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Fu H, Wang Y, Mi F, Wang L, Yang Y, Wang F, Yue Z, He Y. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals mechanism of light intensity modulating iridoid biosynthesis in Gentiana macrophylla Pall. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:526. [PMID: 38858643 PMCID: PMC11165902 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Light intensity is a key factor affecting the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. However, the response mechanisms of metabolites and genes in Gentiana macrophylla under different light intensities have not been determined. In the present study, G. macrophylla seedlings were treated with LED light intensities of 15 µmol/m2/s (low light, LL), 90 µmol/m2/s (medium light, ML), and 200 µmol/m2/s (high light, HL), and leaves were collected on the 5th day for further investigation. A total of 2162 metabolites were detected, in which, the most abundant metabolites were identified as flavonoids, carbohydrates, terpenoids and amino acids. A total of 3313 and 613 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the LL and HL groups compared with the ML group, respectively, mainly enriched in KEGG pathways such as carotenoid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, amino acids biosynthesis, plant MAPK pathway and plant hormone signaling. Besides, the transcription factors of GmMYB5 and GmbHLH20 were determined to be significantly correlated with loganic acid biosynthesis; the expression of photosystem-related enzyme genes was altered under different light intensities, regulating the expression of enzyme genes involved in the carotenoid, chlorophyll, glycolysis and amino acids pathway, then affecting their metabolic biosynthesis. As a result, low light inhibited photosynthesis, delayed glycolysis, thus, increased certain amino acids and decreased loganic acid production, while high light got an opposite trend. Our research contributed significantly to understand the molecular mechanism of light intensity in controlling metabolic accumulation in G. macrophylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China
| | - Fakai Mi
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China.
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, P.R. China.
| | - Yihan He
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P.R. China.
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Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Ejsmont W, Kiss AK, Tabaka P, Starbała W, Krzemińska M. Improvement of Bioactive Polyphenol Accumulation in Callus of Salvia atropatana Bunge. Molecules 2024; 29:2626. [PMID: 38893502 PMCID: PMC11173501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Callus cultures of the Iranian medicinal plant Salvia atropatana were initiated from three-week-old seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and various cytokinins. Although all tested hormonal variants of the medium and explant enabled callus induction, the most promising growth was noted for N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU)-induced calli. Three lines obtained on this medium (cotyledon line-CL, hypocotyl line-HL, and root line-RL) were preselected for further studies. Phenolic compounds in the callus tissues were identified using UPLC-MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and quantified with HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). All lines exhibited intensive growth and contained twelve phenolic acid derivatives, with rosmarinic acid predominating. The cotyledon-derived callus line displayed the highest growth index values and polyphenol content; this was exposed to different light-emitting diodes (LED) for improving biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite yield. Under LED treatments, all callus lines exhibited enhanced RA and total phenolic content compared to fluorescent light, with the highest levels observed for white (48.5-50.2 mg/g dry weight) and blue (51.4-53.9 mg/g dry weight) LEDs. The selected callus demonstrated strong antioxidant potential in vitro based on the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. Our findings confirm that the S. atropatana callus system is suitable for enhanced rosmarinic acid production; the selected optimized culture provide high-quality plant-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (W.E.); (W.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Wiktoria Ejsmont
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (W.E.); (W.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Karolina Kiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Przemyslaw Tabaka
- Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Starbała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (W.E.); (W.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Krzemińska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (W.E.); (W.S.); (M.K.)
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Contreras-Avilés W, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM, Kappers IF. Ménage à trois: light, terpenoids, and quality of plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:572-588. [PMID: 38494370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In controlled environment agriculture (CEA), light is used to impact terpenoid production and improve plant quality. In this review we discuss various aspects of light as important regulators of terpenoid production in different plant organs. Spectral quality primarily modifies terpenoid profiles, while intensity and photoperiod influence abundances. The central regulator of light signal transduction elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) controls transcriptional regulation of terpenoids under UV, red (R), and blue (B) light. The larger the fraction of R and green (G) light, the more beneficial the effect on monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, and such an effect may depend on the presence of B light. A large fraction of R light is mostly detrimental to tetraterpenoid production. We conclude that light is a promising tool to steer terpenoid production and potentially tailor the quality of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Contreras-Avilés
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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He X, Chen Y, Xia Y, Hong X, You H, Zhang R, Liang Z, Cui Q, Zhang S, Zhou M, Yang D. DNA methylation regulates biosynthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids during growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2086-2100. [PMID: 37879117 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases; its active ingredients are tanshinones and phenolic acids, which primarily accumulate in roots. Here, we conducted a targeted metabolic analysis of S. miltiorrhiza roots at 3 distinct growth stages: 40 d old (r40), 60 d old (r60), and 90 d old (r90). The contents of tanshinones (cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and rosmariquinone) and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) gradually increased during plant development. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of roots at the 3 growth stages revealed an increased level of DNA methylation in the CHH context (H represents A, T, or C) context at r90 compared with r40 and r60. Increased DNA methylation levels were associated with elevated expression of various genes linked to epigenetic regulations, including CHROMOMETHYLASE2 (SmCMT2), Decrease in DNA Methylation 1 (SmDDM1), Argonaute 4 (SmAGO4), and DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SmDRM1). Moreover, expression levels of many genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis, such as copalyldiphosphate synthase 5 (SmCPS5), cytochrome P450-related enzyme (SmCYP71D464), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGGPPS1), geranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGPPS), hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (SmHPPR), and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (SmHPPD), were altered owing to hyper-methylation, indicating that DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating tanshinone and phenolic acid accumulation. Our data shed light on the epigenetic regulation of root growth and the biosynthesis of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza, providing crucial clues for further improvement of active compound production via molecular breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuting Xia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huaqian You
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Biomedical Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Health Food, Shaoxing 312075, China
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Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Krzemińska M, Grąbkowska R, Gomulski J, Żekanowski C, Gaweda-Walerych K. Accumulation of Polyphenols and Associated Gene Expression in Hairy Roots of Salvia viridis Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:764. [PMID: 38255839 PMCID: PMC10815010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MJA), a signaling molecule in stress pathways, can be used to induce secondary metabolite synthesis in plants. The present study examines its effects on the growth of Salvia viridis hairy roots, and the accumulation of bioactive compounds, and correlates it with the expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. To our knowledge, this study represents the first exploration of elicitation in S. viridis culture and the first comprehensive analysis of MJA's influence on such a wide array of genes within the polyphenol metabolic pathway in the Salvia genus. Plants were treated with 50 and 100 µM MJA, and samples were collected at intervals of one, three, five, and seven days post-elicitation. HPLC analysis revealed that MJA stimulated the accumulation of all tested compounds, with a 30% increase (38.65 mg/g dry weight) in total polyphenol content (TPC) on day five. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway genes-TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase), HPPR (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), C4H (cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase), 4CL (4-coumarate-CoA ligase), and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase)-following MJA treatment. For the majority of the genes, this increase was observed after the first day of treatment. Importantly, our present results confirm strong correlations of the analyzed gene expression with polyphenol biosynthesis. These findings support the notion that hairy roots provide a promising biotechnological framework for augmenting polyphenol production. Additionally, the combination of elicitor treatment and transgenic technology emerges as a viable strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of these valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (R.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Marta Krzemińska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (R.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Renata Grąbkowska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (R.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Jan Gomulski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (R.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Cezary Żekanowski
- Department of Neurogenetics and Functional Genomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (C.Ż.); (K.G.-W.)
| | - Katarzyna Gaweda-Walerych
- Department of Neurogenetics and Functional Genomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (C.Ż.); (K.G.-W.)
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Casal-Porras I, Muñoz K, Ortega MJ, Brun FG, Zubía E. Rosmarinic Acid and Flavonoids of the Seagrass Zostera noltei: New Aspects on Their Quantification and Their Correlation with Sunlight Exposure. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4078. [PMID: 38140405 PMCID: PMC10748107 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are plants adapted to the marine environment that inhabit shallow coastal waters, where they may be exposed to direct sunlight during low tides. These plants have photoprotection mechanisms, which could include the use of phenolic secondary metabolites. In this study, rosmarinic acid (RA) and the flavonoids of Zostera noltei from the Bay of Cadiz (Spain) have been analyzed, first to define suitable conditions of leaves (i.e., fresh, dried, or frozen) for quantitative analysis, and then to explore the potential correlation between the phenolic profile of the leaves and sunlight exposure using an in situ experimental approach. Compared with fresh leaves, the contents of RA and flavonoids were significantly lower in air-dried and freeze-dried leaves. Freezing caused highly variable effects on RA and did not affect to flavonoid levels. On the other hand, the content of RA was significantly higher in plants that emerged during low tides than in plants permanently submerged, while plants underneath an artificial UV filter experienced a progressive reduction in RA content. However, the major flavonoids did not show a clear response to sunlight exposure and were unresponsive to diminished UV incidence. The results showed a positive correlation of RA with direct sunlight and UV exposure of leaves, suggesting that this compound contributes to the photoprotection of Z. noltei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Casal-Porras
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (I.C.-P.); (K.M.); (F.G.B.)
| | - Kimberly Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (I.C.-P.); (K.M.); (F.G.B.)
| | - María J. Ortega
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Fernando G. Brun
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (I.C.-P.); (K.M.); (F.G.B.)
| | - Eva Zubía
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
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Wang YL, Zhang HX, Chen YQ, Yang LL, Li ZJ, Zhao M, Li WL, Bian YY, Zeng L. Research on Mechanisms of Chinese Medicines in Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Adhesion. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:556-565. [PMID: 37052766 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative adhesion (PA) is currently one of the most unpleasant complications following surgical procedures. Researchers have developed several new strategies to alleviate the formation of PA to a great extent, but so far, no single measure or treatment can meet the expectations and requirements of clinical patients needing complete PA prevention. Chinese medicine (CM) has been widely used for thousands of years based on its remarkable efficacy and indispensable advantages CM treatments are gradually being accepted by modern medicine. Therefore, this review summarizes the formating process of PA and the efficacy and action mechanism of CM treatments, including their pharmacological effects, therapeutic mechanisms and advantages in PA prevention. We aim to improve the understanding of clinicians and researchers on CM prevention in the development of PA and promote the in-depth development and industrialization process of related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Xiang Zhang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Qi Chen
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jingwen Library, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Li
- College of Health Economics Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Lin Li
- Jingwen Library, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yao-Yao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Zeng
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jingwen Library, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Isolation and Comprehensive in Silico Characterisation of a New 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase 4 (HMGR4) Gene Promoter from Salvia miltiorrhiza: Comparative Analyses of Plant HMGR Promoters. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141861. [PMID: 35890495 PMCID: PMC9318348 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza synthesises tanshinones with multidirectional therapeutic effects. These compounds have a complex biosynthetic pathway, whose first rate limiting enzyme is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). In the present study, a new 1646 bp fragment of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene consisting of a promoter, 5′ untranslated region and part of a coding sequence was isolated and characterised in silico using bioinformatics tools. The results indicate the presence of a TATA box, tandem repeat and pyrimidine-rich sequence, and the absence of CpG islands. The sequence was rich in motifs recognised by specific transcription factors sensitive mainly to light, salicylic acid, bacterial infection and auxins; it also demonstrated many binding sites for microRNAs. Moreover, our results suggest that HMGR4 expression is possibly regulated during flowering, embryogenesis, organogenesis and the circadian rhythm. The obtained data were verified by comparison with microarray co-expression results obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana. Alignment of the isolated HMGR4 sequence with other plant HMGRs indicated the presence of many common binding sites for transcription factors, including conserved ones. Our findings provide valuable information for understanding the mechanisms that direct transcription of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene.
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Krzemińska M, Owczarek A, Olszewska MA, Grzegorczyk-Karolak I. In Vitro Strategy for the Enhancement of the Production of Bioactive Polyphenols in Transformed Roots of Salvia bulleyana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147771. [PMID: 35887119 PMCID: PMC9322094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The underground parts of Salvia bulleyana, a rare Chinese plant species, have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Rhizobium rhizogenes-transformed root culture obtained from this plant might be a promising novel source of valuable phenolics, including rosmarinic acid. The present study identifies for the first time, the optimal growth conditions of S. bulleyana hairy roots regarding production efficiency. The comprehensive optimization comprised cultivation in different basal media (B5, SH, MS, and WP) with full- and half-strength macro- and microelements, different vitamin contents (full, half, one-quarter part, and without) and sucrose concentrations (2, 3, 4, 5%), and under different light conditions: in dark, under blue LED (λ = 430 nm), red LED (λ = 670 nm), mixed blue and red LED (30%:70%), and white LED (390–670 nm). Hairy root growth and bioactive compound accumulation were also detailed every five days over the 50-day culture cycle. The optimal conditions were determined using a technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). The most efficient combination for root growth and polyphenol content was found to be ½SH liquid medium with half vitamin concentration and 3% sucrose when grown in the dark. The biomass yield during the growth cycle was 6.1 g (fresh weight—FW) and 0.92 g (dry weight—DW) on one Erlenmeyer flask: a 14.3-fold increase in FW and 16.1-fold increase in DW in relation to the inoculum. The highest mean total phenolic content was 93.6 mg/g DW including about 70 mg/g DW rosmarinic acid, reached on day 40 of culture; compared to roots of two-year-old plants grown under field conditions, the total phenolic acid content was four times higher and rosmarinic acid eight times higher. The obtained results place the investigated culture among the best hair root cultures for rosmarinic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Krzemińska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Monika A. Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Effect of LED Lighting on Physical Environment and Microenvironment on In Vitro Plant Growth and Morphogenesis: The Need to Standardize Lighting Conditions and Their Description. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010060. [PMID: 35009064 PMCID: PMC8747321 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, lighting installations in plant tissue culture have generally been renewed or designed based on LED technology. Thanks to this, many different light quality advances are available but, with their massive implementation, the same issue is occurring as in the 1960s with the appearance of the Grolux (Sylvania) fluorescent tubes: there is a lack of a methodological standardization of lighting. This review analyzes the main parameters and variables that must be taken into account in the design of LED-based systems, and how these need to be described and quantified in order to homogenize and standardize the experimental conditions to obtain reproducible and comparable results and conclusions. We have designed an experimental system in which the values of the physical environment and microenvironment conditions and the behavior of plant tissue cultures maintained in cabins illuminated with two lighting designs can be compared. Grolux tubes are compared with a combination of monochromatic LED lamps calibrated to provide a spectral emission, and light irradiance values similar to those generated by the previous discharge lamps, achieving in both cases wide uniformity of radiation conditions on the shelves of the culture cabins. This study can help to understand whether it is possible to use LEDs as one standard lighting source in plant tissue culture without affecting the development of the cultures maintained with the previously regulated protocols in the different laboratories. Finally, the results presented from this caparison indicate how temperature is one of the main factors that is affected by the chosen light source.
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The Protective Function and Modification of Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Response to Light Stress in Dracocephalum forrestii Shoots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157965. [PMID: 34360728 PMCID: PMC8347274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the effect of stress conditions caused by different light sources, i.e., blue LED (λ = 430 nm), red LED (λ = 670 nm), blue and red LED (70%:30%) and white LED (430–670 nm) on the growth and morphology of cultivated in vitro Dracocephalum forrestii shoot culture. It also examines the effects on bioactive phenolic compound production and photosynthetic pigment content, as well as on antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, POD) and antioxidant properties. The most beneficial proliferation effect was observed under white LEDs (7.1 ± 2.1 shoots per explant). The white and blue lights stimulated the highest fresh weight gain, while red light induced the highest dry weight gain. The total phenolic acid content ranged from 13.824 ± 1.181 to 20.018 ± 801 mg g DW−1 depending on light conditions. The highest content of rosmarinic acid was found in the control shoots (cultivated under fluorescent lamps), followed by culture grown under red light. All LED treatments, especially red and blue, increased salvianolic acid B content, and blue increased apigenin p-coumarylrhamnoside biosynthesis. The greatest ferric reduction activity was observed in shoots cultivated under red light, followed by blue; this is associated with the presence of the highest total phenol content, especially phenolic acids. Similarly, the highest DPPH radical scavenging potential was observed under red light followed by blue. This study proves that LEDs have emerged as significant support for directed in vitro propagation, taking advantage of specific stress responses on various light spectra. This study also showed how stress induced by different LED light spectra increases in Dracocephalum forrestii the synthesis of pharmacologically-active compounds. Hence, light stress may turn out to be a simpler alternative to metabolic engineering for improving the production of secondary metabolites of therapeutic value.
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Li Y, Wu H, Wang Z, Tang H, Yang L. Tanshinone IIA, a melanogenic ingredient basis of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. DERMATOL SIN 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Zou H, Qiu L, Zheng Y, Yang D, Wang Y. Effects of Light on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781236. [PMID: 34956277 PMCID: PMC8702564 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) found in medicinal plants are one of main sources of drugs, cosmetics, and health products. With the increase in demand for these bioactive compounds, improving the content and yield of SMs in medicinal plants has become increasingly important. The content and distribution of SMs in medicinal plants are closely related to environmental factors, especially light. In recent years, artificial light sources have been used in controlled environments for the production and conservation of medicinal germplasm. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate how light affects the accumulation of SMs in different plant species. Here, we systematically summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of light quality, light intensity, and photoperiod in the biosynthesis of three main types of SMs (polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids), and the underlying mechanisms. This article provides a detailed overview of the role of light signaling pathways in SM biosynthesis, which will further promote the application of artificial light sources in medicinal plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dongfeng Yang,
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Youping Wang,
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Song Z, Lin C, Xing P, Fen Y, Jin H, Zhou C, Gu YQ, Wang J, Li X. A high-quality reference genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza provides insights into tanshinone synthesis in its red rhizomes. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20041. [PMID: 33217202 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, also known as red sage or Danshen, is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used for thousands of years to treat cardiovascular and other diseases. It is also considered an important model TCM plant. Here, a high-quality reference genome of S. miltiorrhiza was generated by combining PacBio long-read sequencing and chromatin interaction mapping (Hi-C) technologies, resulting in the chromosome-scale assembly of a 594.75-Mb genome sequence with a contig N50 of 2.70 Mb. This assembly shows the highest level of continuity for a Danshen genome generated thus far. The S. miltiorrhiza genome contained 32,483 protein-coding genes, with a repetitive DNA content of approximately 64.84%. The high percentage of young LTRs suggests that multiple TE transposition bursts occurred recently in S. miltiorrhiza. Genes unique to secondary metabolism pathways were expanded in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. A new CYP450 gene cluster was identified in the phloem of red roots where active components were synthesized. This reference genome sequence will facilitate future studies aimed at the elucidation of the secondary metabolism synthesis pathway and the genetic improvement of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiao Song
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Caicai Lin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Piyi Xing
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fen
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Changhao Zhou
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Yong Q Gu
- Crop Improvement & Genetics Research, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
| | - Xingfeng Li
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271028, China
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Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines in Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8073467. [PMID: 32419827 PMCID: PMC7199640 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8073467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion is a frequent complication after abdominal surgery. Although various methods have been applied to prevent and treat postoperative abdominal adhesion (PAA), few modern drugs designed for clinical applications have reached the expected preventive or therapeutic effect so far. There is an imperative to develop some new strategies for the treatment of PAA. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely practiced for thousands of years and played an indispensable role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Modern medicine researchers have accepted the therapeutic effects of many active components derived from Chinese medicinal herbs. The review stresses the most commonly used TCM treatment, including Chinese medicinal herbals and monomers, TCM formulas, and acupuncture treatment.
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