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Zhang W, Wang L, Chen H, Guo L, Bai Y, Qian X. Synthesis of azelaic acid copolyester plasticizers and their application in PVC. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23662-23671. [PMID: 39077328 PMCID: PMC11284530 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPO) modified azelaic acid and hexylene glycol copolyester (PHMAZ) plasticizers with varying contents were synthesized using a direct esterification melt polycondensation method, and their structures were characterized systematically. Analysis using infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of the designed copolyester structure. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests indicated that the number average molecular weight of each copolyester sample ranged between 2000 and 3000. These copolyesters were used to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin, and the glass transition temperature of the plasticized PVC samples was tested using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Further characterization of the plasticizing effects was conducted using an electronic universal testing machine. The research results showed that as the content of MPO increased, the plasticizing effect of the copolyester initially increased and then decreased. Specifically, the copolyester containing 45% MPO, PHMAZ-45, demonstrated the best plasticizing effect on PVC, with the glass transition temperature of the plasticized PVC system around -35 °C, elongation at break at 908.4%, and a plasticizing efficiency of 254.5%. Additionally, this new type of copolyester plasticizer uses bio-based raw materials, exhibits excellent plasticizing effects, and the preparation process is stable and controllable. It holds promising potential to replace traditional volatile and toxic phthalate esters, presenting significant industrial application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Liying Guo
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Bai
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Xin Qian
- Liaoning Shengda Environmental Resource Group Co., Ltd Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
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Thelliez A, Sumian C, Chazard E, Reichenberg S, Lecoeur M, Decaudin B. Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate from transfusion medical devices in labile blood products: A comparative study. Vox Sang 2023; 118:533-542. [PMID: 37246454 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used material for medical transfusion devices. Not covalently bound to PVC, DEHP can migrate into blood products during storage. Recognized as an endocrine disruptor and raising concerns about its potential carcinogenicity and reprotoxicity, DEHP is gradually being withdrawn from the medical device market. Therefore, the use of alternative plasticizers, such as diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT), as potential candidates for the replacement of DEHP in medical transfusion devices has been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of PVC-plasticizers in the blood components according to their preparation, storage conditions and in function of the plasticizer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood was collected, and labile blood products (LBPs) were prepared by the buffy-coat method with a PVC blood bag plasticized either with DEHP, DINCH or DEHT. DINCH and DEHT equivalent concentrations were quantified in LBPs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or coupled with UV and compared to DEHP equivalent concentrations. RESULTS The plasticizer equivalent concentration to which a patient is exposed during a transfusion depends on the preparation of LBPs as well as their storage conditions, that is, temperature and storage time. At day 1, for all LBPs, the migration of DEHP is 5.0 and 8.5 times greater than DINCH and DEHT, respectively. At the end of the 49 days storage period, the DEHP equivalent concentration in red blood cells concentrate is statistically higher when compared to DINCH and DEHT, with maximal values of 1.85, 1.13 and 0.86 μg/dm2 /mL, respectively. CONCLUSION In addition to lower toxicity, transfused patients using PVC-DEHT or PVC-DINCH blood bags are less exposed to plasticizers than using PVC-DEHP bags with a ranging exposure reduction from 38.9% to 87.3%, due to lower leachability into blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Thelliez
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Macopharma, Tourcoing, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Chazard
- ULR 2694-METRICS, CERIMS, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie Lecoeur
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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Xu Q, Ding S, Qi W, Zhang X, Zhang M, Xing J, Ju A, Zhou L, Ye L. JAK3/STAT5b/PPARγ Pathway Mediates the Association between Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure and Lipid Metabolic Disorder in Chinese Adolescent Students. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:725-733. [PMID: 37093692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies found that di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could disorder lipid metabolism in adolescents but the mechanisms underlying this association remained unclear. This study was undertaken to clarify the mediating effect of JAK3/STAT5/PPARγ on disorder lipid levels induced by DEHP in adolescents. We recruited 478 adolescent students (median age 18.1 years). The mRNA expression and DNA methylation levels of JAK3/STAT5/PPARγ were detected by real-time PCR and the MethylTarget, respectively. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the association between DEHP metabolites (MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MCMHP, and ΣDEHP) levels, mRNA expression, and DNA methylation levels. The mediating effect of JAK3/STAT5/PPARγ mRNA expression levels was examined by mediation analysis. We found that all DEHP metabolite levels were positively correlated with TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C (P < 0.05). The MEOHP level was negatively associated with DNA methylation levels and positively associated with mRNA levels of PPARγ and STAT5b (P < 0.05). The MEHP level was negatively associated with the DNA methylation level and positively associated with the mRNA level of JAK3 (P < 0.05). Higher MEOHP was associated with a higher level of TC/HDL-C, the mediation analysis showed the mediation effect was 17.18% for the JAK3 level, 10.76% for the STAT5b level, and 11% for the PPARγ level. Higher MEHP was associated with a higher level of LDL-C/HDL-C, the mediation effect was 14.49% for the JAK3 level. In conclusion, DEHP metabolites decreased the DNA methylation levels, inducing the increase of the mRNA levels of JAK3/STAT5/PPARγ. In addition, the mRNA levels mediated the association between DEHP exposure and disorder lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- Experimental Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiqiang Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Aipeng Ju
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Medical devices as a source of phthalate exposure: a review of current knowledge and alternative solutions. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:179-190. [PMID: 36226817 PMCID: PMC9837533 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of phthalic acid esters used as plasticisers in a large number of products to improve their flexibility, softness, and extensibility. Their wide use in medical devices, however, raises a lot of concern, as they can enter the organism and have toxic effects on human liver, thyroid, kidneys, lungs, reproductive, endocrine, nervous, and respiratory system and are associated with asthma, obesity, autism, and diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge about phthalate migration from medical devices during different medical procedures and possible impact on patient health. It also looks at alternative plasticisers with supposedly lower migration rates and safer profile. Not enough is known about which and how many phthalates make part of medical devices or about the health impacts of alternative plasticisers or their migration rates.
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Thelliez A, Descat A, Bouchot P, Kouach M, Goossens J, Decaudin B, Lecoeur M. High‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method to evaluate the migration of di(2‐ethylhexyl) terephthalate and its metabolite from polyvinyl chloride bag in four labile blood products. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Thelliez
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
- Macopharma, R&D department Tourcoing France
| | - Amandine Descat
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Pauline Bouchot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Mostafa Kouach
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Jean‐François Goossens
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Marie Lecoeur
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, F‐59000 Lille France
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Thelliez A, Décaudin B, Lecoeur M. Impact of the pathogen inactivation process on the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from plasma bags. Vox Sang 2022; 117:724-728. [PMID: 35023180 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a toxic plasticizer that is commonly used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood bags. It is well known that DEHP can migrate from a medical device into the blood plasma. For safety reasons, pathogens in plasma must be inactivated; however, this process may increase DEHP migration. Here, we assessed the impact of illumination-based pathogen inactivation on the migration of DEHP from PVC bags into plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pairs of native PVC-DEHP plasma bags were pooled. Each pool was then split into a pathogen-inactivated bag and a control bag. After illumination, the plasma concentrations of DEHP and its main metabolite (mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEHP) in each bag were assayed and compared using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations were evaluated in repeated-measures, two-way analyses of variance. RESULTS The MEHP concentration was significantly associated with storage but not with illumination (p = 0.0001). The DEHP concentration stayed constant throughout the storage period. The DEHP equivalent concentration (corresponding to the overall plasticizer migration rate into plasma) was not significantly associated with illumination (p = 0.3) or storage (p = 0.09; mean ± standard deviation of the mean DEHP concentration for all conditions: 147.9 ± 11.3 μg/ml). CONCLUSION Illumination-based inactivation of pathogens in plasma did not increase the DEHP equivalent concentration, relative to control (non-inactivated) plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Thelliez
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Lille, France.,Macopharma, Research and Development Department, Tourcoing, France
| | - Bertrand Décaudin
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Lille, France
| | - Marie Lecoeur
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365, GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Lille, France
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Hong Y, Zhou Y, Shen L, Wei Y, Long C, Fu Y, Wu H, Wang J, Wu Y, Wu S, Wei G. Exposure to DEHP induces testis toxicity and injury through the ROS/mTOR/NLRP3 signaling pathway in immature rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112889. [PMID: 34649140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundantly used phthalate derivative, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) leads to reproductive disorders, especially in males. Testicular injury can be triggered when the testis is exposed to DEHP during the immature stage. However, the potential mechanism is largely unclear. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day DEHP from postnatal day (PND) 20 to PND 30. The spermatogonia cell line GC-1 and spermatocyte cell line GC-2 were exposed to different doses of monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), a metabolite of DEHP. Testicular injury was observed. Oxidative stress was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that after DEHP exposure, the testicular structure was damaged and spermatogenesis was disturbed. We also found that oxidative stress was increased, as indicated by the upregulation of the important factors in the antioxidant pathway. Furthermore, the expression of autophagy-related proteins was significantly downregulated. Autophagy inhibition led to activation of the pyroptosis pathway. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1 and cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly upregulated. Additionally, an imbalance in self-renewal and differentiation was observed in germ cells after DEHP exposure, causing the cessation of germ cell development. In summary, these data suggest that DEHP exposure enhances oxidative stress, downregulates autophagy, induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently triggers pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro, which provides novel insight into DEHP-related injury in immature testes in the context of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hong
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, PR China.
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Poitou K, Rogez-Florent T, Lecoeur M, Danel C, Regnault R, Vérité P, Monteil C, Foulon C. Analysis of Phthalates and Alternative Plasticizers in Gloves by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-UV Detection: A Comparative Study. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090200. [PMID: 34564351 PMCID: PMC8472278 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gloves represent an essential feature for hand protection because it is a requirement in the professional framework to comply with both hand hygiene standards and the principles of good laboratory practice. Despite their wide use, there is a knowledge gap regarding their composition, including phthalates. The purpose of the present study was to develop two orthogonal methods, GC–MS and HPLC–DAD, for the screening of plasticizers in gloves. Performances of these two methods were compared in terms of ease of use, number of analyzed plasticizers, and sample preparation. The two methods were validated and applied for the identification and quantification of plasticizers in ten gloves made with different materials (vinyl, nitrile, latex, and neoprene). Results revealed the presence of three main ones: DEHP, DEHT, and DINP. Additionally, the contents of plasticizers were extremely variable, depending on the glove material. As expected, the results point out a predominant use of plasticizers in vinyl gloves with an amount that should be of concern. While DEHP is classified as a toxic substance for reproduction 1B, it was, however, quantified in the ten different glove samples studied. This study provides new data regarding the plasticizers’ content in protective gloves, which could be useful for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Poitou
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-235-148-568
| | - Marie Lecoeur
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Cécile Danel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Romain Regnault
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Philippe Vérité
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Foulon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
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9
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Jadhao M, Tsai EM, Yang HC, Chen YF, Liang SS, Wang TN, Teng YN, Huang HW, Wang LF, Chiu CC. The Long-Term DEHP Exposure Confers Multidrug Resistance of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells through ABC Transporters and Intracellular ROS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:949. [PMID: 34208283 PMCID: PMC8230873 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of phthalates had been thought to be similar to endocrine disruptors, which increases cancer risk. The role of phthalates in acquired drug resistance remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on acquired drug resistance in breast cancer. MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were exposed to long-term physiological concentration of DEHP for more than three months. Long-exposure DEHP permanently attenuated the anti-proliferative effect of doxorubicin with estrogen receptor-independent activity even after withdrawal of DEHP. Long term DEHP exposure significantly reduced ROS (O2-) level in MDA-MB-231 cells while increased in MCF7 cells. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters possess a widely recognized mechanism of drug resistance and are considered a target for drug therapy. Upregulation of ABC family proteins, ABCB-1 and ABCC-1 observed in DEHP-exposed clones compared to doxorubicin-resistant (DoxR) and parental MDA-MB-231 cells. A viability assay showed enhanced multidrug resistance in DEHP-exposed clones against Dox, topotecan, and irinotecan. Inhibition of ABC transporters with tariquidar, enhanced drug cytotoxicity through increased drug accumulation reversing acquired multidrug resistance in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Tariquidar enhanced Dox cytotoxicity by increasing intracellular ROS production leading to caspase-3 mediated apoptosis. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling enhanced proliferation and growth of DEHP-exposed MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall, long-term DEHP exposure resulted in acquired multidrug resistance by upregulating ABCB-1 and ABCC1; apart from proliferation PI3K/Akt may be responsible for acquired drug resistance through ABC transporter upregulation. Targeting ABCB1 and ABCC1 with tariquidar may be a promising strategy for reversing the acquired multidrug resistance of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Jadhao
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; or
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- The Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chun Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (S.-S.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Tsu-Nai Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Hurng-Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; or
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- The Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.Y.); (S.-S.L.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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10
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Wu D, Liu F, Tian T, Wu JF, Zhao GC. Copper ferrite nanoparticles as novel coating appropriated to solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from aqueous matrices. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Efficacy Assessment of an Uncharged Reactivator of NOP-Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase Based on Tetrahydroacridine Pyridine-Aldoxime Hybrid in Mouse Compared to Pralidoxime. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060858. [PMID: 32512884 PMCID: PMC7355633 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Human exposure to organophosphorus compounds employed as pesticides or as chemical warfare agents induces deleterious effects due to cholinesterase inhibition. One therapeutic approach is the reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase by oximes. While currently available oximes are unable to reach the central nervous system to reactivate cholinesterases or to display a wide spectrum of action against the variety of organophosphorus compounds, we aim to identify new reactivators without such drawbacks. (2) Methods: This study gathers an exhaustive work to assess in vitro and in vivo efficacy, and toxicity of a hybrid tetrahydroacridine pyridinaldoxime reactivator, KM297, compared to pralidoxime. (3) Results: Blood–brain barrier crossing assay carried out on a human in vitro model established that KM297 has an endothelial permeability coefficient twice that of pralidoxime. It also presents higher cytotoxicity, particularly on bone marrow-derived cells. Its strong cholinesterase inhibition potency seems to be correlated to its low protective efficacy in mice exposed to paraoxon. Ventilatory monitoring of KM297-treated mice by double-chamber plethysmography shows toxic effects at the selected therapeutic dose. This breathing assessment could help define the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) dose of new oximes which would have a maximum therapeutic effect without any toxic side effects.
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12
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Eckert E, Müller J, Höllerer C, Purbojo A, Cesnjevar R, Göen T, Münch F. Plasticizer exposure of infants during cardiac surgery. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:7-13. [PMID: 32387387 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the internal exposure situation of infant patients to the plasticizers TEHTM (tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate) and DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate). The study collective included 21 infant patients aged 2-22 months that had to undergo cardiac surgery using cardio pulmonary bypass (CPB). Each patient, but one, received blood products during surgery. A special feature was that the used CPB tubings were exclusively plasticized with the alternative plasticizer TEHTM and were free of the standard plasticizer DEHP, that raises increasing toxicological concern. The blood products were stored in DEHP plasticized blood bags. Blood and urine samples of each infant patient were analysed before and after the surgery for the levels of the plasticizers DEHP and TEHTM and their metabolites. In general, the plasticizers were detected in the post-surgery blood samples only, with TEHTM in low levels (median 18.4 μg/L) and DEHP in rather elevated levels (median 1046 μg/L). With respect to the urine samples, TEHTM metabolites were not detected in any of the samples. DEHP metabolites were found in all urine samples, however, in significantly increased median levels in the post-surgery urine samples of the infants (increase factor 5-26). Thus, the present study clearly demonstrates the strong contribution of standard medical procedures to the internal plasticizer burden of patients. Particularly with regard to the suspected endocrine disrupting activities of the phthalate plasticizer DEHP, the elevated internal levels of this plasticizer and its metabolites in infants following cardiac surgery are alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Müller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Höllerer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariawan Purbojo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Münch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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