic scaffold ELONA/SERS-RPA platform, for DNA detection, demonstrated excellent capability for the rapid monitoring of AMR in point-of-care applications, in terms of sensitivity, portability, and speed of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed
A. Hassanain
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Christopher L. Johnson
- Translational
and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle
University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Neil Keegan
- Translational
and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle
University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
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3
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Cao Y, Sun Y, Yu RJ, Long YT. Paper-based substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:8. [PMID: 38052768 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been recognized as one of the most sensitive analytical methods by adsorbing the target of interest onto a plasmonic surface. Growing attention has been directed towards the fabrication of various substrates to broaden SERS applications. Among these, flexible SERS substrates, particularly paper-based ones, have gained popularity due to their easy-to-use features by full contact with the sample surface. Herein, we reviewed the latest advancements in flexible SERS substrates, with a focus on paper-based substrates. Firstly, it begins by introducing various methods for preparing paper-based substrates and highlights their advantages through several illustrative examples. Subsequently, we demonstrated the booming applications of these paper-based SERS substrates in abiotic and biological matrix detection, with particular emphasis on their potential application in clinical diagnosis. Finally, the prospects and challenges of paper-based SERS substrates in broader applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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4
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Xiong Y, Huang J, Wu R, Geng X, Zuo H, Wang X, Xu L, Ai S. Exploring Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Characteristic Peaks Screening Methods for the Rapid Determination of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Rice. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:160-169. [PMID: 36368896 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221141728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), coupled with characteristic peak screening methods, was developed for analyzing chlorpyrifos (CM) pesticide residues in rice. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared as Raman signal enhancement. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), primary secondary amine (PSA), and C18 were used to purify the rice extraction. A successive projections algorithm (SPA) was performed to identify the optimal characteristic peaks of CM in rice from full Raman spectroscopy. Support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares (PLS) were implemented to investigate the quantitative analysis models. The results demonstrated that six Raman peaks such as 671, 834, 1016, 1114, 1436, and 1444 cm-1 were selected by the SPA and SVM models and had better performance using six peaks (only 0.92% of the full spectra variables) with R2p = 0.97, RMSEP = 2.89 and RPD = 4.26, and the experiment time for a sample was accomplished within 10 min. Recovery for five unknown concentration samples was 97.45-103.96%, and T-test results also displayed no obvious differences between the measured value and the predicted value. The study stated that SERS, combined with characteristic peak screening methods, can be applied to rapidly monitor the chlorpyrifos residue in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- College of Software, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junshi Huang
- College of Engineering, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- College of Engineering, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haigen Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Food Science, 118322Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- College of Software, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shirong Ai
- College of Software, 91595Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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5
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Advanced sample preparation techniques for rapid surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of complex samples. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yilmaz H, Yilmaz D, Taskin IC, Culha M. Pharmaceutical applications of a nanospectroscopic technique: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114184. [PMID: 35306126 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a very sensitive technique offering unique opportunities for detection and identification of molecules and molecular structures at extremely low concentrations even in complex sample matrixes. Since a nanostructured noble metal surface is required for the enhancement of Raman scattering, the acquired spectral information naturally originates from nanometer size domains making it a nanospectroscopic technique by breaking the diffraction limit of light. In this review, first Raman spectroscopy, its comparison to other related techniques, its modes and instrumentation are briefly introduced. Then, the SERS mechanism, substrates and the parameters influencing a SERS experiment are discussed. Finally, its applications in pharmaceuticals including drug discovery, drug metabolism, multifunctional chemo-photothermal-therapy-delivery-release-imaging, drug stability and drug/metabolite detection in complex biological samples are summarized and elaborated.
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Shen K, Yuan Y, Zhang C, Yao J. Construction of a HPLC-SERS hyphenated system for continuous separation and detection based on paper substrates. Analyst 2022; 147:4073-4081. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The HPLC-SERS hyphenated system exhibited the complementary capability of on-line separation and continuous structural identification. It was extended to the application in identifying the illegally added hypoglycemic drugs in the practical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yaxian Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianlin Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Hassanain WA, Johnson CL, Faulds K, Graham D, Keegan N. Recent advances in antibiotic resistance diagnosis using SERS: focus on the “ Big 5” challenges. Analyst 2022; 147:4674-4700. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SERS for antibiotic resistance diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A. Hassanain
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Christopher L. Johnson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Neil Keegan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Hassanain WA, Theiss FL, Izake EL. Label-free identification of Erythropoietin isoforms by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2022; 236:122879. [PMID: 34635259 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a sensitive label-free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the discrimination between the recombinant and endogenous human Erythropoietin (EPO) isoforms. The proposed methodology comprises a lectin-functionalised extractor chip for the extraction of the recombinant human EPO (rhuEPO) and the endogenous EPO (enEPO) from blood plasma. The disulfide bond molecular structure of the purified isoforms was modified to chemisorb the biomolecules onto a SERS substrate in a unified orientation, thus maximizing the reproducibility and sensitivity of the SERS measurements. The acquired SERS spectra of the EPO isoforms showed diagnostic Raman bands that allowed for the discrimination between rhuEPO and enEPO. The method was also used for the SERS quantification of rhuEPO and enEPO down to 0.1 pM and 0.5 pM, respectively. The SERS determination of the protein isoforms was cross validated against ELISA. The new SERS method has strong potential for the rapid screening of rhuEPO doping in athletes and for the therapeutic drug monitoring of rhuEPO treatment in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Hassanain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Frederick L Theiss
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Emad L Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
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10
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Zhang D, Liang P, Chen W, Tang Z, Li C, Xiao K, Jin S, Ni D, Yu Z. Rapid field trace detection of pesticide residue in food based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:370. [PMID: 34622367 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is an alternative detection tool for monitoring food security. However, there is still a lack of a conclusion of SERS detection with respect to pesticides and real sample analysis, and the summary of intelligent algorithms in SERS is also a blank. In this review, a comprehensive report of pesticides detection using SERS technology is given. The SERS detection characteristics of different types of pesticides and the influence of substrate on inspection are discussed and compared by the typical ways of classification. The key points, including the progress in real sample analysis and Raman data processing methods with intelligent algorithm, are highlighted. Lastly, major challenges and future research trends of SERS analysis of pesticide residue are also addressed. SERS has been proven to be a powerful technique for rapid test of residue pesticides in complex food matrices, but there still is a tremendous development space for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhexiang Tang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, 330203, China
| | - Kunyue Xiao
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shangzhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Haroon M, Abdulazeez I, Saleh TA, Al-Saadi AA. Electrochemically modulated SERS detection of procaine using FTO electrodes modified with silver-decorated carbon nanosphere. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Hassanain WA, Spoors J, Johnson CL, Faulds K, Keegan N, Graham D. Rapid ultra-sensitive diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection using a SERS-based lateral flow assay. Analyst 2021; 146:4495-4505. [PMID: 34184680 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection is one of the most contagious diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in hospitalised patients. Accurate diagnosis can slow its spread by determining the most effective treatment. Herein, we report a novel testing platform as a proof-of-concept for the selective, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of C. diff infection (CDI) based on a duplex measurement. This was achieved by detecting two specific biomarkers, surface layer protein A (SlpA) and toxin B (ToxB), using a surface enhanced Raman scattering-based lateral flow assay (SERS-based LFA). The simultaneous duplex detection of SlpA with ToxB has not been described for the clinical diagnosis of CDI previously. The SlpA biomarker "AKDGSTKEDQLVDALA" was first reported by our group in 2018 as a species-specific identification tool. The second biomarker, ToxB, is the essential virulence biomarker of C. diff pathogenic strains and is required to confirm true infection pathogenicity. The proposed SERS-based LFA platform enabled rapid duplex detection of SlpA and ToxB on separate test lines using a duplex LF test strip within 20 minutes. The use of a handheld Raman spectrometer to scan test lines allowed for the highly sensitive quantitative detection of both biomarkers with a lowest observable concentration of 0.01 pg μL-1. The use of a handheld device in this SERS-based LFA instead of benchtop machine paves the way for rapid, selective, sensitive and cheap clinical evaluation of CDI at the point of care (POC) with minimal sample backlog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Hassanain
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Julia Spoors
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Christopher L Johnson
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Neil Keegan
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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Muneer S, Sarfo DK, Ayoko GA, Islam N, Izake EL. Gold-Deposited Nickel Foam as Recyclable Plasmonic Sensor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Blood by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091756. [PMID: 32899949 PMCID: PMC7558188 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and recyclable plasmonic nickel foam sensor has been developed for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A simple electrochemical method was used to deposit flower-shaped gold nanostructures onto nickel foam substrate. The high packing of the gold nanoflowers onto the nickel foam led to a high enhancement factor (EF) of 1.6 × 1011. The new SERS sensor was utilized for the direct determination of the broad-spectrum β-lactam carbapenem antibiotic meropenem in human blood plasma down to one pM. The sensor was also used in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-SERS assembly to provide fingerprint identification of meropenem in human blood plasma. Moreover, the SERS measurements were reproducible in aqueous solution and human blood plasma (RSD = 5.5%) and (RSD = 2.86%), respectively at 200 µg/mL (n = 3), and successfully recycled using a simple method, and hence, used for the repeated determination of the drug by SERS. Therefore, the new sensor has a strong potential to be applied for the therapeutic drug monitoring of meropenem at points of care and intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqa Muneer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia; (S.M.); (D.K.S.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Daniel K. Sarfo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia; (S.M.); (D.K.S.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Godwin A. Ayoko
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia; (S.M.); (D.K.S.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Nazrul Islam
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Emad L. Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia; (S.M.); (D.K.S.); (G.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3138-2501
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Gambucci M, Cambiotti E, Sassi P, Latterini L. Multilayer Gold-Silver Bimetallic Nanostructures to Enhance SERS Detection of Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153405. [PMID: 32731377 PMCID: PMC7436262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a widely used technique for drug detection due to high sensitivity and molecular specificity. The applicability and selectivity of SERS in the detection of specific drug molecules can be improved by gathering information on the specific interactions occurring between the molecule and the metal surface. In this work, multilayer gold-silver bimetallic nanorods (Au@Ag@AuNRs) have been prepared and used as platforms for SERS detection of specific drugs (namely promethazine, piroxicam, furosemide and diclofenac). The analysis of SERS spectra provided accurate information on the molecular location upon binding and gave some insight into molecule-surface interactions and selectivity in drug detection through SERS.
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15
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Yang M, Zou Q, Chen D, Hu J, Lin Q, Zhu H. Factors of Importance for Arsenic Migration/Separation under Coffee-Ring Effect on Silver Nanofilms. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1662-1670. [PMID: 32005052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been recognized as a promising analytical technique owing to its merit of nondestructive and fast detection capabilities. However, SERS usually suffers signal interferences from different analytes or a complicated matrix. Separation is an effective approach to solve the signal interference in the application of SERS. It was proposed that two concentric coffee rings could serve as a simple separation platform; however, there are still many questions to be answered for in-depth understanding. In this study, critical parameters during the formation of two concentric coffee rings are characterized for a better understanding of this phenomenon, including surface tension, surface morphology, and surface energy. Two arsenicals, including arsenate (AsV) and cacodylic acid (DMAV), are chosen to study the arsenicals' separation/migration mechanism due to their significant difference in chemical properties. In the typical coffee ring, these two arsenicals have signal interference and only DMAV is detected via SERS; however, they are detected along the radius of the two concentric coffee rings. The distribution of arsenicals on the two concentric coffee rings is further verified by the chromatographic method. Under this simple platform, interactions between the arsenicals and the surface of the silver nanofilm are pivotal to their migration/separation. By surface modification of silver nanofilm with small molecules, the surface polarity and surface ζ potential are manipulated. The signal dynamics of these two arsenicals are studied on these modified silver nanofilms. It is clear that the electrostatic interaction plays a more important role than the polarity in the arsenicals' migration. This study reveals the mechanism of small molecule migration/separation in the two concentric coffee rings and provides insights for future study of employing this simple platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials , Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Qilin Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials , Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Dejian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials , Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Jie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials , Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Qinghuai Lin
- Amoy Institute of Technovation , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
| | - Haomiao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials , Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
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16
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Týčová A, Klepárník K. Combination of liquid-based column separations with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:431-444. [PMID: 30267463 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a constantly developing analytical method providing not only high-sensitive quantitative but also qualitative information on an analyte. Thus, it is reasonable that it has been tested as a promising detection method in column separations. Although its implementation in analytical separations is not widespread, some surprising results, like enormous signal enhancement and demonstrations of single-molecule identifications, proved in only a few special examples, indicate the potential of the method. The high detection sensitivity and selectivity would be of paramount importance in trace analyses of biologically relevant molecules in complex matrices. However, the combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with column separation methods brings two principal issues. Interactions of analytes with metal substrates can cause deteriorations of separations and the detection can be affected by background electrolytes or elution agents. Thus, in principle, this review is on the experimental and methodological solutions to these problems. First, theoretical and practical aspects of Raman scattering, and excitation of surface plasmon in colloid suspensions of nanoparticles and on planar nanostructured substrates are briefly explained. Advances in experimental arrangements of on-line and at-line couplings with column liquid phase separation methods, including microfluidic devices, are described together with chosen analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Týčová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Deng B, Luo X, Zhang M, Ye L, Chen Y. Quantitative detection of acyclovir by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a portable Raman spectrometer coupled with multivariate data analysis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:286-294. [PMID: 30308453 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is a synthetic antiviral agent with serious side effect, particularly its nephrotoxicity, so this study was to explore the ultrasensitive detection of ACV by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The enhancement capability of nanoparticles prepared by different chemical reduction were compared, and Ag nanoparticles reduced by citrate are the most propriate enhanced substrate for acyclovir. In addition, comparison between prominent SERS-enhanced bands and the precise mode descriptions predicted through density functional theory (DFT) simulations is used to understand the mechanisms between ACV and metallic surface. 130 different levels of ACV concentrations in a range from 10-1∼10-7 were used to build quantitative prediction models by two different modeling methods, partial least-squares (PLS) regression and artificial neural network (ANN). Under the optimal conditions, the performance of the PLS model was much better than ANN. The results demonstrated that SERS imaging with multivariate analysis holds great potential for the sensitive and cost effective clinic test of ACV and its metabolites in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binge Deng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Luo
- Sichuan Institute of Chinese Material Medica, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Liming Ye
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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18
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Hassanain WA, Izake EL, Ayoko GA. Spectroelectrochemical Nanosensor for the Determination of Cystatin C in Human Blood. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10843-10850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A. Hassanain
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Science Discipline, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Emad L. Izake
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Science Discipline, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Godwin A. Ayoko
- Nanotechnology and Molecular Science Discipline, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, Australia
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19
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Zhao X, Li M, Xu Z. Detection of Foodborne Pathogens by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 29946307 PMCID: PMC6005832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety has become an important public health issue in both developed and developing countries. However, as the foodborne illnesses caused by the pollution of foodborne pathogens occurred frequently, which seriously endangered the safety and health of human beings. More importantly, the traditional techniques, such as PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, are accurate and effective, but their pretreatments are complex and time-consuming. Therefore, how to detect foodborne pathogens quickly and sensitively has become the key to control food safety. Because of its sensitivity, rapidity, and non-destructive damage to the sample, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is considered to be a powerful testing technology that is widely used to different fields. This review aims to give a systematic and comprehensive understanding of SERS for rapid detection of pathogen bacteria. First, the related concepts of SERS are stated, such as its work principal, active substrate, and biochemical origins of the detection of bacteria by SERS. Then the latest progress and applications in food safety, from detection and characterization of targets in label-free method to label method, is summarized. The advantages and limitations of different SERS substrates and methods are discussed. Finally, there are still several hurdles for the further development of SERS techniques into real-world applications. This review comes up with the perspectives on the future trends of the SERS technique in the field of foodborne pathogens detection and some problems to be solved urgently. Therefore, the purpose is mainly to understand the detection of foodborne pathogens and to make further emphasis on the importance of SERS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Li
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Yan S, Lai X, Du G, Xiang Y. Identification of aminoglycoside antibiotics in milk matrix with a colorimetric sensor array and pattern recognition methods. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:153-160. [PMID: 30193629 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AAs) abused in animal husbandry can cause antibiotic residues in animal-derived foods, which do harm to human beings' health. Therefore the detection of AAs residues in the animal-origin foods, such as milk, eggs and meat is necessary. We used two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides as nonspecific receptors to develop a simple colorimetric sensor array based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for identification and quantification the AAs. Different AA addition triggered the DNA detaching from AuNPs then resulted in different degree salt induced aggregation of AuNPs. The aggregation induced spectral changes of AuNPs with five AA addition were analyzed based on pattern recognition techniques, fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLD) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The results indicated that colorimetric sensor array has successfully identified five AAs at a concentration range of 120-280 nM. Five AAs in aqueous solution and complex milk matrix can be identified with an accuracy of 100%. More importantly, our developed sensor array is sufficiently sensitive for the discrimination of pure streptomycin (STR), binary mixtures of STR and gentamicin (GEN) at a total concentration of 120 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guorong Du
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Supervision Station, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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21
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Zheng XS, Jahn IJ, Weber K, Cialla-May D, Popp J. Label-free SERS in biological and biomedical applications: Recent progress, current challenges and opportunities. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:56-77. [PMID: 29395932 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To achieve an insightful look within biomolecular processes on the cellular level, the development of diseases as well as the reliable detection of metabolites and pathogens, a modern analytical tool is needed that is highly sensitive, molecular-specific and exhibits fast detection. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is known to meet these requirements and, within this review article, the recent progress of label-free SERS in biological and biomedical applications is summarized and discussed. This includes the detection of biomolecules such as metabolites, nucleic acids and proteins. Further, the characterization and identification of microorganisms has been achieved by label-free SERS-based approaches. Eukaryotic cells can be characterized by SERS in order to gain information about the outer cell wall or to detect intracellular molecules and metabolites. The potential of SERS for medically relevant detection schemes is emphasized by the label-free detection of tissue, the investigation of body fluids as well as applications for therapeutic and illicit drug monitoring. The review article is concluded with an evaluation of the recent progress and current challenges in order to highlight the direction of label-free SERS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Zheng
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Izabella Jolan Jahn
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karina Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07745 Jena, Germany; Research Campus Infectognostic, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07745 Jena, Germany; Research Campus Infectognostic, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, 07745 Jena, Germany; Research Campus Infectognostic, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Jiang Y, Sun DW, Pu H, Wei Q. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): A novel reliable technique for rapid detection of common harmful chemical residues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Zhu Q, Yu X, Wu Z, Lu F, Yuan Y. Antipsychotic drug poisoning monitoring of clozapine in urine by using coffee ring effect based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [PMID: 29523253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are the drugs most often involved in drug poisoning cases, and therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary for safe and effective medication administration of these drugs. In this study, a coffee ring effect-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CRE-SERS) method was developed and successfully used to monitor antipsychotic poisoning by using urine samples for the first time. The established method exhibited excellent SERS performance since more hot spots were obtained in the "coffee ring". Using the optimized CRE-SERS method, the sensitivity was improved one order more than that of the conventional method with reasonable reproducibility. The antipsychotic drug clozapine (CLO) spiked into urine samples at 0.5-50 μg mL-1 was quantitatively detected, at concentrations above the thresholds for toxicity. The CRE-SERS method allowed CLO and its metabolites to be ultimately distinguished from real poisoning urine samples. The coffee-ring effect would provide more opportunities for practical applications of the SERS-based method. The frequent occurrence of drug poisoning may have created a new area for the application of the CRE-SERS method. It is anticipated that the developed method will also have great potential for other drug poisoning monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zebing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China.
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24
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Chen Z, Li G, Zhang Z. Miniaturized Thermal-Assisted Purge-and-Trap Technique Coupling with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Trace Analysis of Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9593-9600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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25
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Nováková L, Pavlík J, Chrenková L, Martinec O, Červený L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials - Part II: Antivirals against hepatitis and HIV viruses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:378-399. [PMID: 29031512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is a Part II of the series aiming to provide comprehensive overview of currently used antiviral drugs and to show modern approaches to their analysis. While in the Part I antivirals against herpes viruses and antivirals against respiratory viruses were addressed, this part concerns antivirals against hepatitis viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many novel antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have been introduced into the clinical practice over the last decade. The recent broadening portfolio of these groups of antivirals is reflected in increasing number of developed analytical methods required to meet the needs of clinical terrain. Part II summarizes the mechanisms of action of antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV, their use in clinical practice, and analytical methods for individual classes. It also provides expert opinion on state of art in the field of bioanalysis of these drugs. Analytical methods reflect novelty of these chemical structures and use by far the most current approaches, such as simple and high-throughput sample preparation and fast separation, often by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines is an inherent part of the developed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Pavlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Červený
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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