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Branca C, Bortolato M. The role of neuroactive steroids in tic disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105637. [PMID: 38519023 PMCID: PMC11121756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Tics are sudden, repetitive movements or vocalizations. Tic disorders, such as Tourette syndrome (TS), are contributed by the interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental variables, leading to abnormalities in the functioning of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitry. Various neurotransmitter systems, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine, are implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Building on the evidence that tic disorders are predominant in males and exacerbated by stress, emerging research is focusing on the involvement of neuroactive steroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and allopregnanolone, in the ontogeny of tics and other phenotypes associated with TS. Emerging evidence indicates that DHEAS levels are significantly elevated in the plasma of TS-affected boys, and the clinical onset of this disorder coincides with the period of adrenarche, the developmental stage characterized by a surge in DHEAS synthesis. On the other hand, allopregnanolone has garnered particular attention for its potential to mediate the adverse effects of acute stress on the exacerbation of tic severity and frequency. Notably, both neurosteroids act as key modulators of GABA-A receptors, suggesting a pivotal role of these targets in the pathophysiology of various clinical manifestations of tic disorders. This review explores the potential mechanisms by which these and other neuroactive steroids may influence tic disorders and discusses the emerging therapeutic strategies that target neuroactive steroids for the management of tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Branca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Garcia JF, Seco-Calvo J, Arribalzaga S, Díez R, Lopez C, Fernandez MN, Garcia JJ, Diez MJ, de la Puente R, Sierra M, Sahagún AM. Online information and availability of three doping substances (anabolic agents) in sports: role of pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1305080. [PMID: 38111382 PMCID: PMC10725911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Internet has become an important source for easy access to doping substances, where people and athletes may acquire, outside pharmacies and without a (medical) prescription. These online websites do not always offer quality-assured products, and are outside the regular distribution channels of medicines. The aim of this study was to estimate the availability and accessible information on the Internet about the sale of three doping substances (oxandrolone, DHEA, androstenedione). Methods: Cross-sectional exploratory study, being an observation at a point in time of the online availability of these three doping substances (WADA S1 category: anabolic agents), purchased from Spain, Puerto Rico, Canada, United States, Ukraine and Russia. The characteristics of the websites, the countries the webs sold to, the pharmaceutical forms offered and the recommendations for its use were analyzed by using a computer tool designed ad hoc. Results: There were significant differences between countries in the number of webpages that sold the products (Chi-square test, p < 0.05). Oxandrolone was available for purchase mainly when buying from Spain (27.12%) and Ukraine (26.58%), in websites dedicated to sports (77.26%). For DHEA, most of the pages offered it if the search was done from Canada (23.34%) and Russia (21.44%). Products containing androstenedione or DHEA are claimed to enhance sports performance or for sports use without providing details. Compared to the total number of websites checked, the proportion of pharmacies offering these products was low, ranging from 4.86% for DHEA to 15.79% for androstenedione. Conclusion: The three substances selected are easily available without control through the Internet. Only a small number of websites offering them were online pharmacies, and requested a prescription. Most of the doping substances are purchased from the country where they are requested. Product information described benefits for sports performance, but did not do the same with their side effects. It would be advisable for these products to be sold through pharmacies, to guarantee their quality and provide evidence-based information on their safe use, benefits and risks, and only with a prescription. Athletes should be encouraged to consult health professionals about those supplements suitable for their type of training and sports objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Garcia
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics, and Aerospatiale Engineering, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, Leioa, Spain
| | - Soledad Arribalzaga
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Raquel Díez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Cristina Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - M. Nelida Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan J. Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - M. Jose Diez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Raul de la Puente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Matilde Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sahagún
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Tsai CC, Yang YCSH, Chen YF, Huang LY, Yang YN, Lee SY, Wang WL, Lee HL, Whang-Peng J, Lin HY, Wang K. Integrins and Actions of Androgen in Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2126. [PMID: 37681860 PMCID: PMC10486718 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen has been shown to regulate male physiological activities and cancer proliferation. It is used to antagonize estrogen-induced proliferative effects in breast cancer cells. However, evidence indicates that androgen can stimulate cancer cell growth in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells via different types of receptors and different mechanisms. Androgen-induced cancer growth and metastasis link with different types of integrins. Integrin αvβ3 is predominantly expressed and activated in cancer cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also plays a vital role in cancer growth. The part of integrins in action with androgen in cancer cells is not fully mechanically understood. To clarify the interactions between androgen and integrin αvβ3, we carried out molecular modeling to explain the potential interactions of androgen with integrin αvβ3. The androgen-regulated mechanisms on PD-L1 and its effects were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Fong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Lin-Yi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (L.-Y.H.); (Y.-N.Y.)
| | - Yung-Ning Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (L.-Y.H.); (Y.-N.Y.)
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Lee
- Dentistry, Wan-Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | | | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Antonić T, Petrović-Mucok A, Stefanović A. Current challenges in laboratory diagnostics of autonomous cortisol secretion in adrenal incidentalomas. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-36043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas are unexpectedly identified adrenal masses without prior suspicion of the existence of adrenal disease. The majority of adrenal incidentalomas are benign adrenal adenomas (80-90%), and they are non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas in more than 70% of cases. Mild hypercortisolemia is the most common finding in hormonally active adrenal incidentalomas. It is defined as autonomous cortisol secretion in up to 15% of patients. Despite a lot of research that anticipated higher cardiometabolic risk in patients with autonomous cortisol secretion, there is still no clear consensus on biochemical criteria for an autonomous cortisol secretion diagnosis in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. This review delineates the advantages and limitations of different laboratory tests recommended for the diagnosis of autonomous cortisol secretion in adrenal incidentalomas.
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Foster PA. Steroid Sulphatase and Its Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future. Molecules 2021; 26:2852. [PMID: 34064842 PMCID: PMC8151039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulphatase (STS), involved in the hydrolysis of steroid sulphates, plays an important role in the formation of both active oestrogens and androgens. Since these steroids significantly impact the proliferation of both oestrogen- and androgen-dependent cancers, many research groups over the past 30 years have designed and developed STS inhibitors. One of the main contributors to this field has been Prof. Barry Potter, previously at the University of Bath and now at the University of Oxford. Upon Prof. Potter's imminent retirement, this review takes a look back at the work on STS inhibitors and their contribution to our understanding of sulphate biology and as potential therapeutic agents in hormone-dependent disease. A number of potent STS inhibitors have now been developed, one of which, Irosustat (STX64, 667Coumate, BN83495), remains the only one to have completed phase I/II clinical trials against numerous indications (breast, prostate, endometrial). These studies have provided new insights into the origins of androgens and oestrogens in women and men. In addition to the therapeutic role of STS inhibition in breast and prostate cancer, there is now good evidence to suggest they may also provide benefits in patients with colorectal and ovarian cancer, and in treating endometriosis. To explore the potential of STS inhibitors further, a number of second- and third-generation inhibitors have been developed, together with single molecules that possess aromatase-STS inhibitory properties. The further development of potent STS inhibitors will allow their potential therapeutic value to be explored in a variety of hormone-dependent cancers and possibly other non-oncological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; ; Tel.: +44-121-414-3776
- Centre for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Assessment of Cortisol and DHEA Concentrations in Griffon Vulture ( Gyps fulvus) Feathers to Evaluate its Allostatic Load. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of a non-invasive approach to collect biological samples from natural populations represents a great means of gathering information while avoiding handling animals. Even if corticosterone is the main glucocorticoid investigated in birds, there has been observed a proportional direct link between corticosterone and cortisol concentrations. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be produced by the adrenal cortex and should have prominent antiglucocorticoid properties also in birds. The aim of this study was to verify if there is any difference in the cortisol and DHEA feather concentrations between clinically normal and physiologically compromised Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) through the non-invasive approach of collecting moulted feathers without having to pluck them from the bird. The study was carried out using 8 physiologically compromised (PC) Griffons and 9 clinically normal Griffons considered as the control (CTRL) group that were necropsied or from the wildlife rehabilitation centre. Primary and secondary covert feathers were either collected directly from the birds’ cage floors, or, in the case of dead Griffons, they were plucked off the animals. The results, obtained by RIA, revealed that both cortisol (P<0.01) and DHEA (P<0.05) feather concentrations were higher in the PC than in the CTRL group. No difference was observed by comparing the cortisol/DHEA ratio between the two evaluated groups (P=0.15). Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed no correlation between feather hormone concentrations in the PC group (r=0.01, P=0.96) while a positive correlation in the CTRL group (r=0.65, P=0.006) was observed. In conclusion, our study reveals that moulted feathers can be a non-invasive and an interesting tool to evaluate the allostatic load of wild birds and they allowed better understanding the relationship between hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the physiological status of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneela Vegunta
- Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Juliana M. Kling
- Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ekta Kapoor
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Petrullo L, Hinde K, Lu A. Steroid hormone concentrations in milk predict sex-specific offspring growth in a nonhuman primate. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23315. [PMID: 31468643 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans and other mammals, maternal hormones are transferred to offspring during lactation via milk and may regulate postnatal development, including the pace of early growth. Here, we used a nonhuman primate model to test the hypotheses that milk cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations reflect maternal characteristics, and that changes in these hormones across lactation are associated with early postnatal growth rates. METHODS Demographic information, morphometrics, and milk samples were collected from rhesus macaque mothers and their infants at the California National Primate Research Center in Davis, California. Using linear models, we examined the relationship between maternal traits and milk hormone concentrations (N = 104 females) and explored the effect of milk hormones on the rate of offspring growth (N = 72 mother-infant dyads), controlling for available milk energy. RESULTS Contrary to previous studies, we found that milk cortisol concentrations were categorically higher in multiparous females than in primiparous females. However, milk DHEAS concentrations decreased with maternal parity. Neither milk cortisol nor DHEAS were related to maternal rank. Finally, changes in milk hormones predicted offspring growth in a sex-specific and temporal manner: increases in cortisol from peak to late lactation predicted faster female growth, and increases in DHEAS concentrations from early to peak and peak to late lactation predicted faster male growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed light on how hormonal components of milk have sex-specific effects on offspring growth during early postnatal life with varying temporal windows of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Petrullo
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Katie Hinde
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Vegunta S, Files J, Kling JM. Newer Name, Newer Treatments: The Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:897-899. [PMID: 31334693 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suneela Vegunta
- 1Division of Women's Health, Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Julia Files
- 2Medallion Division, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Juliana M Kling
- 1Division of Women's Health, Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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10
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Arbo BD, Ribeiro FS, Ribeiro MF. Astrocyte Neuroprotection and Dehydroepiandrosterone. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:175-203. [PMID: 30029726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are the most abundant steroid hormones in the systemic circulation of humans. Due to their abundance and reduced production during aging, these hormones have been suggested to play a role in many aspects of health and have been used as drugs for a multiple range of therapeutic actions, including hormonal replacement and the improvement of aging-related diseases. In addition, several studies have shown that DHEA and DHEAS are neuroprotective under different experimental conditions, including models of ischemia, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Since astrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of neural tissue homeostasis and the control of neuronal energy supply, changes in astrocytic function have been associated with neuronal damage and the progression of different pathologies. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to discuss the neuroprotective effects of DHEA against different types of brain and spinal cord injuries and how the modulation of astrocytic function by DHEA could represent an interesting therapeutic approach for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D Arbo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Felipe S Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lee CY, Wei CC, Yu MC, Lin CC, Sheu SJ, Yang JH, Chiang CY, Huang KH, Kuan YH. Hair growth effect of traditional Chinese medicine BeauTop on androgenetic alopecia patients: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:194-202. [PMID: 28123489 PMCID: PMC5245083 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the treatment effects of BeauTop in alopecia by observing its effectiveness in improving androgenetic alopecia. Hair growth was observed using a dermatoscope and clinical photos, and was scored by three dermatologists. Dermatologists evaluated and selected suitable participants for this study using the Norwood scale or Ludwig scale. A total of 40 participants with androgenetic alopecia were recruited in this study, and 32 participants completed the 6-month trial. The results revealed that in the BeauTop treatment group, 9/17 participants (52.9%) showed increased hair growth. Changes in hair growth were as follows: No change, 47.1% patients; minimally improved, 5.9% patients; moderately improved, 29.4% patients; and significantly improved, 17.6% patients. In the placebo group, 2/15 participants (13%) showed increased hair growth. A Chi-square test was performed and attained a value of 0.01
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Chien Yu
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Che Lin
- Brion Research Institute, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shuenn-Jyi Sheu
- Brion Research Institute, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Hung Yang
- College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Kuang-Hua Huang
- Department of Health Service Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40242, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Michael Miller KK, Al-Rayyan N, Ivanova MM, Mattingly KA, Ripp SL, Klinge CM, Prough RA. DHEA metabolites activate estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Steroids 2013; 78:15-25. [PMID: 23123738 PMCID: PMC3529809 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were reported to associate with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, but some carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor studies question this claim. The purpose of this study was to determine how DHEA and its metabolites affect estrogen receptors α or β (ERα or ERβ)-regulated gene transcription and cell proliferation. In transiently transfected HEK-293 cells, androstenediol, DHEA, and DHEA-S activated ERα. In ERβ transfected HepG2 cells, androstenedione, DHEA, androstenediol, and 7-oxo DHEA stimulated reporter activity. ER antagonists ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, general P450 inhibitor miconazole, and aromatase inhibitor exemestane inhibited activation by DHEA or metabolites in transfected cells. ERβ-selective antagonist R,R-THC (R,R-cis-diethyl tetrahydrochrysene) inhibited DHEA and DHEA metabolite transcriptional activity in ERβ-transfected cells. Expression of endogenous estrogen-regulated genes: pS2, progesterone receptor, cathepsin D1, and nuclear respiratory factor-1 was increased by DHEA and its metabolites in an ER-subtype, gene, and cell-specific manner. DHEA metabolites, but not DHEA, competed with 17β-estradiol for ERα and ERβ binding and stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation, demonstrating that DHEA metabolites interact directly with ERα and ERβin vitro, modulating estrogen target genes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolyn M. Klinge
- CORRESPONDING AUTHORS: Russell A. Prough, Ph.D., and Carolyn M. Klinge. Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292. Phone: (502) 852-7249 (RAP); 502-852-3668 (CMK); FAX: (502) 852-6222; and
| | - Russell A. Prough
- CORRESPONDING AUTHORS: Russell A. Prough, Ph.D., and Carolyn M. Klinge. Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292. Phone: (502) 852-7249 (RAP); 502-852-3668 (CMK); FAX: (502) 852-6222; and
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Rijk JC, Bovee TF, Peijnenburg AA, Groot MJ, Rietjens IM, Nielen MW. Bovine liver slices: A multifunctional in vitro model to study the prohormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1014-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jahn MP, Gomes LF, Jacob MHVM, da Rocha Janner D, Araújo ASDR, Belló-Klein A, Ribeiro MFM, Kucharski LC. The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on renal function and metabolism in diabetic rats. Steroids 2011; 76:564-70. [PMID: 21349280 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid hormone involved in a number of biological actions in humans and rodents, but its effects on renal tissue have not yet been fully understood. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of DHEA treatment on diabetic rats, mainly in relation to renal function and metabolism. Diabetic rats were treated with subcutaneous injections of a 10mg/kg dose of DHEA diluted in oil. Plasma glucose and creatinine, in addition to urine creatinine, were quantified espectophotometrically. Glucose uptake and oxidation were quantified using radioactive glucose, the urinary Transforming Growth Factor β(1) (TGF-β(1)) was assessed by enzyme immunoassay, and the total glutathione in the renal tissue was also measured. The diabetic rats displayed higher levels of glycemia, and DHEA treatment reduced hyperglycemia. Plasmatic creatinine levels were higher in the diabetic rats treated with DHEA, while creatinine clearance was lower. Glucose uptake and oxidation were lower in the renal medulla of the diabetic rats treated with DHEA, and urinary TGF-β(1), as well as total gluthatione levels, were higher in the diabetic rats treated with DHEA. DHEA treatment was not beneficial to renal tissue, since it reduced the glomerular filtration rate and renal medulla metabolism, while increasing the urinary excretion of TGF-β(1) and the compensatory response by the glutathione system, probably due to a mechanism involving a pro-oxidant action or a pro-fibrotic effect of this androgen or its derivatives. In conclusion, this study reports that DHEA treatment may be harmful to renal tissue, but the mechanisms of this action have not yet been fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Parmegiani Jahn
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 90050-170, Brazil.
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15
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Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Sottas PE, Saugy M, Delbeke F. Subject-based steroid profiling and the determination of novel biomarkers for DHT and DHEA misuse in sports. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:582-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Targeted and untargeted profiling of biological fluids to screen for anabolic practices in cattle. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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The effect of long-term DHEA treatment on glucose metabolism, hydrogen peroxide and thioredoxin levels in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone), a physiological and highly efficient treatment of vaginal atrophy. Menopause 2009; 16:907-22. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31819e8e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Barton C, Beck P, Kay R, Teale P, Roberts J. Multiplexed LC-MS/MS analysis of horse plasma proteins to study doping in sport. Proteomics 2009; 9:3058-65. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Mo Q, Lu S, Garippa C, Brownstein MJ, Simon NG. Genome-wide analysis of DHEA- and DHT-induced gene expression in mouse hypothalamus and hippocampus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:135-43. [PMID: 19429443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant steroid in humans and a multi-functional neuroactive steroid that has been implicated in a variety of biological effects in both the periphery and central nervous system. Mechanistic studies of DHEA in the periphery have emphasized its role as a prohormone and those in the brain have focused on effects exerted at cell surface receptors. Recent results demonstrated that DHEA is intrinsically androgenic. It competes with DHT for binding to androgen receptor (AR), induces AR-regulated reporter gene expression in vitro, and exogenous DHEA administration regulates gene expression in peripheral androgen-dependent tissues and LnCAP prostate cancer cells, indicating genomic effects and adding a level of complexity to functional models. The absence of information about the effect of DHEA on gene expression in the CNS is a significant gap in light of continuing clinical interest in the compound as a hormone replacement therapy in older individuals, patients with adrenal insufficiency, and as a treatment that improves sense of well-being, increases libido, relieves depressive symptoms, and serves as a neuroprotective agent. In the present study, ovariectomized CF-1 female mice, an established model for assessing CNS effects of androgens, were treated with DHEA (1mg/day), dihydrotestosterone (DHT, a potent androgen used as a positive control; 0.1mg/day) or vehicle (negative control) for 7 days. The effects of DHEA on gene expression were assessed in two regions of the CNS that are enriched in AR, hypothalamus and hippocampus, using DNA microarray, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. RIA of serum samples assessed treatment effects on circulating levels of major steroids. In hypothalamus, DHEA and DHT significantly up-regulated the gene expression of hypocretin (Hcrt; also called orexin), pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (Pmch), and protein kinase C delta (Prkcd), and down-regulated the expression of deleted in bladder cancer chromosome region candidate 1 (Dbccr1) and chitinase 3-like 3 (Chi3l3). Two-step real-time RT-PCR confirmed changes in the expression of three genes (Pmch, Hcrt and Prkcd) using the same RNA sample employed in the microarray experiment. Immunohistochemistry showed augmentation of prepro-hypocretin (pHcrt) neuropeptide protein expression by DHEA and DHT in hypothalamus, consistent with the localization of orexin neurons. In hippocampus, DHT down-regulated the expression of Prkcd, while DHEA did not have significant effects. RIA results supported the view that DHEA-induced effects were mediated through AR. The current study identified neurogenomic effects of DHEA treatment on a subset of genes directly implicated in the regulation of appetite, energy utilization, alertness, apoptosis, and cell survival. These changes in gene expression in the CNS represent a constellation of effects that may help explain the diverse benefits attributed to replacement therapy with DHEA. The data also provide a new level of detail regarding the genomic mechanism of action of DHEA in the CNS and strongly support a central role for the androgen receptor in the production of these effects. More broadly, the results may be clinically significant because they provide new insights into processes that appear to mediate the diverse CNS effects attributed to DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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21
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Han B, Li S, Song D, Poisson-Paré D, Liu G, Luu-The V, Ouellet J, Li S, Labrie F, Pelletier G. Expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and type 5 in breast cancer and adjacent non-malignant tissue: a correlation to clinicopathological parameters. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:194-200. [PMID: 18996480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. 17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) type 2 and type 5 are involved in sex steroid metabolism. 17beta-HSD type 2 converts estradiol to estrone while 17beta-HSD type 5 converts androstenedione to testosterone. Using immunocytochemistry, we have studied the expression of 17beta-HSD type 2 and type 5 in 50 specimens of breast carcinoma and adjacent non-malignant tissues. The results were correlated with the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), progesterone receptor A (PRA) and B (PRB), androgen receptor and CDC47 and with the tumor stage, tumor size, nodal status and menopausal status. 17beta-HSD type 2 was expressed in 20% and 17beta-HSD type 5 in 56% of breast cancer specimens. In adjacent normal tissues, both enzymes were highly expressed in almost all the patients. No significant association could be found between the expression of 17beta-HSD type 2 and 17beta-HSD type 5 and between the expression of each enzyme and the clinicopathological parameters studied. The decrease in 17beta-HSD type 2 and 17beta-HSD type 5 expressions in breast cancer may play a predominant role in the development and/or progression of the cancer by modifying the intratumoral levels of estrogens and androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Han
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center, 2705 Laurier blvd, Quebec City, Qc, G1V 4G2, Canada
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22
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Calvo E, Luu-The V, Morissette J, Martel C, Labrie C, Bernard B, Bernerd F, Deloche C, Chaussade V, Leclaire J, Labrie F. Pangenomic changes induced by DHEA in the skin of postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:186-93. [PMID: 19013239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore, for the first time, the changes in the pangenomic profile induced in human skin in women treated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) applied locally. Sixty postmenopausal women participated in this phase II prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Women were randomized to the twice daily local application of 0% (placebo), 0.3%, 1% or 2% DHEA cream. Changes in the pangenomic expression profile were studied using Affymetrix Genechips. Significant changes (p<0.05) in sixty-six DHEA-responsive probe sets corresponding to 52 well-characterized genes and 9 unknown gene sequences were identified. A dose-dependent increase in the expression of several members of the collagen family was observed, namely COL1, COL3 and COL5 as well as the concomitant modulation of SPARC, a gene required for the normal deposition and maturation of collagen fibrils in the dermis. Several genes involved in the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes were also modulated. In addition, topical DHEA reduced the expression of genes associated with the terminal differentiation and cornification of keratinocytes. Our results strongly suggest the possibility that DHEA could exert an anti-aging effect in the skin through stimulation of collagen biosynthesis, improved structural organization of the dermis while modulating keratinocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calvo
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL Research Center), Québec City, Quebec, G1V 4G2 Canada
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23
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Jacob MHVM, Janner DDR, Belló-Klein A, Llesuy SF, Ribeiro MFM. Dehydroepiandrosterone modulates antioxidant enzymes and Akt signaling in healthy Wistar rat hearts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:138-44. [PMID: 18848627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid synthesized mainly in the adrenal cortex. It is known that DHEA is a precursor of sex steroids and that part of its effects depends on its conversion to estrogens and androgens. Sex steroids exert profound and controversial effects on cardiovascular function. Exogenous DHEA can exert a dual effect, antioxidant or prooxidant, depending on the dose and on the tissue specificity [1,2] (F. Celebi, I. Yilmaz, H. Aksoy, M. Gümüs, S. Taysi, D. Oren, Dehydroepiandrosterone prevents oxidative injury in obstructive jaundice in rats, J. Int. Med. Res. 32 (4) (2004) 400-405; S.K. Kim, R.F. Novak, The role of intracellular signaling in insulin-mediated regulation of drug metabolizing enzyme gene and protein expression, Pharmacol. Ther. 113 (1) (2007) 88-120). Akt signaling pathway is one of the anti-proliferative mechanisms of DHEA (Y. Jiang, T. Miyazaki, A. Honda, T. Hirayama, S. Yoshida, N. Tanaka, Y. Matsuzaki, Apoptosis and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in the anti-proliferative actions of dehydroepiandrosterone, J. Gastroenterol. 40 (5) (2005) 490-497). Heart homogenates were prepared to quantify lipid peroxidation (LPO), concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and p-Akt/Akt ratio, and the activities of those antioxidant enzymes. When administrated to male Wistar rats in short-term (6 or 24h) intraperitoneally, DHEA produced significant differences in some parameters of oxidative stress in rat hearts among the distinct doses (1, 10, and 50mg/kg) used. The results here presented, regarding 6 and 24h oxidative stress status, have shown that DHEA injections promoted a prooxidant answer in healthy Wistar rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H V M Jacob
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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24
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Giroux V, Lemay F, Bernatchez G, Robitaille Y, Carrier JC. Estrogen receptor beta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:303-311. [PMID: 18464259 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that estradiol replacement therapy reduces colon cancer risk in 'post'menopausal women. In colon epithelial cells, the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is the predominant ER subtype and is thought to mediate the genomic effect of estrogens. The first aim of this study was to investigate the consequence of ERbeta deficiency on intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. Furthermore, to explore the biological mechanisms by which estrogens may influence the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, we performed gene expression profiles in colonocytes from ovariectomized wild-type (WT) vs. ERbeta(-/-) mice, treated with estradiol (E(2)) or vehicle. Specifically in female, ERbeta deficiency was found to be associated with higher adenoma multiplicity in the small intestine, but not in the colon. Furthermore, tumors from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) female mice were on average significantly larger than those from control Apc(Min/+) mice. Higher steady-state proliferation in epithelial cells of the jejunum and colon from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) vs. Apc(Min/+) female mice was confirmed by BrdU incorporation assay. Interestingly, functional categorization of microarray results revealed the TGFbeta signaling pathway to be modulated in colonocytes, especially for the WT + E(2) vs. WT + Vehicle and the ERbeta(-/-) + E(2) vs. WT + E(2) comparisons. Using quantitative PCR analysis, we observed transcripts from ligands of the TGFbeta pathway to be upregulated in colonocytes from E(2)-treated WT and ERbeta(-/-) mice and downregulated in ERbeta-deficient mice, mostly in an E(2)-independent manner. Therefore, our results demonstrate that ERbeta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis and suggest that modulation of the TGFbeta signaling pathway could contribute to the protective role of estrogens on intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giroux
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lemay
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gérald Bernatchez
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yolaine Robitaille
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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25
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Schover LR. Androgen therapy for loss of desire in women: is the benefit worth the breast cancer risk? Fertil Steril 2007; 90:129-40. [PMID: 18023435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To contrast the limited evidence that androgen therapy is an effective treatment for low sexual desire in women with the extensive literature suggesting that androgens promote breast cancer. DESIGN Evidence from population studies of women is reviewed on the association between endogenous androgen levels and sexual function or satisfaction. Recent randomized trials of testosterone therapy for low desire are critiqued in terms of methodology and generalizability. Research on endogenous testosterone levels and breast cancer risk in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women is summarized, as are recent studies of androgenic hormonal therapy and breast cancer risk. SETTING Literature review. PATIENT(S) Not applicable. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Not applicable. RESULT(S) Endogenous androgen levels are not correlated with sexual desire in population-based studies of aging women. Factors that are strongly associated with low desire include pain with sexual activity, emotional distress, life stress, and relationship conflict. The efficacy of testosterone therapy for women's desire problems is modest. Expectancy effects were not adequately controlled in randomized trials. Epidemiological findings agree that higher endogenous serum androgen levels confer increased breast cancer risk both before and after menopause. Androgenic hormonal replacement regimens also increase the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION(S) Testosterone supplementation should not be prescribed to women with low sexual desire unless long-term studies can demonstrate its efficacy and safety. Treatments for low sexual desire in women should address its common correlates: relationship distress, emotional distress, and dyspareunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Schover
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230-1439, USA.
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26
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Dorn SB, Bolt HM, Thevis M, Diel P, Degen GH. Induction of micronuclei in V79 cells by the anabolic doping steroids tetrahydrogestrinone and trenbolone. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:257-63. [PMID: 17764006 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic steroid tetrahydrogestrinone is a new "designer drug" and was recently detected to be illegally used in sports. It is chemically closely related to trenbolone that is known as an animal growth promoter. The potencies of trenbolone, tetrahydrogestrinone and testosterone to induce micronuclei in V79 cells in vitro were determined. CREST analysis was employed to differentiate between aneugenic or clastogenic mechanisms. Cytotoxicity and an influence on the cell cycle were assessed in parallel. Incubations with testosterone, at concentrations between 3 and 300 microM, failed to induce micronuclei. By contrast, tetrahydrogestrinone and trenbolone increased the rate of micronuclei significantly, up to a doubling of the micronuclei rate of untreated controls. Tetrahydrogestrinone and trenbolone displayed a bell-shaped dose-response curve, with maximal effects observed at 3 and 30 microM, respectively. The micronuclei induced by tetrahydrogestrinone and trenbolone were predominantly kinetochor (CREST) positive, pointing to an aneugenic mode of action. This may be related to the specific structure of both molecules with a system of activated double bonds. As the genotoxic effect of tetrahydrogestrinone at a chromosomal level appears at a low concentration range, it cannot be ruled out that tetrahydrogestrinone presents a genotoxic hazard on a chromosomal level under conditions of its current misuse in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Dorn
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Levesque MH, El-Alfy M, Berger L, Labrie F, Labrie C. Evaluation of AIbZIP and Cdc47 as markers for human prostatic diseases. Urology 2007; 69:196-201. [PMID: 17270658 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are important public health issues. However, histologic markers for these diseases are limited. METHODS Immunocytochemistry was used to analyze the cellular localization of AIbZIP, Cdc47, androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-beta markers. AIbZIP is a protein recently found to be more abundant in prostate cancer than in benign prostatic tissue, and Cdc47 is a cell proliferation-associated protein. The localization and modulation of androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-beta through the carcinogenesis process have been examined in several studies but controversial results were obtained. These four proteins were evaluated as potential markers of prostatic diseases in 210 needle core biopsies, including normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, low-grade and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and different Gleason grades of prostatic adenocarcinoma. RESULTS Androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-beta do not discriminate between benign and malignant specimens, while AIbZIP was able to distinguish between them. Cdc47, in contrast, discriminated not only between malignant and benign prostatic tissue, but also between benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS Cdc47 appears to be a sensitive marker of prostatic diseases since its expression gradually increased in parallel with the severity of the lesion. AIbZIP discriminated between benign tissue and cancer. AIbZIP and Cdc47 thus appear to be useful markers with diagnostic and prognostic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Levesque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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