Encapsulation of extremely stable polyaniline onto Bio-MOF: Photo-activated antimicrobial and depletion of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions

BioMOF-Based Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery Systems

A variety of nanomaterials have been developed specifically for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery in cancer treatment. These materials involve both synthetic and natural nanoparticles and nanofibers of varying dimensions. The efficacy of a drug delivery system (DDS) depends on its biocompatibility, intrinsic high surface area, high interconnected porosity, and chemical functionality. Recent advances in metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have led to the achievement of these desirable features. MOFs consist of metal ions and organic linkers that are assembled in different geometries and can be produced in 0, 1, 2, or 3 dimensions. The defining features of MOFs are their outstanding surface area, interconnected porosity, and variable chemical functionality, which enable an endless range of modalities for loading drugs into their hierarchical structures. MOFs, coupled with biocompatibility requisites, are now regarded as highly successful DDSs for the treatment of diverse diseases. This review aims to present the development and applications of DDSs based on chemically-functionalized MOF nanostructures in the context of cancer treatment. A concise overview of the structure, synthesis, and mode of action of MOF-DDS is provided.

MOF@biomass hybrids: Trends on advanced functional materials for adsorption

This contribution aims to demonstrate the scope of new hybrids between biomass and metal-organic frameworks (MOF@biomass) used in the adsorption process of pollutants. After a brief presentation of the use of the main series of MOFs as efficient adsorbents for different types of pollutants, the limitations of these structures related to particle size and hydrodynamic problems during their application are highlighted. Lignocellulosic biomasses are also recognized as an alternative adsorbent, mainly due to their high natural abundance and their low environmental impact during and after their application. The limited capacity of bioadsorbents becomes important in this research. Consequently, the largest amount of information existing in the last ten years on MOF-Biomass functionalization as a hybrid and improvement technology for adsorption processes is compiled, analyzed, compared and contrasted. So far, there is no evidence of works that exploit the concept of functionalization of adsorbents of different nature to give rise to new hybrid materials. Through this review it was found that the hybrids obtained show a higher adsorption capacity (Qe) compared to their precursors, due to the increase of organic functional groups provided by the biomass. Thus, for heavy metals, dyes, Arsenium anions and other organic and pharmaceutical compounds, there are increases in Qe of about 100 mg g^-1. The possibility of the new hybrid being studied for desorption and reuse processes is also raised, resulting in a new line of research that is attractive for the industry from an economic and environmental point of view. The functionalization methods and techniques used in the studies cited in this article are outlined. In conclusion, this research brings a new horizon of study in the field of adsorption and mentions the main future challenges related to new sustainable applications.

Marine Algae Extract (Grateloupia Sparsa) for the Green Synthesis of Co3O4NPs: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anticancer, and Hemolytic Activities

The aqueous extract of red algae was used for bio-inspired manufacturing of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) and for antioxidant, antibacterial, hemolytic potency, and anticancer activity. Typical, characterization techniques include UV-Vis, SEM, EDAX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Using an X-ray diffraction assay, the size of the Co3O4NPs crystal was determined to range from 23.2 to 11.8 nm. Based on TEM and SEM pictures, biosynthesized Co3O4NPs' had a homogeneous spherical morphology with a 28.8 to 7.6 nm average diameter. Furthermore, Co3O4NPs biological properties were investigated, including determining the antibacterial potency using the zone of inhibition (ZOI) method and determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial activity of Co3O4NPs was higher than that of the ciprofloxacin standard. Alternatively, scavenging of DPPH free radical investigation was carried out to test the antioxidant capacitance of Co3O4NPs, revealing significant antioxidant ability. The biosynthesized Co3O4NPs have a dose-dependent effect on erythrocyte viability, indicating that this technique is harmless. Furthermore, bioinspired Co3O4NPs effectively against HepG2 cancer cells (IC50: 201.3 μg/ml). Co3O4NPs would be a therapeutic aid due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Smart Multifunctional UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles with Outstanding Drug-Loading/Release Potential for the Targeted Delivery of Quercetin

Herein, UiO-66 and its two functional analogs (with -NO₂ and -NH₂ functional groups) were synthesized, and their potential ability as pH stimulus nanocarriers of quercetin (QU), an anticancer agent, was studied. UiO-66 is a low-toxicity, biocompatible metal-organic framework with a large surface area and good stability, which can be prepared through a facile and inexpensive method. Before and after drug loading, various analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized nanocarriers. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate their structures and interactions with quercetin. The most promising drug loading potential and prolonged drug release (over 25 days) were observed in QU@UiO-66-NO₂ with 37% drug loading content, which was the best-tested sample that exhibited a higher release rate under acidic conditions (pH = 5) than that in normal cells (pH = 7.4). This behavior is known as pH-stimulus-controlled ability. The cell treatment with free QU, UiO-66-R, and QU@UiO-66-R (R = -H, -NO₂, and -NH₂) was performed, and an MTT assay was conducted on HEK-293 and MDA-MB-231 cells for the cytotoxicity study. Additionally, the kinetic modeling of drug release was investigated on the basis of the analysis of the drug release profiles.

Review of the Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofibers Applications in Water Purification

Recently, nanofibers have come to be considered one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in different fields, such as wastewater treatment. Electrospun nanofibers can be fabricated from various materials, such as synthetic and natural polymers, and contribute to the synthesis of novel nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Therefore, they have promising properties, such as an interconnected porous structure, light weight, high porosity, and large surface area, and are easily modified with other polymeric materials or nanomaterials to enhance their suitability for specific applications. As such, this review surveys recent progress made in the use of electrospun nanofibers to purify polluted water, wherein the distinctive characteristics of this type of nanofiber are essential when using them to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, as well as for oil/water (O/W) separation.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bio valorization coffee waste extract: photocatalytic flow-rate performance, antibacterial activity, and electrochemical investigation

It is well known that biogenic synthesis, as compared to other processes, has proven to be highly effective in the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Thus, our current study focused on synthesizing AgNPs using coffee waste extract (CWE). CWE contains many compounds identified by HPLC, which reduce, cap, and stabilize AgNPs in its solution. The as-synthesized AgNPs were produced with a monodispersed small size around 20 nm and exhibited in-plane dipole plasmon resonances of hexagonal nanoplates. AgNPs were characterized by both physical and spectroscopic methods, which confirmed their nanoscale dimensions with a hexagonal shape. The as-prepared AgNPs (12 mg) enabled the photodegradation of phenol compounds (20 mL) with a removal efficiency of ~ 94.6% in a short time in the presence of citric acid. Additionally, the second promising application of AgNPs was the tendency to remove the hazard 2,4 dinitroaniline (2,4 DNA) with a percent more than 97% while using only 7 mg of AgNPs. Moreover, the green synthesized AgNPs are superior in inhibiting bacterial growth and killing most infected microbes such as B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. The electrochemical characteristics of the AgNPs were evaluated using a three-electrode system. The calculated specific capacitance was 280 F g-1 at 0.56 A g-1. Furthermore, after 1000 cycles at 2.2 A g-1, the AgNPs electrode demonstrates an excellent cycling stability behavior with 94.8% capacitance retention. Based on the previous promising results, it can be concluded that CWE is an environmentally benign extract to prepare AgNPs with low cost, saving and easily used for many great domains in photocatalytic, phenol compound removals, and production of functional nanodevices.

Conversion of scrap iron into ultrafine α-Fe2O3 nanorods for the efficient visible light photodegradation of ciprofloxacin

The present study illustrates a feasible approach of utilizing scrap iron for the synthesis of iron(ii) oxide.

Chitosan for biomedical applications, promising antidiabetic drug delivery system, and new diabetes mellitus treatment based on stem cell

Since chitosan's excellent pharmacokinetic and chemical properties, it is an attractive and promising carbohydrate biopolymer in biomedical applications. Chitosan's beneficial function in the defense and propagation of pancreatic β cells, reducing hyperglycemia, and avoiding diabetes mellitus associated with impaired lipid metabolism has been demonstrated in several studies. Additionally, chitosan has also been used in various nanocarriers to deliver various antidiabetic drugs to reduce glucose levels. Herein, the first to provide the currently available potential benefits of chitosan in diabetes mellitus treatment focuses on chitosan-based nanocarriers for oral administration of various antidiabetic drugs nasal and subcutaneous passages. Moreover, chitosan is used to activate and deliver stem cells and differentiate them into cells similar to pancreatic beta cells as a new type of treatment for type one diabetes mellitus. The results of this review will be helpful in the development of promising treatments and better control of diabetes mellitus.

New Prospects in Nano Phased Co-substituted Hydroxyapatite Enrolled in Polymeric Nanofiber Mats for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

The most common forms of tissue impairment are fracture bones and significant bone disorders caused by multiple traumas or normal aging. Surgical care sometimes necessitates the placement of a temporary or permanent prosthesis, which continues to be a challenge for orthopedic surgeons, including those with large bone defects. Electrospun scaffolds made from natural and synthetic nanofiber-based polymers are studied as natural extracellular matrix (ECM)-like scaffolds for tissue engineering. Besides, nanostructured materials have properties and functions depending on the scale of natural materials such as hydroxyapatite (HAP), ranging from 1 to 100 nm, which activity was proficient upon enrolled in nanofiber mats. The use of nanofibers in combination with nano-HAP has increased the scaffold's ability to replicate the construction of natural bone tissue that is the aim of the present text. In bone engineering, nanofiber substrates facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, while HAP induces cells to secrete ECM for bone mineralization and development. This review aims to draw the reader's attention to the critical issues with synthetic and natural polymers containing HAP in bone tissue engineering; co-substituted hydroxyapatite has also been mentioned.

Outstanding Graphene Quantum Dots from Carbon Source for Biomedical and Corrosion Inhibition Applications: A Review

Graphene quantum dots (GQD) is an efficient nanomaterial composed of one or more layers of graphene with unique properties that combine both graphene and carbon dots (CDs). It can be synthesized using carbon-rich materials as precursors, such as graphite, macromolecules polysaccharides, and fullerene. This contribution emphasizes the utilization of GQD-based materials in the fields of sensing, bioimaging, energy storage, and corrosion inhibitors. Inspired by these numerous applications, various synthetic approaches have been developed to design and fabricate GQD, particularly bottom-up and top-down processes. In this context, the prime goal of this review is to emphasize possible eco-friendly and sustainable methodologies that have been successfully employed in the fabrication of GQDs. Furthermore, the fundamental and experimental aspects associated with GQDs such as possible mechanisms, the impact of size, surface alteration, and doping with other elements, together with their technological and industrial applications have been envisaged. Till now, understanding simple photo luminance (PL) operations in GQDs is very critical as well as there are various methods derived from the optical properties of manufactured GQDs can differ. Lack of determining exact size and morphology is highly required without loss of their optical features. Finally, GQDs are promising candidates in the after-mentioned application fields.

Facile Post Treatment of Ag Nanowire/Polymer Composites for Flexible Transparent Electrodes and Thin Film Heaters

Typical polyol-based synthesis of silver nanowire employs insulating polymer as a surfactant for the silver nanowire growth, which limits direct contact between each nanowire and thus its optoelectronic properties. We herein demonstrate that a simple solvent treatment effectively removes the insulating polymer around Ag NWs, leading to significantly decreased sheet resistance (~12 Ω/sq) with an increased transmittance (81% @ T₅₅₀), as compared to other post-treatments. We successfully demonstrate the transparent film heaters using the solvent-treated Ag NWs network, which rapidly exhibited 150 °C under a bias of 5 V. Flexible film heaters on plastic substrate is also demonstrated, suggesting a great potential of the solvent treatment process of Ag NWs for flexible transparent electrode and film heater applications.

Chitosan based-nanoparticles and nanocapsules: Overview, physicochemical features, applications of a nanofibrous scaffold, and bioprinting

Recent advancements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of chitosan as the second after cellulose available biopolymer in nature were discussed in this review. A general overview of processing and production procedures from A to Z was highlighted. Chitosan exists in three polymorphic forms which differ in degree of crystallinity (α, β, and γ). Thus, the degree of deacetylation, crystallinity, surface area, and molecular mass significantly affect most applications. Otherwise, the synthesis of chitosan nanofibers is suffering from many drawbacks that were recently treated by co-electrospun with other polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polycaprolactone (PCL). Ultimately, this review focuses on the area of new trend utilization of chitosan nanoparticles as nanospheres and nanocapsules, in cartilage and bone regenerative medicine. Owing to its biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, and costless synthesis, chitosan is a promising biopolymeric structure for water remediation, drug delivery, antimicrobials, and tissue engineering.