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Guenther CL, Zhang Y, Sedikides C. The Authentic Self Is the Self-Enhancing Self: A Self-Enhancement Framework of Authenticity. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1182-1196. [PMID: 37002664 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Authenticity refers to behaving in a manner that aligns with one's true self. The true self, though, is positive. From a self-enhancement standpoint, people exaggerate their strengths and overlook their shortcomings, forming positively-distorted views of themselves. We propose a self-enhancement framework of authenticity, advocating a reciprocal relation between the two constructs. Trait self-enhancement was associated with higher trait authenticity (Study 1), and day-to-day fluctuations in self-enhancement predicted corresponding variations in state authenticity (Study 2). Furthermore, manipulating self-enhancement elevated state authenticity (Studies 3-4), which was associated with meaning in life (Study 4), and manipulating authenticity augmented self-enhancement, which was associated with meaning in life and thriving (Study 5). The authentic self is largely the self-enhancing self.
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Sedikides C. Self-enhancement and physical health: A meta-analysis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:583-599. [PMID: 36068661 PMCID: PMC10087604 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A prior meta-analysis yielded a positive relation between self-enhancement and psychological health. This article presents the first meta-analysis of the association between self-enhancement and physical health (k = 87; N = 22,415). The meta-analysis relied predominantly on social desirability as an operationalization of self-enhancement and secondarily on comparative judgement and narcissism. Further, the meta-analysis operationalized physical health in terms of self-rated health, symptoms and biomarkers. Overall, self-enhancement yielded a near-zero association with physical health, r = .01. However, this association was more pronounced for comparative judgement (r = .18, k = 6) than social desirability (r = .03, k = 41) or narcissism (r = -.0001, k = 8), and for self-rated health (r = .09, k = 9) than symptoms (r = .01, k = 29) or biomarkers (r = -.13, k = 17). The association between self-enhancement and physical health fluctuates across measures of both constructs calling for more focussed and nuanced investigations.
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Dufhues T, Möllers J, Jantsch A, Buchenrieder G, Camfield L. Don't Look Up! Individual Income Comparisons and Subjective Well-Being of Students in Thailand. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 24:477-503. [PMID: 36471765 PMCID: PMC9714402 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that an individual's position in an income stratum-more than the absolute income level-determines subjective well-being. However, studies on subjective well-being suffer from a critical methodological weakness: they use exogenously defined reference groups. Our study addresses this point by applying an innovative new survey instrument. We ask respondents to identify individual reference persons for income comparisons. We find that these reference persons come from a range of social groups. Interactions between personality traits and the direction of income comparisons lead to different levels of subjective well-being. This highlights the importance of collecting information on personality traits in research on subjective well-being. We conclude that questions about self-defined individual income comparisons can be a valuable and straightforward addition to future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dufhues
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith Möllers
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antje Jantsch
- External Environment for Agriculture and Policy Analysi, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gertrud Buchenrieder
- Institute of Sociology and Economics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Camfield
- School of International Development (DEV), University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Kim H, Lee H, Lo RF, Suh EM, Schimmack U. Seeing the self through rose-colored glasses: A cross-cultural study of positive illusions using a behavioral approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274535. [PMID: 36197911 PMCID: PMC9534404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on self-enhancement bias used self-report measures to investigate individual and cultural differences in well-being. In the current research, we took a behavioral approach to analyze positive and negative perception tendencies between European Canadians, Asian Canadians and Koreans. In Study 1 and 2, participants were asked to bet on their expectation of success on a given task and then perform the task. The betting behaviors and actual performance were used to quantify positive and negative perception tendencies. In Study 1, we did not find cultural differences in positive and negative illusions. Positive self-perceptions were also not associated with higher self-reported well-being. In Study 2, we employed the same research design as Study 1, and we included a measure of perceived desirability to examine whether perceived desirability of the performance tasks are related to the two illusions indices. The results from Study 2 replicated the findings from Study 1, and perceived desirability did not influence the results. Our findings suggest that North Americans do not always exhibit more positive self-perceptions than Asians, suggesting that North Americans do not always view the self through rose-colored lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Kim
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hwaryung Lee
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronda F. Lo
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eunkook M. Suh
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ulrich Schimmack
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Psychological and behavioral implications of self-protection and self-enhancement. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e147. [PMID: 35875947 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-protection can have psychological and behavioral implications. We contrast them with the implications of a self-enhancement strategy. Both self-enhancement and self-protection have costs and benefits as survival strategies, and we identify some of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tradeoffs associated with the differential preferences for each strategy. New analyses on a large existing data set confirm the target article's hypothesis that women are more attuned than men to potential negative consequences of innovations.
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Jelić M. How do we process feedback? The role of self-esteem in processing self-related and other-related information. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 227:103592. [PMID: 35483248 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of the level and stability of self-esteem on self-referent vs. other-referent feedback recall and to determine which of the opposed self-concept motives, self-enhancement or self-verification, will prevail in adolescents with certain type of self- esteem. In a between-subjects experimental design, 450 high school graduates and freshmen were randomly assigned to a self-referent task (n = 230) or other-referent task (n = 220) and their self-esteem was measured by repeated administration of the RSE scale. After personality and cognitive ability test, participants in a self-referent task were presented with a bogus feedback which consisted of statements that described a specific positive or negative behavior that one is likely to do. Participants in the other-referent received the same information, but relating to an unknown person. Memory was tested on a surprise free recall task. Findings confirm preferential processing of self-related information, i.e. self-reference effect, regardless of valence and content-related domain of feedback. Participants in self-referent condition also showed better recall of positive than negative personally relevant feedback, regardless of their self-esteem stability or self-esteem level. However, interaction of self-esteem level and self-esteem stability was significant, but its effect was relatively small.
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Xia M, Poorthuis AMG, Zhou Q, Thomaes S. Young children's overestimation of performance: A cross-cultural comparison. Child Dev 2021; 93:e207-e221. [PMID: 34741531 PMCID: PMC9298085 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Western literature suggests that young children overestimate their performance across a range of tasks. Research in non‐Western cultures, however, is lacking. In 2019, 101 Chinese (52% girls) and 98 Dutch (49% girls) children, ages 4 and 5, were asked to estimate how well they would perform on both a motor and a memory task. Children from both countries overestimated their performance to the same extent (ηp2 = .077 and .027 for the motor and memory tasks, respectively). They generally persevered in doing so despite receiving realistic performance feedback. Yet, children overestimated their peers’ performance about as much as their own performance, in some cases even more. This is the first demonstration of performance overestimation in children growing up in a non‐Western culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Xia
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sander Thomaes
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Legault L, Coleman D, Jurchak K, Scaltsas N. Reducing prejudice by enhancing the other rather than the self. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1965016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Legault
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Deonna Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Kayla Jurchak
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
| | - Nefeli Scaltsas
- Department of Psychology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, United States
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Congruency of academic and interpersonal subjective social status in relation to adolescent psychological health: the moderating role of Core self-evaluations. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Physical Activity and Anxiety of Chinese University Students: Mediation of Self-System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094468. [PMID: 33922351 PMCID: PMC8122769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the role of self-enhancement and self-criticism in the relationship between physical activity and anxiety. A total of 305 students from Chinese universities, ranging in age from 18 to 36, completed a questionnaire package comprising a physical activity questionnaire, a self-enhancement strategies scale, a level of self-criticism scale, and a short form of state and trait anxiety scale. Findings highlighted that physical activity had a significant negative correlation with anxiety (r = −0.31, p < 0.01), a significant positive association with self-enhancement (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), and a significant negative relationship with self-criticism (r = −0.14, p < 0.05). It was also found that anxiety was significantly predicted by self-enhancement (−0.21, p < 0.01) and self-criticism (0.44, p < 0.01). Moreover, the mediation model supports the mediation of self-enhancement and self-criticism between physical activity and anxiety in university students. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at promoting physical activity and enhancing the self-system should be worthy strategies for reducing students’ anxiety.
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Taylor SG, Eisenbarth H, Sedikides C, Alicke MD. Explaining the better‐than‐average effect among prisoners. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Taylor
- Department of Psychology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware OH USA
| | - Hedwig Eisenbarth
- School of Psychology Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity Psychology Department University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Differences in self-reported character strengths across adolescence. J Adolesc 2019; 79:1-10. [PMID: 31864095 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although typically considered a stable trait, character strengths may be subject to temporal changes. Whereas research has investigated these changes across adulthood, the pivotal period of adolescence remains relatively understudied. METHOD To identify potential developmental differences in character strengths, we conducted a cross-sectional exploratory analysis of 24 Character strengths, assessed by the VIA-Youth, across youth between ages 10 and 17 from four highly represented countries (N = 12,871). RESULTS The general pattern was for older adolescents to generate lower scores in many traits compared to younger adolescents. When considering gender as a potential moderator, girls, on average, scored higher on most strengths, but also showed more consistently lower scores across ages. CONCLUSION Findings provide a nuanced understanding of developmental differences in character across adolescence in a large-scale study. We frame these findings in the context of recent work investigating how character strengths develop throughout adolescence and offer suggestions for future research and interventions.
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Abstract
PurposeSelf-promotion on social networking sites (SNSs) is a controversial issue as it has been attributed to various positive and negative consequences. To better understand the reasons for the mixed consequences and the nature of self-promotion on SNSs, the purpose of this paper is to theorize and empirically investigate the duality of SNS self-promotion and its underlying socio-psychological mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachBy drawing on the motivational affordance lens and self-determination theory, this study develops a theoretical account of the duality of self-promotion on SNSs. The author places subjective vitality and SNS addiction as the positive and negative consequences of self-promotion. The model was tested using partial least squares technique with data collected from 289 Finnish Facebook users using a survey.FindingsThe results show that self-promotion contributes to both subjective vitality and to SNS addiction. Importantly, exhibitionism attenuates the effect of self-promotion on subjective vitality and amplifies the effect of self-promotion on SNS addiction. The feature-level analysis shows that status updates, adding photos, commenting in others’ posts and profile completeness are the main determinants of self-promotion. Status updates, adding photos and check-ins, in turn, have high exhibitionistic appeal.Originality/valueTo date, the empirical attempts to investigate the duality of SNS use have been rare. In particular, prior research is largely silent in explaining what tilt the outcomes of self-promotion either toward positive or negative direction. The paper fills this theoretical and empirical gap and thus contributes to literature on dualities of SNS use.
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Sedikides C. On the doggedness of self-enhancement and self-protection: How constraining are reality constraints? SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1562961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Steinmetz J, Sezer O, Sedikides C. Impression mismanagement: People as inept self-presenters. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shi Y, Sedikides C, Cai H, Liu Y, Yang Z. Disowning the Self: The Cultural Value of Modesty can Attenuate Self-Positivity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:1023-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1099711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Western participants endorse a higher number of positive traits as self-descriptive, but endorse a lower number of negative traits as self-descriptive. They also respond quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive, but respond slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. Is this self-positivity bias qualified by the cultural value of modesty? We induced modesty (vs. punctuality) and assessed self-descriptiveness judgments and response times among Chinese participants. We replicated the self-positivity bias in regards to both self-descriptiveness judgments and response times. In the case of self-descriptiveness judgments, however, the bias was partially qualified by modesty. Relative to control participants, those in the modesty condition endorsed fewer positive traits as self-descriptive and manifested a tendency toward endorsing more negative traits as self-descriptive. In the case of response times, the self-positivity bias was unqualified by modesty. Within both conditions, participants were quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive and were slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. The results speak to the relation between the self-positivity bias and the self-reference effect and illustrate the malleability of self-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chung J, Schriber RA, Robins RW. Positive Illusions in the Academic Context: A Longitudinal Study of Academic Self-Enhancement in College. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:1384-401. [PMID: 27549790 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216662866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, we examined academic self-enhancement in students (N = 264) followed longitudinally through 4 years of college. We used social comparison (i.e., better-than-average ratings) and self-insight (i.e., criterion-based) approaches to assess the degree to which students self-enhanced in their self-perceptions of academic ability, with SAT scores, high school grade point average (GPA), and college GPA used as criterion measures. We also examined ethnic variability in academic self-enhancement. We found that academic self-enhancement (a) increased or decreased over the 4 years of college, depending on its operationalization, (b) tended to be adaptive according to social comparison indices, and (c) demonstrated a trajectory that differed by ethnicity, but ethnicity did not moderate the effect of academic self-enhancement on outcomes. We discuss the implications of the findings for debates about the adaptive value of self-enhancement, the magnitude of cultural differences, and how best to conceptualize and operationalize the construct.
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Zhang R, Noels KA, Guan Y, Weng L. Making sense of positive self-evaluations in China: The role of sociocultural change. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Dickinson College, Psychology; Carlisle Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kimberly A. Noels
- Department of Psychology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Business School; Durham University; Durham UK
| | - Liping Weng
- Shanghai International Studies University; Shanghai China
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Cai H, Wu L, Shi Y, Gu R, Sedikides C. Self-enhancement among Westerners and Easterners: a cultural neuroscience approach. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1569-78. [PMID: 27217110 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We adopted a cultural neuroscience approach to the investigation of self-enhancement. Western and Eastern participants made self-referent judgments on positive and negative traits while we recorded their electroencephalography signals. At the judgmental level, we assessed trait endorsement (judgments of traits self-descriptiveness) and reaction times (speed of such judgments). Participants endorsed more positive traits as self-descriptive and more negative traits as non-self-descriptive, although the magnitude of this effect (level of self-positivity) was higher in the Western than Eastern sample. Moreover, all participants responded faster to positive self-descriptive traits and to negative non-self-descriptive traits, indicating that the self-enhancement motive is equally potent across cultures. At the neurophysiological level, we assessed N170 and LPP. Negative traits elicited larger N170 among Easterners, indicating initial allocation of attentional resources to the processing of negative information. However, negative compared to positive self-descriptive traits elicited a larger LPP, whereas negative and positive non-self-descriptive traits did not differ in the LPP they elicited. This pattern generalized across samples, pointing to a pancultural physiological correlate of the self-enhancement motive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Lynch BP, O'Mara EM. Do Autonomous Individuals Strive for Self-Positivity? Examining the Role of Autonomy in the Expression of Self-Enhancement. SELF AND IDENTITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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On the Panculturality of Self-enhancement and Self-protection Motivation. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lafrenière MAK, Vallerand RJ, Sedikides C. On the Relation between Self-enhancement and Life Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Passion. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2012.713558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dufner M, Denissen JJA, Zalk M, Matthes B, Meeus WHJ, van Aken MAG, Sedikides C. Positive Intelligence Illusions: On the Relation Between Intellectual Self-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment. J Pers 2012; 80:537-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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