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Klemmer CL, Rusow J, Goldbach J, Kattari SK, Rice E. Socially Assigned Gender Nonconformity and School Violence Experience Among Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8567-NP8589. [PMID: 31023178 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519844781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although literature documents the experiences of socially assigned gender nonconformity (SAGNC) by minority sexual orientation (i.e., lesbian, gay, and bisexual [LGB]), examination of the role of gender expression on school violence outcomes in the presence of sexual orientation and gender identity is not well understood. This study describes SAGNC among a representative sample of adolescents, accounting for sexual orientation and gender identity (e.g., transgender). A secondary data analysis was conducted using Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from Los Angeles Unified School District high schools in 2013 (N = 1,496). The prevalence of school violence by self-reported SAGNC and gender identity was obtained. Associations between SAGNC and school violence were examined using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for mischievous response bias. Two hundred ninety-one (19.5%) adolescents reported SAGNC. Having missed school due to a safety concern and being bullied in the past year were more common among socially assigned gender nonconforming adolescents than those who conformed to gender expression expectations. Socially assigned gender nonconforming adolescents, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity, are at greater risk of missed school due to safety concerns, and bullying, as compared with those who conform to norms of gender expression. Future research should measure SAGNC, sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression with larger representative samples of school populations across contexts (urban and rural), and inclusive of structural factors (e.g., school climate) to guide the development of prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Rusow
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Rice
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Zimmerman MA, Astor RA. Racism Obstructs the Path to School Safety and Educational Equity: The Need for an Anti-Racism Focus in School Violence Prevention. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:443-446. [PMID: 33843066 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029
| | - Ron A Astor
- University of California-Los Angeles, Luskin School of Public Affairs, 3250 Public Affairs Building - Box 951656, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1656
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3
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Ancheta AJ, Bruzzese JM, Hughes TL. The Impact of Positive School Climate on Suicidality and Mental Health Among LGBTQ Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Sch Nurs 2021; 37:75-86. [PMID: 33287652 PMCID: PMC8142116 DOI: 10.1177/1059840520970847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) adolescents are more likely to report suicidality and worse mental health than their heterosexual peers. We conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between positive school climate and suicidality and mental health among LGBTQ adolescents. We searched the literature using PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Six studies met inclusion criteria, and all had low to moderate risks of bias. Results indicate that LGBTQ students in schools with more positive school climates were at lower risk of suicidality and reported fewer depressive symptoms compared to students in less positive school climates. Being at the forefront of health in schools, school nurses have the opportunity to advocate for changes in school environments that promote positive mental health for all youth, including LGBTQ adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J. Ancheta
- Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tonda L. Hughes
- Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
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Smith DMY, Lipson SM, Wang SB, Fox KR. Online Methods in Adolescent Self-Injury Research: Challenges and Recommendations. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 51:143-154. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1875325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Y. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego Medical School
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Madjar N, Daka D, Zalsman G, Shoval G. Depression symptoms as a mediator between social support, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation among Arab adolescents in Israel. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034321998741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to explore whether depression symptoms mediate the relationships between perceptions of social support from three sources; namely parents, teachers, and peers, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation. We also tested the interactions between the different sources of support. Focusing on the Arab-Israeli population is unique as it is an ethnic minority characterized with strong familial support, and less access to mental health services compared to the ethnic majority. Adolescents (N = 276; 65.6% girls; mean age 15.1 years) from the Arab minority in northern Israel were sampled (74% response rate). Participants were evaluated using validated scales assessing perceived social support, NSSI and suicidal ideation. Path analysis with Bayesian estimation supported the hypothesized model. Depression symptoms fully mediated the relationships between school-related social support (i.e., teachers and peers) and NSSI, and partially between parents’ support and suicidal ideation. Interactions between the social support sources were not significant, and cluster analysis indicated that each source is independently essential to understand NSSI and suicide ideation. This model emphasizes the importance of school-related factors in adolescents’ particular aspects of mental health, and suggests that one source of social support may not compensate for a lack of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Madjar
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petakh Tikva, Israel
| | - Doaa Daka
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petakh Tikva, Israel
| | - Gil Zalsman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petakh Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petakh Tikva, Israel
| | - Gal Shoval
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petakh Tikva, Israel
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Guz S, Kattari SK, Atteberry-Ash B, Klemmer CL, Call J, Kattari L. Depression and Suicide Risk at the Cross-Section of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity for Youth. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:317-323. [PMID: 32680801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescence is a developmental phase in which young people begin to explore their identity and seek to understand how their identity fits into the larger society. Although this is a developmental task for all adolescents, it is especially salient for sexual and gender minority youth. Owing to oppressive social structures and stigmatized identities, adolescents who identify as nonheterosexual or noncisgender are vulnerable to experiencing disproportionate adverse health outcomes. METHODS To further the literature on adolescent mental health among sexual and gender minority youth, this study analyzed a representative statewide sample of high school students (ages 14-18) to analyze how sexual orientation and gender identity are associated with depression and suicidality. RESULTS Results aligned with previous research demonstrating that sexual and gender minority youth were all at a heightened risk for depression. However, transgender youth and youth questioning their sexuality or gender were at especially heightened risk for experiencing depression and suicidality. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate a need to target or adapt direct services and programming for sexual and gender minority adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Guz
- University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Shanna K Kattari
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cary L Klemmer
- University of Southern California Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jarrod Call
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, Denver, Colorado
| | - Leonardo Kattari
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kampfschulte A, Oram M, Escobar Vasco AM, Essenmacher B, Herbig A, Behere A, Leimanis-Laurens ML, Rajasekaran S. Understanding Suicide in Our Community through the Lens of the Pediatric ICU: An Epidemiological Review (2011-2017) of One Midwestern City in the US. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020059. [PMID: 33498346 PMCID: PMC7909391 DOI: 10.3390/children8020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicide frequency has tripled for some pediatric age groups over the last decade, of which, serious attempts result in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions. We paired clinical, aggregate geospatial, and temporal demographics to understand local community variables to determine if epidemiological patterns emerge that associate with risk for PICU admission. Data were extracted at an urban, high-volume, quaternary care facility from January 2011 to December 2017 via ICD 10 codes associated with suicide. Clinical, socioeconomic, geographical, and temporal variables were reviewed. In total, 1036 patients over the age of 9 were included, of which n = 161 were PICU admissions. Females represented higher proportions of all suicide-related hospital admissions (67.9%). Looking at race/ethnicity, PICU admissions were largely Caucasian (83.2%); Blacks and Hispanics had lower odds of PICU admissions (OR: 0.49; 0.17, respectively). PICU-admitted patients were older (16.0 vs. 15.5; p = 0.0001), with lower basal metabolic index (23.0 vs. 22.0; p = 0.0013), and presented in summer months (OR: 1.51, p = 0.044). Time-series decomposition showed seasonal peaks in June and August. Local regions outside the city limits identified higher numbers of PICU admissions. PICUs serve discrete geographical regions and are a source of information, when paired with clinical geospatial/seasonal analyses, highlighting clinical and societal risk factors associated with PICU admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kampfschulte
- Office of Research and Education, Spectrum Health, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Matthew Oram
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Alejandra M. Escobar Vasco
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Brittany Essenmacher
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand 16 Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
| | - Amy Herbig
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Aniruddh Behere
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
- Pediatric Behavior Health, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand 14 Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mara L. Leimanis-Laurens
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand 16 Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-616-267-0106
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Office of Research and Education, Spectrum Health, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.O.); (A.M.E.V.); (A.H.); (A.B.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand 16 Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
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Madjar N, Mansbach-Kleinfeld I, Daeem R, Farbstein I, Apter A, Fennig S, Elias R, Shoval G. Discrepancies in adolescent-mother dyads' reports of core depression symptoms: Association with adolescents' help-seeking in school and their somatic complaints. J Psychosom Res 2020; 137:110222. [PMID: 32841758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents of adolescents with mental problems do not always recognize the symptoms in their children, particularly regarding depression, and therefore do not seek professional help. Adolescents themselves tend to seek help from school personnel for their emotional or social difficulties. In contrast, adolescents do report somatic complaints and parents are likely to seek help for these problems. The current study explored whether the divergence between maternal and child reports of depression symptoms is associated with child's help-seeking in school and patterns of somatic complaints. METHOD A sample of 9th grade students (N = 693; 56% girls; mean age = 15.1) and their mothers representing the Muslim and Druze populations in northern Israel were interviewed simultaneously and independently. Maternal reports were classified either as underestimating, matching, or overestimating their own child self-report of three core symptoms of depression (depressed mood, anhedonia, and irritability). Adolescents reported whether they had consulted school staff and were classified into clusters based on self-reported somatic complaints. RESULTS Maternal misidentification of their child's depression symptoms was associated with increased help-seeking in school, particularly by boys if depressed mood or irritability were misidentified and particularly by girls if anhedonia was misidentified. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the number and severity of somatic complaints was higher among adolescents whose depression symptoms were not identified, regardless of gender. CONCLUSION Mental health professionals, educators and parents should be aware that adolescents may attempt to communicate their emotional difficulties through somatic complaints and by seeking help in school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Madjar
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | | | | | | | - Alan Apter
- Schneider Medical Center for Children in Israel, Petach Tikvah, Israel; Ruppin Academic Center, Netanya, Israel; Inter-Disciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Silvana Fennig
- Schneider Medical Center for Children in Israel, Petach Tikvah, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Gal Shoval
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
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Kasen S, Chen H. Social context and change in suicide ideation in a community sample of youths. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:319-327. [PMID: 31501909 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent suicide ideation (SI) often portends more grievous suicidal behavior; yet, long-term studies of what risk factors predict SI are limited. We employ a multi-wave longitudinal design to investigate the impact of earlier social contexts on change in SI. METHOD A community sample of 748 youths drawn from the Children in the Community (CIC) study was first assessed with the CIC Youth SI Scale at mean age 13.7 (range 9-18) (baseline) and in two follow-ups over 10 years. GEE Poisson Regression was used to estimate SI between ages 10 and 25 (intercept set at age midpoint of 17), and to examine associations between baseline measures of parent, peer, and school social contexts and subsequent change in SI. Analyses were controlled for demographic characteristics and known risks for SI: sexual or physical abuse before age 18 (obtained by official reports) and major depressive disorder (MDD, diagnosed by psychiatric interview at baseline and follow-ups). RESULTS SI declined significantly by age 17 with greater mother affection (β = - 0.091, SE = 0.037), peer friendship quality (β = - 0.115, SE = 0.034), peer social support (β = - 0.116, SE = 0.042), and school engagement (β = - 0.083, SE = 0.045, trend), but increased significantly with more parent punishment (β = 0.143, SE = 0.045) and school conflict (β = 0.168, SE = 0.042). SI associations with sexual or physical abuse (β = 0.299, SE = 0.137) and MDD (β = 0.777, SE = 0.130) were independent of other effects. CONCLUSIONS Earlier social contexts influence change in SI independent of each other and of known risks for SI in community youths, and may be a resource for intervention efforts to deter future SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Henian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FLA, USA
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Kim HHS, Chun J. Bullying Victimization, School Environment, and Suicide Ideation and Plan: Focusing on Youth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:115-122. [PMID: 31515133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the relationship between bullying victimization, measured at individual and school levels, and suicide intent and plan among youth living in less developed parts of the world. METHODS Multilevel modeling is used to estimate the degree to which school-level bullying has an independent effect on the two suicide measures and how it moderates the impact of individual-level victimization on contemplating and planning suicide. Data are drawn from the Global School-Based Student Health (2000-2012) survey that consists of probability samples of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. RESULTS By fitting three-level mixed effects models, we find that adjusting for personal experience of victimization, greater school-level prevalence of bullying has a positive independent relationship with suicide plan, but not ideation. Significant cross-level interaction effects are shown, that is, the bullying-suicide linkage at the individual level is moderated by the school environment. For suicide ideation only, it is weaker in schools where more students are bullied. The association is also less pronounced in the context characterized by higher proportion of physical violence among students and peer hostility on campus. CONCLUSIONS The bulk of prior research narrowly defines the relationship between bullying and suicide at the individual (e.g., student) level. This study shows that school context (e.g., proportion of bullied peers) must be incorporated into the analysis in better understanding the conditions under which youth think about and/or plan on inflicting lethal self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JongSerl Chun
- Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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