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Liu X, Su L, Li Y, Yuan H, Zhao A, Yang C, Chen C, Li C. Significant improvements in the olfactory sensitivity of bipolar I disorder patients during euthymia versus manic episodes: a longitudinal study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1348895. [PMID: 38651009 PMCID: PMC11033851 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1348895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research has indicated that individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) might experience alterations in their olfaction or levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but no studies have investigated olfactory function and serum TNF-α in BD patients simultaneously. Moreover, there is a lack of existing research that compares the longitudinal olfactory function between individuals with manic and euthymic BD I. Methods Patients with manic BD I (BDM, n=44) and healthy controls (HCs, n=32) were evaluated symptoms (measured via the Young Manic Rating Scale, YRMS), social function (measured via the Global Assessment Function, GAF), serum TNF-α, and olfactory function (via the Sniffin' Sticks test) including olfactory sensitivity (OS) and olfactory identification (OI). The BDM patients were followed up to the remission period and re-evaluated again. We compared OS, OI and serum TNF-α in manic and euthymic patients with BD I and HCs. We examined the correlation between olfactory function and symptoms, social function, and serum TNF-α in patients with BD I. Results The BDM patients exhibited significantly lower OS and OI compared to the HCs (Z = -2.235, P = 0.025; t = -6.005, P < 0.001), while a positive correlation was observed between OS and GAF score (r = 0.313, P = 0.039). The OS in the BD I remission group (n=25) exhibited significantly superior performance compared to the BDM group (t = -4.056, P < 0.001), and the same as that in the HCs (P = 0.503). The change in OS showed a positive correlation with the decrease in YMRS score (r = 0.445, P = 0.026), and a negative correlation with the course of disease (r = -0.594, P = 0.002). The TNF-α in BD I patients was significantly lower compared to HCs (P < 0.001), and not significantly correlated with olfactory function (all P > 0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that OS and OI are impaired in BDM patients, and the impaired OS in those patients can be recovered in the remission stage. OI may serve as a potential characteristic marker of BD. OS might be useful as an index for BDM treatment efficacy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Su L, Liu X, Li Y, Yuan H, Li Q, Li C. Comparison of olfactory function, cognitive function and serum tumor necrosis factor-α between bipolar and schizophrenic patients in the remission stage. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:811. [PMID: 37936082 PMCID: PMC10631022 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olfactory function, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cognitive function were compared between bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SP) patients in the remission stage combined with correlation analysis, with the aim of identifying new indicators for the auxiliary diagnosis of these psychiatric illnesses. METHODS A total of 46 euthymic BD patients, 42 clinically stable SP patients and 42 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study. Olfactory sensitivity (OS) and olfactory identification (OI) were assessed using Sniffin' Sticks test, and serum TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA. Clinical symptoms were evaluated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton anxiety scale, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Social function was evaluated with the Global Assessment Function (GAF) scale. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A) and Digit Cancellation Test (DCT). RESULTS OI and cognitive function scores and serum TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the BD and SP patients compared with the HC participants. There was no significant difference between the BD and SP groups, and there were no significant differences in OS among the three groups. OI score was positively correlated with years of education in both the BD and SP groups. OI score in the SP group was negatively correlated with age and PANSS score, and positively correlated with GAF score. In the BD group, OS was positively correlated with DCT II and DCT III. In the SP group, OS and OI scores were positively correlated with DCT III, and negatively correlated with TMT-A time. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between TNF-α and DCT II in the BD group. There was no significant linear correlation between olfactory function and TNF-α in the BD or SP group. CONCLUSION OI may be a trait marker for BD and SP. Some cognitive functions may be correlated not only with TNF-α in BD patients in remission, but also with olfactory function in BD and SP patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjun Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xianlin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huiqian Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, No. 7 Baolin Road, Daliang Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, 528300, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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Li Y, Yuan H, Liu X, Su L, Yang C, Chen C, Li C. Impaired olfactory function in bipolar disorder patients during acute episodes regardless of psychotic symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1284567. [PMID: 37965355 PMCID: PMC10642755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1284567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze whether the presence of psychotic symptoms affects olfactory function in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). We also compared olfactory function between the period of episode and remission in patients with BD. Methods BD patients in the acute phase were tracked to the remission stage. The psychiatric symptoms and social function of the enrolled subjects were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment Function (GAF). Olfactory sensitivity (OS) and olfactory identification (OI) was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Differences in OS and OI among the episodic group, the euthymic group, and the healthy control (HC) group were compared. According to whether BD is accompanied by psychotic symptoms, the OS and OI in the BD with psychotic symptoms group (P-BD), the BD without psychotic symptoms group (NP-BD), and the HC group were compared. Results The P-BD and NP-BD groups exhibited impaired OI compared with the HC group, but there was no significant difference in OI between the P-BD and NP-BD groups, or in OS among all three groups. All patients with episodic BD had significantly lower OS and OI compared with the HC group. OI in euthymic BD patients was still impaired; however, OS recovered, showing no significant difference compared with that in the HC group. Conclusion The results indicate that patients with episodic BD have impaired OS and OI, regardless of psychotic symptoms. OI may be a characteristic marker of BD, and OS may be a state marker that can be used to distinguish between episodic and euthymic BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde WuZhongpei Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
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Marin C, Alobid I, Fuentes M, López-Chacón M, Mullol J. Olfactory Dysfunction in Mental Illness. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:153-164. [PMID: 36696016 PMCID: PMC9875195 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of mental illness. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory alterations in several mental illnesses. We also highlight the role, hitherto underestimated, that the olfactory pathways play in the regulation of higher brain functions and its involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, as well as the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The olfactory deficits present in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder consist of specific alterations of different components of the sense of smell, mainly the identification of odours, as well as the qualifications of their hedonic valence (pleasant or unpleasant). Epidemiological findings have shown that both environmental factors, such as air pollutants, and inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, can contribute to an increased risk of mental illness, at least in part, due to peripheral inflammatory mechanisms of the olfactory system. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function alterations in several psychiatric conditions and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis. We also highlight the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in these psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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