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Zahid S, Anwar Z, Qadeer K, Ejaz MA, Wajidi M, Yasin H, Fatima K, Razzak M, Noreen A, Vaid FHM, Ahmad I. Ascorbic acid assisted photodegradation of methylcobalamin using corrective irrelevant absorption spectrophotometric assay: A kinetic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 323:124902. [PMID: 39126865 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Photodegradation of drug substances leads to the formation of known and unknown degradation products. These unknown degradation products interfere and give erroneous results because of absorption on analytical wavelengths. This interference could be eliminated using the correction of irrelevant absorbancies. This study is based on the application of linear and non-linear correction of irrelevant absorption for the determination of methylcobalamin (MC) and hydroxocobalamin in the photolytic degradation assisted by ascorbic acid (AH2). MC follows first-order degradation kinetics and the rate of degradation (kobs) ranges from 1.99-2.34 × 10-2, min-1 at pH 2.0-12.0. The second-order rate constants (k2) for the photochemical interaction of MC and AH2 are in the range of 17.9-60.3 × 10-2 M-1, min-1 (acidic region) and 10.3-24.6 × 10-2 M-1, min-1 (alkaline region). The k2-pH profile was found to be bell-shaped and the maximum rate of degradation in the presence of AH2 is at pH 5.0 (60.3 × 10-2 M-1, min-1) due to the protonation of MC. However, in alkaline pH, the rate of photodegradation decreases due to the ionization form of AH2 which is AH- species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zahid
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Kiran Qadeer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Road, Karachi Cantonment, Karachi 75510, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Ejaz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Wajidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Yasin
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Road, Karachi Cantonment, Karachi 75510, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Razzak
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Noreen
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiyaz Hussain Madni Vaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Kazi SH, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Musharraf SG, Ahmed S, Bano R, Mirza T, Heo K, Na JH. Photolysis of tolfenamic acid in aqueous and organic solvents: a kinetic study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21383-21397. [PMID: 38979457 PMCID: PMC11228578 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was studied for its photodegradation in aqueous (pH 2.0-12.0) and organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol). TA follows first-order kinetics for its photodegradation, and the apparent first-order rate constants (k obs) are in the range of 0.65 (pH 12.0) to 6.94 × 10-2 (pH 3.0) min-1 in aqueous solution and 3.28 (1-butanol) to 7.69 × 10-4 (acetonitrile) min-1 in organic solvents. The rate-pH profile for TA photodegradation is an inverted V (∧) or V-top shape, indicating that the cationic form is more susceptible to acid hydrolysis than the anionic form of TA, which is less susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. The fluorescence behavior of TA also exhibits a V-top-shaped curve, indicating maximum fluorescence intensity at pH 3.0. TA is highly stable at a pH range of 5.0-7.0, making it suitable for formulation development. In organic solvents, the photodegradation rate of TA increases with the solvent's dielectric constant and solvent acceptor number, indicating solute-solvent interactions. The values of k obs decreased with increased viscosity of the solvents due to diffusion-controlled processes. The correlation between k obs versus ionization potential and solvent density has also been established. A total of 17 photoproducts have been identified through LC-MS, of which nine have been reported for the first time. It has been confirmed through electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry that the excited singlet state of TA is converted into an excited triplet state through intersystem crossing, which results in an increased rate of photodegradation in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Hafeez Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Raheela Bano
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences (Ojha Campus) Karachi Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Kyuyoung Heo
- Reliability Assessment Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
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3
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Marques HM. The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids - an update. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112154. [PMID: 36871417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids, derivatives of vitamin B12, is reviewed, with particular emphasis on equilibrium constants for, and kinetics of, their axial ligand substitution reactions. The role the corrin ligand plays in controlling and modifying the properties of the metal ion is emphasised. Other aspects of the chemistry of these compounds, including their structure, corrinoid complexes with metals other than cobalt, the redox chemistry of the cobalt corrinoids and their chemical redox reactions, and their photochemistry are discussed. Their role as catalysts in non-biological reactions and aspects of their organometallic chemistry are briefly mentioned. Particular mention is made of the role that computational methods - and especially DFT calculations - have played in developing our understanding of the inorganic chemistry of these compounds. A brief overview of the biological chemistry of the B12-dependent enzymes is also given for the reader's convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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4
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Temova Rakuša Ž, Roškar R, Hickey N, Geremia S. Vitamin B 12 in Foods, Food Supplements, and Medicines-A Review of Its Role and Properties with a Focus on Its Stability. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010240. [PMID: 36615431 PMCID: PMC9822362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12, also known as the anti-pernicious anemia factor, is an essential micronutrient totally dependent on dietary sources that is commonly integrated with food supplements. Four vitamin B12 forms-cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, and methylcobalamin-are currently used for supplementation and, here, we provide an overview of their biochemical role, bioavailability, and efficacy in different dosage forms. Since the effective quantity of vitamin B12 depends on the stability of the different forms, we further provide a review of their main reactivity and stability under exposure to various environmental factors (e.g., temperature, pH, light) and the presence of some typical interacting compounds (oxidants, reductants, and other water-soluble vitamins). Further, we explore how the manufacturing process and storage affect B12 stability in foods, food supplements, and medicines and provide a summary of the data published to date on the content-related quality of vitamin B12 products on the market. We also provide an overview of the approaches toward their stabilization, including minimization of the destabilizing factors, addition of proper stabilizers, or application of some (innovative) technological processes that could be implemented and contribute to the production of high-quality vitamin B12 products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Roškar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neal Hickey
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Quadruple fortification of salt for the delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 to vulnerable populations. J FOOD ENG 2021; 300:110525. [PMID: 34219855 PMCID: PMC7985676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A process for simultaneous delivery of iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 through salt as a potential and holistic approach to ameliorate anaemia and reduce maternal and infant mortality is presented. Two approaches for adding folic acid and B12 to salt during double fortification with iron and iodine were investigated. Attempts to add both micronutrients through the iodine spray solution were unsuccessful. Hence, folic acid was added through a stabilized iodine solution, and B12 was added through the iron premix. Four approaches used to incorporate B12 into the iron premix were investigated: (1) co-extruding B12 with iron, (2) spraying B12 on the surface of the iron extrudate, (3) adding B12 to the colour masking agent, and (4) adding B12 to the outer coating. Of these approaches, coextrusion (1) was the best, based on the ease of production and stability of fortificants. The salt formulated with the solid iron-B12 premix and sprayed iodine and folic acid solution contained 1000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, 25 ppm folic acid, and 0.25 ppm B12. Over 98% of B12, 93% folic acid, and 94% iodine were retained after 6-month storage in the best formulation. This technology can simultaneously deliver iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in a safe and stable salt enabling public health measures for improved health at a minimal additional cost. The process developed simultaneously delivers iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 through salt. The chemistry of interaction among the micronutrients guided the process development. Iron and vitamin B12 were added as encapsulated particles (premix), while iodine and folic acid were added as a solution. Vitamin B12 and folic acid had different pH range requirements; hence, they were incompatible in solution. Of the four iron-B12 premix designs evaluated, the coextrusion of iron and vitamin B12 was the best design for the process. The additional cost of adding these micronutrients to salt is about $0.30 per year per person; hence, very cost effective.
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6
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Mechanism of aquacobalamin decomposition in aqueous aerobic solutions containing glucose oxidase and glucose. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-01992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Qadeer K, Arsalan A, Ahmad I, Fatima K, Anwar Z, Ahmed S, Khattak SUR, Mahmud S. Photochemical interaction of cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin with cysteine. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Bajaj SR, Singhal RS. Degradation kinetics of vitamin B12 in model systems of different pH and extrapolation to carrot and lime juices. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Arsalan A, Ahmad I, Ali SA, Qadeer K, Mahmud S, Humayun F, Beg AE. The kinetics of photostabilization of cyanocobalamin in liposomal preparations. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Arsalan
- Faculty of PharmacyZiauddin University Karachi Pakistan
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesBaqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesBaqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Kiran Qadeer
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesBaqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Mahmud
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesBaqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Fozia Humayun
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
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11
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Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Anwar Z. Multicomponent spectrometric analysis of drugs and their preparations. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 44:379-413. [PMID: 31029223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical preparations may contain a single ingredient or multi-ingredients as well as excipients. In multicomponent systems, specific analytical methods are required to determine the concentrations of individual components in the presence of interfering substances. Ultraviolet and visible spectrometric methods have widely been developed for the analysis of drugs in mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations. These methods are based on ultraviolet and visible multicomponent analysis and chemometrics (multivariate data analysis). The commonly used chemometric methods include principal component analysis (PCA); regression involving classical least squares (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), inverse least squares (ILS), principal component regression (PCR), multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural networks (ANNs); soft independent modeling of class anthology (SIMCA), PLS-discriminant analysis (DA); and functional data analysis (FDA). In this chapter, the applications of multicomponent ultraviolet and visible, derivative, infrared and mass spectrometric and spectrofluorimetric methods to the analysis of multi-ingredient pharmaceutical preparations, biological samples and the kinetics of drug degradation have been reviewed. Chemometric methods provide an efficient solution to calibration problems in the analysis of spectral data for the simultaneous determination of drugs in multicomponent systems. These methods facilitate the assessment of product quality and enhance the efficiency of quality control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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12
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Hadinata Lie A, V Chandra-Hioe M, Arcot J. Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B 12 vitamers. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 90:439-447. [PMID: 30932778 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The stability of B12 vitamers is affected by interaction with other water-soluble vitamins, UV light, heat, and pH. This study compared the degradation losses in cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to the physicochemical exposure before and after the addition of sorbitol. The degradation losses of cyanocobalamin in the presence of increasing concentrations of thiamin and niacin ranged between 6%-13% and added sorbitol significantly prevented the loss of cyanocobalamin (p<0.05). Hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin exhibited degradation losses ranging from 24%-26% and 48%-76%, respectively; added sorbitol significantly minimised the loss to 10% and 20%, respectively (p < 0.05). Methylcobalamin was the most susceptible to degradation when co-existing with ascorbic acid, followed by hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin. The presence of ascorbic acid caused the greatest degradation loss in methylcobalamin (70%-76%), which was minimised to 16% with added sorbitol (p < 0.05). Heat exposure (100 °C, 60 minutes) caused a greater loss of cyanocobalamin (38%) than UV exposure (4%). However, degradation losses in hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to UV and heat exposures were comparable (>30%). At pH 3, methylcobalamin was the most unstable showing 79% degradation loss, which was down to 12% after sorbitol was added (p < 0.05). The losses of cyanocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 (~15%) were prevented by adding sorbitol. Addition of sorbitol to hydroxocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 reduced the loss by only 6%. The results showed that cyanocobalamin was the most stable, followed by hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Added sorbitol was sufficient to significantly enhance the stability of cobalamins against degradative agents and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jayashree Arcot
- Food and Health Cluster, School of Chemical Engineering, Australia
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13
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Vaid FH, Zahid S, Faiyaz A, Qadeer K, Gul W, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Photolysis of methylcobalamin in aqueous solution: A kinetic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Dereven'kov IA, Makarov SV, Bui Thi TT, Makarova AS, Koifman OI. Studies on the Reduction of Dehydroascorbic Acid by Glutathione in the Presence of Aquahydroxocobinamide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A. Dereven'kov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology; Sheremetevskiy str. 7 153000 Ivanovo Russia
| | - Sergei V. Makarov
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology; Sheremetevskiy str. 7 153000 Ivanovo Russia
| | - Thu Thuy Bui Thi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh city; 12 Nguyen Van Bao, ward 4, Go Vap district 727010 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Anna S. Makarova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Academicheskaya str. 1 153045 Ivanovo Russian Federation
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology; Sheremetevskiy str. 7 153000 Ivanovo Russia
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Academicheskaya str. 1 153045 Ivanovo Russian Federation
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15
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Ahmad I, Mobeen MF, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Anwar Z, Shaikh RS, Hussain I, Ali SM. Photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide in aqueous solution: A kinetic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 182:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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