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Singla RK, Wang X, Gundamaraju R, Joon S, Tsagkaris C, Behzad S, Khan J, Gautam R, Goyal R, Rakmai J, Dubey AK, Simal-Gandara J, Shen B. Natural products derived from medicinal plants and microbes might act as a game-changer in breast cancer: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11880-11924. [PMID: 35838143 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2097196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent neoplasm among women. Genetic and environmental factors lead to BC development and on this basis, several preventive - screening and therapeutic interventions have been developed. Hormones, both in the form of endogenous hormonal signaling or hormonal contraceptives, play an important role in BC pathogenesis and progression. On top of these, breast microbiota includes both species with an immunomodulatory activity enhancing the host's response against cancer cells and species producing proinflammatory cytokines associated with BC development. Identification of novel multitargeted therapeutic agents with poly-pharmacological potential is a dire need to combat advanced and metastatic BC. A growing body of research has emphasized the potential of natural compounds derived from medicinal plants and microbial species as complementary BC treatment regimens, including dietary supplements and probiotics. In particular, extracts from plants such as Artemisia monosperma Delile, Origanum dayi Post, Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny, Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson and metabolites extracted from microbes such as Deinococcus radiodurans and Streptomycetes strains as well as probiotics like Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus brevis MK05 have exhibited antitumor effects in the form of antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity, increase in tumors' chemosensitivity, antioxidant activity and modulation of BC - associated molecular pathways. Further, bioactive compounds like 3,3'-diindolylmethane, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, rutin, resveratrol, lycopene, sulforaphane, silibinin, rosmarinic acid, and shikonin are of special interest for the researchers and clinicians because these natural agents have multimodal action and act via multiple ways in managing the BC and most of these agents are regularly available in our food and fruit diets. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that such products had major potential in enhancing the effectiveness of conventional antitumor agents and decreasing their side effects. We here provide a comprehensive review of the therapeutic effects and mechanistic underpinnings of medicinal plants and microbial metabolites in BC management. The future perspectives on the translation of these findings to the personalized treatment of BC are provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Lab, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shikha Joon
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sahar Behzad
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rupesh Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur, Haryana, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur, Haryana, India
| | - Jaruporn Rakmai
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wolters EA, Rabe KE, Siegel L, Butts J, Klein ME. Histopathologic Features of Breast Tissue From Transgender Men and Their Associations With Androgen Therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 159:43-52. [PMID: 36469057 PMCID: PMC9825198 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the histopathologic features of breast tissue of transgender men (TM) undergoing gender-affirming bilateral mastectomies in relation to androgen therapy (AT). METHODS We reviewed 374 transgender bilateral mastectomy cases from 2017 to 2020. Of these, 314 (84.4%) patients received preoperative AT. We compared these with 127 cases of cisgender females undergoing elective breast reduction. RESULTS Breast specimens from TM on AT, compared with cisgender women, showed a median higher gross percentage of fibrous tissue (P < .001), reduced lobular density (P = .004), higher amount of lobular atrophy (P < .001), and lower incidence of cysts (P < .001), apocrine metaplasia (P < .001), calcifications (P < .001), columnar cell change (P = .002), and atypia (P = .003). Each additional month of AT was associated with a 2% decrease in the odds of having nonapocrine cysts (P = .02), a 5% decrease in the odds of having usual ductal hyperplasia (P = .007), and a 0.14% decrease in median lobular density (95% confidence interval, -0.18 to -0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, breast specimens from TM, particularly with a history of AT, had a higher proportion of fibrous tissue, fewer lobules, and a higher degree of lobular atrophy than cisgender females. Rare cases of atypia were not predicted by preoperative imaging or gross findings, supporting routine microscopic evaluation of these specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Wolters
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kimmie E Rabe
- Pathology Department, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lianne Siegel
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Butts
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis for the Screening of Hub Genes and Therapeutic Drugs in Androgen Receptor-Positive TNBC. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4964793. [PMID: 36157217 PMCID: PMC9493148 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4964793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As the most invasive and lethal subtype of breast cancer (BC), triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is of increasing interest. However, the androgen receptor (AR) still has an unclear role in TNBC. The current study is aimed at testing the diagnostic and therapeutic performance of novel biomarkers for AR-positive TNBC. The GSE76124 dataset was analyzed by combining WGCNA and other bioinformatics methods. Subsequently, function enrichment analysis was applied to identify the relationships between these differential expression genes (DEGs). Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction network was established, and the hub genes were identified by Cytoscape software. Eventually, the miRNA-hub gene modulate network was developed and the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb) was applied to verify the potential drugs for AR-positive TNBC. In the current research, 88 DEGs in total were selected from the intersection of the purple module genes identified by WGCNA and limma package. TFF1, FOXA1, ESR1, AGR2, TFF3, AGR3, GATA3, XBP1, SPDEF, and TOX3 were selected as hub genes by the MCC method, which were all upregulated. The survival analysis suggested that TFF1 was the only one related to significant lower survival rate in TNBC. Ultimately, hsa-miR-520g-3p and hsa-miR-520h were found taking part in the regulation of TFF1, and 2 small molecules were identified as the potential targets for AR-positive TNBC treatment. As a result, our study suggested that hsa-miR-520g-3p, hsa-miR-520h, and TFF1 might have significant potential values for AR-positive TNBC diagnosis and prognosis prediction. TFF1, hsa-miR-520g-3, and hsa-miR-520h may serve as the novel therapeutic targets, and our findings offer further insights into the therapy of AR-positive TNBC.
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Orrù S, Pascariello E, Sotgiu G, Piras D, Saderi L, Muroni MR, Carru C, Arru C, Mocci C, Pinna G, Barbara R, Cossu-Rocca P, De Miglio MR. Prognostic Role of Androgen Receptor Expression in HER2+ Breast Carcinoma Subtypes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:164. [PMID: 35052843 PMCID: PMC8773834 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2+ breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive subtype representing a genetically and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors resulting in variable prognosis and treatment response to HER2-targeted therapies according to estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression. The relationship with androgen receptors (AR), a member of the steroid hormone's family, is unwell known in BC. The present study aims to evaluate the prognostic impact of AR expression in HER2+ BC subtypes. A total of 695 BCs were selected and reviewed, AR, ER, PR and HER2 expression in tumor cells were examined by immunohistochemical method, and the SISH method was used in case of HER2 with equivocal immunohistochemical score (2+). A high prevalence of AR expression (91.5%) in BC HER+ was observed, with minimal differences between luminal and non-luminal tumor. According to steroid receptor expression, tumors were classified in four subgroups, including BC luminal and non-luminal HER2+ expressing or not AR. The luminal BC HER2 + AR+ was associated with lower histological grade, lower tumor size, higher PR expression and lower HER2 intensity of expression (2+). Also, the non-luminal tumors AR+ showed lower tumor size and lower prognostic stage but frequently higher grade and higher HER2 intensity of expression (3+). These findings should suggest a different progression of luminal and non-luminal tumors, both expressing AR, and allow us to speculate that the molecular mechanisms of AR, involved in the biology of BC HER2 + AR+, differ in relation to ER and PR expression. Moreover, AR expression may be a useful predictor of prognosis for overall survival (OS) in HER2+ BC subtypes. Our findings suggest that AR expression evaluation in clinical practice could be utilized in clinical oncology to establish different aggressiveness in BC HER2+ subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orrù
- Department of Pathology, “A. Businco” Oncologic Hospital, ARNAS Brotzu, Via Edward Jenner 1, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Emanuele Pascariello
- Department of Pathology, “A. Businco” Oncologic Hospital, ARNAS Brotzu, Via Edward Jenner 1, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (M.R.M.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Daniela Piras
- Struttura Complessa Epidemiologia e Registro Tumori Nord Sardegna, ATS Sardegna, Via Rizzeddu 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Laura Saderi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (M.R.M.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Muroni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (M.R.M.); (P.C.-R.)
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Caterina Arru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Cristina Mocci
- Department of Pathology, “A. Businco” Oncologic Hospital, ARNAS Brotzu, Via Edward Jenner 1, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giampietro Pinna
- Department of Pathology, “A. Businco” Oncologic Hospital, ARNAS Brotzu, Via Edward Jenner 1, 09121 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (E.P.); (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Raffaele Barbara
- Department of Radiotherapy, “A. Businco” Oncologic Hospital, ARNAS Brotzu, Via Edward Jenner 1, 09121 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cossu-Rocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (M.R.M.); (P.C.-R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Services, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, ASSL Olbia-ATS Sardegna, Via Bazzoni—Sircana, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Miglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (M.R.M.); (P.C.-R.)
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Lynch BM, Milne RL, English DR, Brown KA, Drummond AE, Swain CTV, van Roekel EH, Moore MM, Gaunt TR, Martin RM, Lewis SJ. Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer: Text Mining Results and a Protocol for Systematically Reviewing Three Potential Mechanistic Pathways. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:11-15. [PMID: 34670802 PMCID: PMC8755571 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic research suggests that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but the causal nature of this link is not clear. Investigating mechanistic pathways can provide evidence of biological plausibility and improve causal inference. This project will examine three putative pathways (sex steroid hormones, insulin signaling, and inflammation) in a series of two-stage systematic reviews. Stage 1 used Text Mining for Mechanism Prioritisation (TeMMPo) to identify and prioritize relevant biological intermediates. Stage 2 will systematically review the findings from studies of (i) physical activity and intermediates and (ii) intermediates and breast cancer. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus will be searched using a combination of subject headings and free-text terms. Human intervention and prospective, observational studies will be eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis will be performed where possible. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, or the ROBINS-I or ROBINS-E tool, depending on study type. Strength of evidence will be assessed using the GRADE system. In addition to synthesizing the mechanistic evidence that links physical activity with breast cancer risk, this project may also identify priority areas for future research and help inform the design and implementation of physical activity interventions.See related reviews by Swain et al., p. 16 and Drummond et al., p. 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid M Lynch
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ann E Drummond
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eline H van Roekel
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa M Moore
- Medical Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Naimi A, Soltan M, Amjadi E, Goli P, Kefayat A. Androgen Receptor Expression and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters in Iranian Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:239-244. [PMID: 32754220 PMCID: PMC7354074 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.112819.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Our knowledge about correlation of androgen receptor expression and clinicopathological properties of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients is inadequate, particularly in the Iranian population. The main aim of the present study was to assess the AR expression in TNBC Iranian patients and evaluate its correlation with their clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Herein, 76 TNBC patients were evaluated for the AR expression by immunohistochemistry. The slides' staining intensity was investigated according to the average degree of nuclear staining and sub-classified into negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), or strong (3). Subsequently, the positive cells percentage for each slide was assessed and sub-classified into <25% (1), 25-50% (2), 50-75% (3), and >75% (4). The aggregation of these two scores was used as the final score ranging from 0 to 7. While 4-7 scores were selected as positive, the others were included in the AR-negative expression group. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the AR expression correlation with the clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS Positive immunoreactivity for AR was observed in 8 out of 76 (11%) specimens. No-correlation (P>0.05) was observed between the AR expression and grade, stage, lymph node status, and Ki-67 level. The AR-positive patients exhibited older age at the time of diagnosis (P=0.0339) and larger tumor size (P=0.0224) in comparison with the AR-negative patients. Low percentage of TNBC patients expressed AR and no significant correlation was observed between its expression and most of the clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION AR may not be a suitable biomarker and treatment target for the Iranian patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Naimi
- Department. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Soltan
- Department. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Amjadi
- Department. of Pathology, Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvin Goli
- Department. of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Δ1-Dehydrogenation and C20 Reduction of Cortisone and Hydrocortisone Catalyzed by Rhodococcus Strains. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092192. [PMID: 32392887 PMCID: PMC7248985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prednisone and prednisolone are steroids widely used as anti-inflammatory drugs. Development of the pharmaceutical industry is currently aimed at introducing biotechnological processes and replacing multiple-stage chemical syntheses. In this work we evaluated the ability of bacteria belonging to the Rhodococcus genus to biotransform substrates, such as cortisone and hydrocortisone, to obtain prednisone and prednisolone, respectively. These products are of great interest from a pharmaceutical point of view as they have higher anti-inflammatory activity than the starting substrates. After an initial lab-scale screening of 13 Rhodococcus strains, to select the highest producers of prednisone and prednisolone, we reported the 200 ml-batch scale-up to test the process efficiency and productivity of the most promising Rhodococcus strains. R. ruber, R. globerulus and R. coprophilus gave the Δ1-dehydrogenation products of cortisone and hydrocortisone (prednisone and prednisolone) in variable amounts. In these biotransformations, the formation of products with the reduced carbonyl group in position C20 of the lateral chain of the steroid nucleus was also observed (i.e., 20β-hydroxy-prednisone and 20β-hydroxy-prednisolone). The yields, the absence of collateral products, and in some cases the absence of starting products allow us to say that cortisone and hydrocortisone are partly degraded.
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Anti-androgen hormonal therapy for cancer and other diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 866:172783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Testosterone and Breast Cancer in Transmen: Case Reports, Review of the Literature, and Clinical Observation. Clin Breast Cancer 2019; 19:e271-e275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Histopathologic findings in breast surgical specimens from patients undergoing female-to-male gender reassignment surgery. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:346-353. [PMID: 30310177 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast reduction surgery or mastectomy following administration of androgen therapy is part of the female-to-male gender reassignment process. Details regarding the histopathologic findings in breast tissue from patients undergoing female-to-male gender reassignment surgery are limited. We reviewed hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of breast tissue from 148 patients who underwent breast reduction surgery or mastectomy as part of the female-to-male gender reassignment process at our institution between January 2014 and May 2017. The spectrum of histologic features in each case was catalogued. The median patient age was 27 years (range 18-60 years). Lobular atrophy was seen to some degree in 73% of cases and was prominent in 42%. A predominantly fibrotic stroma was seen in 45% of cases and areas resembling the fibrous stage of gynecomastia were seen in 41%. Other features included variably ectatic ducts in 96% of cases, cysts in 42%, apocrine metaplasia in 32%, fibroadenomatous change in 27%, usual ductal hyperplasia in 26%, and pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia in 19%. Five cases (3%) demonstrated atypical hyperplasia (atypical ductal hyperplasia in 2; atypical lobular hyperplasia in 2; both atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia in 1). One case demonstrated high grade ductal carcinoma in situ. No invasive carcinomas were identified. In conclusion, the majority of breast specimens from patients undergoing female-to-male gender reassignment demonstrate at least some degree of lobular atrophy as well as ectatic ducts, fibrous stroma, and areas resembling the fibrous stage of gynecomastia. Only rare cases showed atypical lesions; the clinical significance of these lesions in this setting is uncertain.
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Sang X, Han H, Poirier D, Lin SX. Steroid sulfatase inhibition success and limitation in breast cancer clinical assays: An underlying mechanism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:80-93. [PMID: 29803725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase is detectable in most hormone-dependent breast cancers. STX64, an STS inhibitor, induced tumor reduction in animal assay. Despite success in phase І clinical trial, the results of phase II trial were not that significant. Breast Cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7 and T47D) were treated with two STS inhibitors (STX64 and EM1913). Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and the concentrations of estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone were measured to determine the endocrinological mechanism of sulfatase inhibition. Comparisons were made with inhibitions of reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs). Proliferation studies showed that DNA synthesis in cancer cells was modestly decreased (approximately 20%), accompanied by an up to 6.5% in cells in the G0/G1 phase and cyclin D1 expression reduction. The concentrations of estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone were decreased by 26% and 3% respectively. However, supplementation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone produced a significant increase (approximately 35.6%) in the anti-proliferative effect of sulfatase inhibition. This study has clarified sex-hormone control by sulfatase in BC, suggesting that the different roles of estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone can lead to a reduction in the effect of sulfatase inhibition when compared with 17β-HSD7 inhibition. This suggests that combined treatment of sulfatase inhibitors with 17β-HSD inhibitors such as the type7 inhibitor could hold promise for hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Sang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, Québec, G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Hui Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, Québec, G1V4G2, Canada; Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, Québec, G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, CHU de Quebec-Research Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, Québec, G1V4G2, Canada.
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Al-Othman N, Hammad H, Ahram M. Dihydrotestosterone regulates expression of CD44 via miR-328-3p in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Gene 2018; 675:128-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li J, Dalgleish R, Vujovic S, Dragojevic-Dikic S, Ivanisevic M, Ivovic M, Tancic M, Thompson J, Al-Azzawi F. Microsatellite variation of ESR1, ESR2, and AR in Serbian women with primary ovarian insufficiency. Climacteric 2018; 21:472-477. [PMID: 30156935 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1476967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential role of microsatellite polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) TA repeat, estrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) CA repeat, and androgen receptor gene (AR) CAG and GGN repeats among Serbian women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). These microsatellites have been reported to be associated with POI in different racial/ethnic populations. METHODS A cohort of 196 POI cases matched with 544 fertile controls was recruited by the Institute for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of Serbia between 2007 and 2010. DNA was extracted from saliva. The four microsatellites were genotyped using a PCR-based assay to determine the repeat lengths. RESULTS POI patients carried shorter repeat lengths of ESR2 (CA)n than controls (P = 0.034), but the difference was small. ESR1 (TA)n was on the borderline of statistical differences between groups (P = 0.059). AR (CAG)n and (GGN)n showed no association with POI. CONCLUSIONS We cautiously conclude that microsatellite polymorphisms of gonadal steroid receptor genes might contribute to the genetic basis of POI in Serbian women, but a larger-scale study and family-based studies are warranted to validate our findings even though the sample size in this study is larger than any previously published in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- a Gynaecology Research Unit , University Hospitals of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - R Dalgleish
- b Department of Genetics and Genome Biology , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - S Vujovic
- c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology , University of Belgrade, Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - S Dragojevic-Dikic
- c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology , University of Belgrade, Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - M Ivanisevic
- c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology , University of Belgrade, Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - M Ivovic
- c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology , University of Belgrade, Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - M Tancic
- c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology , University of Belgrade, Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - J Thompson
- d Department of Health Sciences , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - F Al-Azzawi
- a Gynaecology Research Unit , University Hospitals of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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14
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Nikolić D, Granić M, Ivanović N, Zdravković D, Nikolić A, Stanimirović V, Zdravković M, Dikić S, Nikolić M, Djordjević M. Breast cancer and its impact in male transsexuals. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:565-569. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Hunter I, Hay CW, Esswein B, Watt K, McEwan IJ. Tissue control of androgen action: The ups and downs of androgen receptor expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:27-35. [PMID: 28789969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hormone testosterone plays crucial roles during male development and puberty and throughout life, as an anabolic regulator of muscle and bone structure and function. The actions of testosterone are mediated, primarily, through the androgen receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The androgen receptor gene is located on the X-chromosome and receptor levels are tightly controlled both at the level of transcription of the gene and post-translationally at the protein level. Sp1 has emerged as the major driver of expression of the androgen receptor gene, while auto-regulation by androgens is associated with both positive and negative regulation in a possible cell-selective manner. Research into the networks of positive and negative regulators of the androgen receptor gene are vital in order to understand the temporal and spatial control of receptor levels and the consequences for healthy aging and disease. A clear understanding of the multiple transcription factors participating in regulation of the androgen receptor gene will likely aid in the development and application of hormone therapies to boast or curb receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin W Hay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Bianca Esswein
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany
| | - Kate Watt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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16
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Interrelation of androgen receptor and miR-30a and miR-30a function in ER -, PR -, AR + MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4930-4936. [PMID: 29085503 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between androgen-induced androgen receptor (AR) activating signal and microRNA (miR)-30a was investigated, as well as the function of miR-30a in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-), progesterone receptor-negative (PR-), and AR-positive (AR+) MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. Androgen-induced AR activating signal upregulated the expression of AR, and downregulated the expression of miR-30a, b and c. Bioinformatics analysis indicated a putative miR-30a, b and c binding site in the 3'-untranslated region of AR mRNA. It was confirmed that the AR gene is a direct target of miR-30a, whereas AR does not target the miR-30a promoter, and AR activating signal may indirectly downregulate miR-30a through other cell signaling pathways. In this positive feedback mechanism AR is then upregulated through miR-30a. Overexpression of miR-30a inhibited cell proliferation, whereas inhibition of miR-30a expression by specific antisense oligonucleotides, increased cell growth. Previously, androgen-induced AR activating signal was demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation in ER-, PR- and AR+ MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells, but AR activating signal downregulated the expression of miR-30a, relieving the inhibition of MDA-MB-453 cell growth. Therefore, in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells, miR-30a has two different functions regarding cell growth: Inhibition of cell proliferation through a positive feedback signaling pathway; and the relative promotion of cell proliferation through downregulation of miR-30a. Thus, the association between AR activating signal and microRNAs is complex, and microRNAs may possess different functions due to different signaling pathways. Although the results of the present study were obtained in one cell line, they contribute to subsequent studies on ER-, PR- and AR+ breast cancer.
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17
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Zhu H, Zhu X, Zheng L, Hu X, Sun L, Zhu X. The role of the androgen receptor in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis and its clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017; 8:29395-29405. [PMID: 27741511 PMCID: PMC5438739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the major cause of death in women with gynecologic malignancies. There is emerging evidence that Androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a critical role in the etiology and progression of this disease. Androgen receptor is frequently expressed in various subtypes of ovarian cancers and androgen/AR signaling has been shown to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, shorter AR CAG repeats length and increased AR activity are associated with increased ovarian cancer risk and may be a useful prognosticator under certain circumstances. Here, we summarize current findings regarding the role of the AR in ovarian cancer and discuss agents that target this pathway as potential therapeutics for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - LuZhe Sun
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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The androgen receptor cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length contributes to the development of epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2105-12. [PMID: 26556855 PMCID: PMC4811519 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the main cause of death among women with gynecological malignancies. Androgen and its receptors play an important role in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Here, We aim to evaluate the relationship between AR CAG and GGN repeat length polymorphisms and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) risk in a two-stage, case-control study among Chinese women. The repeat length was analyzed as a categorical variable for CAG_A and GGN_A (average allele), CAG-S and GGN_S (shorter allele), CAG-L and GGN_L (longer allele), respectively. The median value of the repeat length among the controls was used as the cutoff point. Women with longer AR CAG repeats had a decreased risk of developing EOC. The results was replicated in an independent samples. Compared to those with shorter (<22) CAG_A repeat length, women with longer (≥22) CAG_A repeats length had a 31% decreased EOC risk (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.62–0.77, P = 5.06 × 10−11). For CAG_S and CAG_L, the results remain consistent. However, we didn't detected any significant associations for GGN_A, GGN_S, and GGN_L. This should be the first study to examine the association between AR repeat length polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk in a relatively large group of Asian women.
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19
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Lim E, Tarulli G, Portman N, Hickey TE, Tilley WD, Palmieri C. Pushing estrogen receptor around in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T227-T241. [PMID: 27729416 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-α (herein called ER) is a nuclear sex steroid receptor (SSR) that is expressed in approximately 75% of breast cancers. Therapies that modulate ER action have substantially improved the survival of patients with ER-positive breast cancer, but resistance to treatment still remains a major clinical problem. Treating resistant breast cancer requires co-targeting of ER and alternate signalling pathways that contribute to resistance to improve the efficacy and benefit of currently available treatments. Emerging data have shown that other SSRs may regulate the sites at which ER binds to DNA in ways that can powerfully suppress the oncogenic activity of ER in breast cancer. This includes the progesterone receptor (PR) that was recently shown to reprogram the ER DNA binding landscape towards genes associated with a favourable outcome. Another attractive candidate is the androgen receptor (AR), which is expressed in the majority of breast cancers and inhibits growth of the normal breast and ER-positive tumours when activated by ligand. These findings have led to the initiation of breast cancer clinical trials evaluating therapies that selectively harness the ability of SSRs to 'push' ER towards anti-tumorigenic activity. Our review will focus on the established and emerging clinical evidence for activating PR or AR in ER-positive breast cancer to inhibit the tumour growth-promoting functions of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's HospitalUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerard Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil Portman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's HospitalUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carlo Palmieri
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of Liverpool, Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, and Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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20
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Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that the androgen receptor (AR) is ubiquitously expressed in breast cancers and this could provide prognostic implication in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancers. Data from Nurse’s Health Study on women with invasive breast cancer suggest that a significant number of tumors were AR-positive as defined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the distribution of AR among different breast cancer subtypes varies significantly, and the biological reasons for this variation are not well understood. Despite strong histochemical evidence, the AR status is not applied for assessing pathological findings and disease outcome in clinical practice. AR antagonists are not currently used as therapy in breast cancer. This is in part due to conflicting results from early clinical trials with first generation of AR antagonists together with the complexity in breast cancer heterogeneity. In addition, role of AR in breast cancer is not fully understood. Here we will review the role of AR in different subtypes of breast cancers and elucidate its mechanisms. We will also discuss some recent interesting findings on the second generation of AR antagonists for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J V Vadgama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Pang C, Cao Y, Zhu X. Biotransformation of cholesterol and 16,17-alpha epoxypregnenolone by novel Cladosporium sp. strain IS547. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 57:12-20. [PMID: 27690325 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there are a few steroid drugs or intermediates that have been obtained via the transformation of microorganisms, and many strains of transformed steroids have not been found yet. Therefore, it is very significant to screen for the strains that have the abilities to transform steroids to produce valuable products. This study has focused on the screen and identification of strains, the structural identification of converted products, and the optimization of transformation conditions, as well as the establishment of transformation systems. A soil microbiota was screened for strain involved in the biotransformation of steroids. A new isolate IS547 is capable of converting a variety of steroids (such as cholesterol, ergosterol, hydrocortisone, progesterone, pregnenolone, and 16,17-alpha-epoxypregnenolone). Based on the 18S rDNA gene sequence comparison, the isolate IS547 has been demonstrated to be very closely related to Cladosporium sp. genus. Present paper is the first report regarding the microbial transformation by Cladosporium sp. to produce active intermediates, which include 7-hydroxy cholesterol, 20-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregna-4-dien-3-one, 7-ketocholesterol, and 7-droxyl-16α,17α-epoxypregna-4-dien-3,20-dione. Under the optimum conditions, the yields of product 3 and product 4 were 20.58 and 17.42%, respectively, higher than that prior to the optimization. The transformation rate increased significantly under the optimum fermentation conditions. This study describes an efficient, rapid, and inexpensive biotransformation system for the production of active pharmaceutical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Pang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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22
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Li W, O'Shaughnessy J, Hayes D, Campone M, Bondarenko I, Zbarskaya I, Brain E, Stenina M, Ivanova O, Graas MP, Neven P, Ricci D, Griffin T, Kheoh T, Yu M, Gormley M, Martin J, Schaffer M, Zelinsky K, De Porre P, Johnston SRD. Biomarker Associations with Efficacy of Abiraterone Acetate and Exemestane in Postmenopausal Patients with Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6002-6009. [PMID: 27267854 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abiraterone may suppress androgens that stimulate breast cancer growth. We conducted a biomarker analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPETs), and serum samples from postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer patients to identify subgroups with differential abiraterone sensitivity. METHODS Patients (randomized 1:1:1) were treated with 1,000 mg/d abiraterone acetate + 5 mg/d prednisone (AA), AA + 25 mg/d exemestane (AAE), or exemestane. The biomarker population included treated patients (n = 293). The CTC population included patients with ≥3 baseline CTCs (n = 104). Biomarker [e.g., androgen receptor (AR), ER, Ki-67, CYP17] expression was evaluated. Cox regression stratified by prior therapies in the metastatic setting (0/1 vs. 2) and setting of letrozole/anastrozole (adjuvant vs. metastatic) was used to assess biomarker associations with progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Serum testosterone and estrogen levels were lowered and progesterone increased with AA. Baseline AR or ER expression was not associated with PFS in CTCs or FFPETs for AAE versus exemestane, but dual positivity of AR and ER expression was associated with improved PFS [HR, 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-1.07; P = 0.070]. For AR expression in FFPETs obtained <1 year prior to first dose (n = 67), a trend for improved PFS was noted for AAE versus exemestane (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.24-1.33; P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS An AA pharmacodynamic effect was shown by decreased serum androgen and estrogen levels and increased progesterone. AR and ER dual expression in CTCs and newly obtained FFPETs may predict AA sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6002-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Li
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Daniel Hayes
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Igor Bondarenko
- Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy, Municipal Clinical Hospital #4, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - Irina Zbarskaya
- Leningrad Regional Oncology Dispensary, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Olga Ivanova
- Research Institute of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thian Kheoh
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, California
| | - Margaret Yu
- Janssen Research & Development, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jason Martin
- Janssen Research & Development, High Wycombe, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathy Zelinsky
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Stephen R D Johnston
- The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Zhao L, Niu F, Shen H, Liu X, Chen L, Niu Y. Androgen receptor and metastasis-associated protein-1 are frequently expressed in estrogen receptor negative/HER2 positive breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:687-96. [PMID: 27026268 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic value of androgen receptor (AR) and its related molecules in breast cancer is not well characterized. We retrospectively investigated 120 ER(+) and 120 ER(-) invasive breast cancers of 240 women, who were treated at our institution between January 2008 and December 2009. We excluded in situ, recurrent, metastatic, and bilateral carcinomas as well as non-epithelial lesions. Median follow-up was 74 months. Immunohistochemical assessment of expression of AR and metastasis-associated protein-1 (MTA1) resulted in 59.2 % (n = 142) AR(+) and 36.7 % (n = 88) high MTA1 expressing (MTA1(High)) carcinomas. MTA1(High) tumors were significantly more often ER(-), while AR(+) tumors were significantly more often HER2(+) (p < 0.01). MTA1(High)/ER(-) tumors were more often AR(-)/HER2(-) (p < 0.01). Patients with an AR(+)/ER(+) tumor had better disease-free survival (DFS; p = 0.011). Patients with an ER(-)/MTA1(High) tumor had significantly shorter DFS (p = 0.006) as well as patients with an AR(+)/HER2(+) tumor (p < 0.01). In Cox models, AR expression (HR, 0.248; 95 % CI, 0.086-0.716) and lymph node status (HR, 6.401; 95 % CI, 1.428-28.686) were independent predictors for DFS in ER(+) cancers, whereas AR(+)/HER2(+) expression status (HR, 2.927; 95 % CI, 1.256-6.821) and lymph node status (HR, 2.690; 95 % CI, 1.041-7.840) were independent predictors for DFS in ER(-) cancers. We show that AR might be an additional marker for endocrine responsiveness in ER(+) cancers and suggests that blocking MTA1 might be an effective way to inhibit AR/HER2 signaling in ER(-) breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fengting Niu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Honghong Shen
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, West Huanhu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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24
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A very rare case of breast cancer in a female-to-male transsexual. Breast Cancer 2015; 23:939-944. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-015-0661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza D, González-Gil A, Silván G, Peña L, Illera JC. Serum and Tissue Steroid Hormone Levels in Canine Mammary Tumours: Clinical and Prognostic Implications. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:858-65. [PMID: 26332137 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal dependency of canine mammary tumours (CMT) has been studied over the last few decades. However, studies assessing the prognostic and predictive potential of serum and/or tissue steroid hormone levels are still scarce in CMT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report relating serum and tissue levels of steroid hormones and prognosis in dogs. Serum and tumour tissue from 45 female dogs with spontaneous CMT were included in the study. Moreover, serum and normal mammary tissue from 13 healthy female dogs were also included as controls. Steroid hormones were determined by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Overall, levels of steroid hormones in serum and tissue homogenates were significantly different between malignant and benign mammary tumours (p < 0.01), except for progesterone (P4) serum levels that revealed no statistical differences between groups. In malignant tumours, oestrone sulphate (SO4E1), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T) and P4 elevated tissue concentrations were significantly associated with tumour relapse and/or distant metastasis during follow-up. A significant association was found between elevated tissue SO4E1 (p = 0.003), 17β-oestradiol (E2) (p = 0.036), DHEA (p = 0.022), A4 (p = 0.001) and P4 (p = 0.013) concentrations and shorter disease-free survival and overall survival in female dogs with malignant mammary tumours. The high levels of tissue steroids found in cases of poor prognosis open the possibility of additional new therapeutic approaches. Future clinical trials will be needed to clarify the usefulness of targeting steroid hormones in the treatment of this neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Gil
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Silván
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Illera
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Dash C, Makambi K, Wallington SF, Sheppard V, Taylor TR, Hicks JS, Adams-Campbell LL. An exercise trial targeting African-American women with metabolic syndrome and at high risk for breast cancer: Rationale, design, and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 43:33-8. [PMID: 25962889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and obesity are known risk factors for breast cancers. Exercise interventions can potentially modify circulating biomarkers of breast cancer risk but evidence in African-Americans and women with metabolic syndrome is lacking. METHODS/DESIGN The Focused Intervention on Exercise to Reduce CancEr (FIERCE) trial is a prospective, 6-month, 3-arm, randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of exercise on obesity, metabolic syndrome components, and breast cancer biomarkers among African-American women at high risk of breast cancer. Two hundred-forty inactive women with metabolic syndrome and absolute risk of breast cancer ≥ 1.40 will be randomized to one of the three trial arms: 1) a supervised, facility-based exercise arm; 2) a home-based exercise arm; and 3) a control group that maintains physical activity levels through the course of the trial. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary outcome variables are anthropometric indicators of obesity, metabolic syndrome components, and inflammatory, insulin-pathway, and hormonal biomarkers of breast cancer risk. DISCUSSION The FIERCE trial will provide evidence on whether a short-term exercise intervention might be effective in reducing breast cancer risk among African-American women with comorbidities and high breast cancer risk--a group traditionally under-represented in non-therapeutic breast cancer trials. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02103140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeev Dash
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States.
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Sherrie F Wallington
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Vanessa Sheppard
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Teletia R Taylor
- Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Jennifer S Hicks
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Lucile L Adams-Campbell
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States
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Matysiak ZE, Ochędalski T, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. The evaluation of involvement of angiotensin II, its receptors, and androgen receptor in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:1-6. [PMID: 25231075 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.958991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy. Alterations of angiogenic factors including angiotensin (AngII) or VEGF are observed in EC. Expression of angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) is correlated with EC. Moreover, the expression of VEGF is up-regulated by AngII. Androgens are involved in the pathogenesis of EC. Genetic variations in androgen receptor (AR) gene may increase EC risk. This review proved strong correlation among EC, AngII, its receptors and AR, where AT influence on AR and, as a result, induce the expression of genes related to carcinogenesis.
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Choi J, Psarommatis B, Gao YR, Zheng Y, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. The role of androgens in experimental rodent mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:483. [PMID: 25928046 PMCID: PMC4429669 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most frequent, fatal cancer of women in western countries. While estrogens have a widely understood involvement in breast cancer, a significant but not yet fully understood role for androgens has also been suggested. The principal androgen, testosterone, is the obligate steroidal precursor of estradiol, but can equally be metabolized into dihydrotestosterone, a more potent, pure androgen. Both androgens exert their distinctive biological effects via the androgen receptor, which is coexpressed with estrogen receptor alpha in 80 to 90% of breast cancers. The hormonal control of breast development and pathology has been examined experimentally through the use of animal models, notably mice and rats. This review summarizes the data from experimental rodent models on the effects of androgens in experimental breast cancer, aiming to address the importance of androgens and the androgen receptor in the origins and pathogenesis of breast cancers, as well as to discuss potential biomarker and therapeutic opportunities arising from novel insights based on the experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Choi
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
| | - Basil Psarommatis
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
| | - Yan Ru Gao
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
| | - Yu Zheng
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
| | - Ulla Simanainen
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia.
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Jung S, Stanczyk FZ, Egleston BL, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Shepherd JA, Van Horn L, LeBlanc ES, Paris K, Klifa C, Dorgan JF. Endogenous sex hormones and breast density in young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:369-78. [PMID: 25371447 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer and reflects epithelial and stromal content. Breast tissue is particularly sensitive to hormonal stimuli before it fully differentiates following the first full-term pregnancy. Few studies have examined associations between sex hormones and breast density among young women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study among 180 women ages 25 to 29 years old who participated in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children 2006 Follow-up Study. Eighty-five percent of participants attended a clinic visit during their luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Magnetic resonance imaging measured the percentage of dense breast volume (%DBV), absolute dense breast volume (ADBV), and absolute nondense breast volume (ANDBV). Multiple-linear mixed-effect regression models were used to evaluate the association of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with %DBV, ADBV, and ANDBV. RESULTS Testosterone was significantly positively associated with %DBV and ADBV. The multivariable geometric mean of %DBV and ADBV across testosterone quartiles increased from 16.5% to 20.3% and from 68.6 to 82.3 cm(3), respectively (Ptrend ≤ 0.03). There was no association of %DBV or ADBV with estrogens, progesterone, non-SHBG-bound testosterone, or SHBG (Ptrend ≥ 0.27). Neither sex hormones nor SHBG was associated with ANDBV except progesterone; however, the progesterone result was nonsignificant in analysis restricted to women in the luteal phase. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a modest positive association between testosterone and breast density in young women. IMPACT Hormonal influences at critical periods may contribute to morphologic differences in the breast associated with breast cancer risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoun Jung
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - John A Shepherd
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kenneth Paris
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Joanne F Dorgan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Lim E, Ni M, Cao S, Hazra A, Tamimi RM, Brown M. Importance of Breast Cancer Subtype in the Development of Androgen Receptor Directed Therapy. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2014; 6:71-78. [PMID: 24860642 PMCID: PMC4026357 DOI: 10.1007/s12609-014-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has re-emerged as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. This stems from recent progress made in preclinical models, that have recognized important differences in the effect of AR expression on patient outcomes among different breast cancer subtypes. In parallel, the clinical development of new generations of AR directed therapies for prostate cancer has begun to mature. The availability of these new agents has translated into new trials to treat breast cancer. It is critical that studies of the effect of AR expression and signaling in breast cancer be context and subtype specific in order to successfully target AR signalling as a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. We will review developments in preclinical studies, and recent clinical trials targeting AR in breast cancer.
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Kaaks R, Tikk K, Sookthai D, Schock H, Johnson T, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dossus L, Baglietto L, Rinaldi S, Chajes V, Romieu I, Boeing H, Schütze M, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Sieri S, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Mattiello A, Buckland G, Ramón Quirós J, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Andersson A, Sund M, Weiderpass E, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key TJ, Travis RC, Merritt MA, Gunter MJ, Riboli E, Lukanova A. Premenopausal serum sex hormone levels in relation to breast cancer risk, overall and by hormone receptor status - results from the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:1947-57. [PMID: 24155248 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Results from prospective studies on premenopausal serum hormone levels in relation to breast cancer risk have been inconclusive, especially with regard to tumor subtypes. Using a case-control study nested within the prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort (801 breast cancer cases and 1,132 matched control subjects), we analyzed the relationships of prediagnostic serum estradiol, free estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels with the risk of breast cancer by estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive and -negative breast tumors and by age at diagnoses. Higher prediagnostic serum levels of testosterone and free testosterone were associated with an increased overall risk of breast cancer [ORQ4-Q1 = 1.56 (95% CI 1.15-2.13), ptrend = 0.02 for testosterone and ORQ4-Q1 = 1.33 (95% CI 0.99-1.79), ptrend = 0.04 for free testosterone], but no significant risk association was observed for estradiol, free estradiol, progesterone and SHBG. Tests for heterogeneity between receptor-positive and -negative tumors were not significant. When analysis were stratified by age at tumor diagnosis, the odds ratios observed for estradiol were stronger and borderline significant for breast cancer diagnosed at age less than 50 [ORQ4-Q1 = 1.32 (95% CI 0.87-2.01), ptrend = 0.05] compared to breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or above [ORQ4-Q1 = 0.94 (95% CI 0.60-1.47), ptrend = 0.34, phet = 0.04]. In conclusion, our data indicate that higher premenopausal circulating testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, but do not show a significant association of estradiol or progesterone with breast cancer risk, overall, by menstrual cycle phase or by tumor receptor status, although a possible risk increase with higher estradiol levels for tumors diagnosed before age 50 was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Mohamed SS, El-Refai AMH, Hashem AGM, Ali HA. Approaches to improve the solubility and availability of progesterone biotransformation byMucor racemosus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.894983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gasparini P, Fassan M, Cascione L, Guler G, Balci S, Irkkan C, Paisie C, Lovat F, Morrison C, Zhang J, Scarpa A, Croce CM, Shapiro CL, Huebner K. Androgen receptor status is a prognostic marker in non-basal triple negative breast cancers and determines novel therapeutic options. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88525. [PMID: 24505496 PMCID: PMC3914993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers are a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by poor patient survival and lack of targeted therapeutics. Androgen receptor has been associated with triple negative breast cancer pathogenesis, but its role in the different subtypes has not been clearly defined. We examined androgen receptor protein expression by immunohistochemical analysis in 678 breast cancers, including 396 triple negative cancers. Fifty matched lymph node metastases were also examined. Association of expression status with clinical (race, survival) and pathological (basal, non-basal subtype, stage, grade) features was also evaluated. In 160 triple negative breast cancers, mRNA microarray expression profiling was performed, and differences according to androgen receptor status were analyzed. In triple negative cancers the percentage of androgen receptor positive cases was lower (24.8% vs 81.6% of non-triple negative cases), especially in African American women (16.7% vs 25.5% of cancers of white women). No significant difference in androgen receptor expression was observed in primary tumors vs matched metastatic lesions. Positive androgen receptor immunoreactivity was inversely correlated with tumor grade (p<0.01) and associated with better overall patient survival (p = 0.032) in the non-basal triple negative cancer group. In the microarray study, expression of three genes (HER4, TNFSF10, CDK6) showed significant deregulation in association with androgen receptor status; eg CDK6, a novel therapeutic target in triple negative cancers, showed significantly higher expression level in androgen receptor negative cases (p<0.01). These findings confirm the prognostic impact of androgen receptor expression in non-basal triple negative breast cancers, and suggest targeting of new androgen receptor-related molecular pathways in patients with these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Gasparini
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gulnur Guler
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Cigdem Irkkan
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Carolyn Paisie
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francesca Lovat
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona Italy
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Shapiro
- Division of Medical Oncology and the Breast Program, James Cancer Hospital and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kay Huebner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Camacho L, Peña L, González Gil A, Cáceres S, Díez L, Illera J. Establishment and characterization of a canine xenograft model of inflammatory mammary carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1068-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lyu S, Yu Q, Ying G, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Niu Y. Androgen receptor decreases CMYC and KRAS expression by upregulating let-7a expression in ER-, PR-, AR+ breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:229-37. [PMID: 24172884 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally known that the decision to use anti-estrogen therapy is based on the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancers. Recent studies have shown that androgen receptor (AR) is frequently expressed in ER-, PR- breast cancer and plays an important role in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, AR can increase the global expression of microRNAs, post-transcriptional gene regulators that play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the functions and relations of AR, related miRNAs and target proteins in ER-, PR-, AR+ breast cancer. The results showed that androgen-induced AR activating signal directly upregulates let-7a expression, downregulates CMYC and KRAS protein expression, and inhibits cell proliferation in ER-, PR-, AR+ breast cancer cells. Overexpression of let-7a inhibits cell proliferation and downregulates CMYC and KRAS protein expression, whereas inhibition of let-7a expression by specific antisense oligonucleo-tides increases cell growth and upregulates CMYC and KRAS protein expression. We performed in situ hybridization for let-7a and immunohistochemical staining for CMYC and KRAS using sequential sections obtained from surgically-resected breast cancer tissues and observed an inverse correlation between the staining pattern of let-7a and its target proteins. Androgen-induced AR activating signal upregulates let-7a that targets CMYC and KRAS and contributes to ER-, PR-, AR+ breast cancer pathogenesis. Elucidation of this pathway will help develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Shibahara Y, Miki Y, Sakurada C, Uchida K, Hata S, McNamara K, Yoda T, Takagi K, Nakamura Y, Suzuki T, Ishida T, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Androgen and androgen-metabolizing enzymes in metastasized lymph nodes of breast cancer. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lee CH, Kuo WH, Lin CC, Oyang YJ, Huang HC, Juan HF. MicroRNA-regulated protein-protein interaction networks and their functions in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11560-606. [PMID: 23722663 PMCID: PMC3709748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, which are small endogenous RNA regulators, have been associated with various types of cancer. Breast cancer is a major health threat for women worldwide. Many miRNAs were reported to be associated with the progression and carcinogenesis of breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to discover novel breast cancer-related miRNAs and to elucidate their functions. First, we identified confident miRNA-target pairs by combining data from miRNA target prediction databases and expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA. Then, miRNA-regulated protein interaction networks (PINs) were constructed with confident pairs and known interaction data in the human protein reference database (HPRD). Finally, the functions of miRNA-regulated PINs were elucidated by functional enrichment analysis. From the results, we identified some previously reported breast cancer-related miRNAs and functions of the PINs, e.g., miR-125b, miR-125a, miR-21, and miR-497. Some novel miRNAs without known association to breast cancer were also found, and the putative functions of their PINs were also elucidated. These include miR-139 and miR-383. Furthermore, we validated our results by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using our miRNA expression profile data, gene expression-based outcome for breast cancer online (GOBO) survival analysis, and a literature search. Our results may provide new insights for research in breast cancer-associated miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-J.O.)
| | - Wen-Hong Kuo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-J.O.)
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-J.O.)
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-C.H.); (H.-F.J.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7357 (H.-C.H.); +886-2-3366-4536 (H.-F.J.); Fax: +886-2-2820-2508 (H.-C.H.); +886-2-2367-3374 (H.-F.J.)
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-J.O.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-C.H.); (H.-F.J.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7357 (H.-C.H.); +886-2-3366-4536 (H.-F.J.); Fax: +886-2-2820-2508 (H.-C.H.); +886-2-2367-3374 (H.-F.J.)
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Gomes IM, Santos CR, Socorro S, Maia CJ. Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 is down-regulated by sex hormones in prostate cells. Prostate 2013; 73:605-13. [PMID: 23060075 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STEAP1 is over-expressed in several types of tumors, especially prostate cancer, where it is localized in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, at cell-cell junctions. Its role in prostate carcinogenesis and its regulation in prostate cells remain unknown. Therefore, we propose to study the effect of sex hormones in the regulation of STEAP1 expression in prostate cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS LNCaP prostate cells were incubated with fetal bovine serum (FBS), charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17β-estradiol (E2 ) for different periods of stimulation. In addition, adult male Wistar rats were castrated and treated with DHT and E2 . The levels of STEAP1 in response to treatments were analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The treatment of LNCaP cells with DHT or E2 induces a down-regulation of STEAP1 expression, while incubation with CS-FBS has the opposite effect. Experiments using inhibitors of androgen and estrogen receptor (AR and ER) showed that down-regulation of STEAP1 is AR-dependent, but ER-independent. However, the mediation of six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) expression by AR seems to be dependent of de novo protein synthesis. In vivo studies showed that castrated rats express higher levels of STEAP1 protein when compared to intact rats, an effect reversed by DHT or E2 replacement. CONCLUSIONS STEAP1 is down-regulated by DHT and E2 in LNCaP cells and in rat prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Gomes
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bhatti HN, Khera RA. Biological transformations of steroidal compounds: a review. Steroids 2012; 77:1267-90. [PMID: 22910289 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation is an important tool for structural modification of organic compounds, especially natural products with complex structures like steroids. It can be used to synthesize chemical structures that are difficult to obtain by ordinary methods and as a model of mammalian metabolism due to similarity between mammalian and microbial enzyme systems. During recent years research has been focused on the structural modifications of bioactive steroids by using various microorganisms, in order to obtain biologically potent compounds with diverse structures. Steroidal compounds are responsible for important biological functions in the cells and manifest a variety of activities. This article covers the microbial transformation of sterols, steroidal hormones and some new types of steroids known as bufadienolides. Emphasis has placed on reporting metabolites that may be of general interest and on the practical aspects of work in the field of microbial transformations. The review covers the literature from 1994 to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
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Ryan CP, Crespi BJ. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat number: models of selection and disease susceptibility. Evol Appl 2012; 6:180-96. [PMID: 23467468 PMCID: PMC3586616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in polyglutamine repeat number in the androgen receptor (AR CAGn) is negatively correlated with the transcription of androgen-responsive genes and is associated with susceptibility to an extensive list of human disease. Only a small portion of the heritability for many of these diseases is explained by conventional SNP-based genome-wide association studies, and the forces shaping AR CAGn among humans remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose evolutionary models for understanding selection at the AR CAG locus, namely balancing selection, sexual conflict, accumulation-selection, and antagonistic pleiotropy. We evaluate these models by examining AR CAGn-linked susceptibility to eight extensively studied diseases representing the diverse physiological roles of androgens, and consider the costs of these diseases by their frequency and fitness effects. Five diseases could contribute to the distribution of AR CAGn observed among contemporary human populations. With support for disease susceptibilities associated with long and short AR CAGn, balancing selection provides a useful model for studying selection at this locus. Gender-specific differences AR CAGn health effects also support this locus as a candidate for sexual conflict over repeat number. Accompanied by the accumulation of AR CAGn in humans, these models help explain the distribution of repeat number in contemporary human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen P Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a proven clinical target in prostate cancer. Recent research indicates that it is an emerging hormonal target in breast cancer as well, with potential clinical benefit in both estrogen receptor(ER) positive and negative tumors. Compared to the ER, AR contains unique functional domains with relevance to its altered role in human breast cancer. The majority of ER-positive tumors express AR, and a significant percentage of ER-negative tumors might benefit from combined targeting of AR and the ErbB2/HER2 oncogene. Signaling downstream of AR might also affect many clinically important pathways which are also emerging clinical targets in breast cancer. AR expression might also play a role during tumor progression to metastatic disease. The role of AR as a new important biomarker in breast cancer will be reviewed herein.
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Miyamoto H, Izumi K, Yao JL, Li Y, Yang Q, McMahon LA, Gonzalez-Roibon N, Hicks DG, Tacha D, Netto GJ. GATA binding protein 3 is down-regulated in bladder cancer yet strong expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in invasive tumor. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:2033-40. [PMID: 22607700 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although GATA binding protein 3, a zinc finger transcription factor and an estrogen receptor-regulated gene, has recently been suggested as a marker for urothelium, prognostic significance of GATA binding protein 3 expression in bladder tumor remains unclear. We immunohistochemically stained for GATA binding protein 3 in urothelial neoplasm and matched nonneoplastic bladder tissue specimens. GATA binding protein 3 was positive in 125 (86%; 13 [9%] weak, 44 [30%] moderate, and 68 [47%] strong) of 145 bladder tumors, which was significantly lower than in benign urothelium (104/106 [98%]; 3 [3%] weak, 30 [28%] moderate, and 71 [67%] strong) (P=.001). Fifty (98%) of 51 low-grade tumors were GATA binding protein 3 positive, whereas 75 (80%) of 94 high-grade carcinomas were GATA binding protein 3 positive (P=.002). Similarly, 78 (98%) of 80 non-muscle-invasive tumors expressed the GATA binding protein 3, compared with 47 (72%) of 65 muscle-invasive tumors (P<.001). Conversely, among 68 cases treated with cystectomy, significantly lower expression of GATA binding protein 3 was found in pN0 tumors (32/47 [68%]) than in node-positive tumors (20/21 [95%]) (P=.027). Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that overall positivity (P=.048) or strong positivity (P=.025) of GATA binding protein 3 correlated with progression of muscle-invasive tumors. Multivariate analysis identified high GATA binding protein 3 expression as a strong prognosticator for progression (P=.052) and cancer-specific survival (P=.040) of muscle-invasive tumors. Moreover, there were significant correlations between GATA binding protein 3 expression vs androgen receptor overexpression, estrogen receptor α overexpression, or loss of estrogen receptor β expression. Thus, compared with benign urothelium, a significant decrease in the expression of GATA binding protein 3 in urothelial neoplasms was seen. Loss of GATA binding protein 3 was associated with high-grade and/or muscle-invasive tumors, whereas strong expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Haendler B, Cleve A. Recent developments in antiandrogens and selective androgen receptor modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:79-91. [PMID: 21704118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone play an essential role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male characteristics. Androgens bind to a specific androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor which controls the expression of a large number of downstream target genes. The AR is an essential player in early and late prostate cancer, and may also be involved in some forms of breast cancer. It also represents a drug target for the treatment of hypogonadism. Recent studies furthermore indicate that targeting the AR in pathologies such as frailty syndrome, cachexia or polycystic ovary syndrome may have clinical benefit. Numerous AR ligands with very different pharmacological properties have been identified in the last 40 years and helped to treat several of these diseases. However, progress still needs to be made in order to find compounds with an improved profile with regard to efficacy, differentiation and side-effects. This will only be achieved through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal and aberrant AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Haendler
- TRG Oncology, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer HealthCare, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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Grosse A, Bartsch S, Baniahmad A. Androgen receptor-mediated gene repression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:46-56. [PMID: 21784131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens have an essential role in inducing the genetic program for masculinization during development. Androgens mediate their effect through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-controlled transcription factor and regulator of rapid signaling. Inactivated AR results in complete feminization. Androgens are also essential in later life for reproduction, behavior, muscle development, breast, and prostate growth. In general, androgens inhibit breast and promote prostate growth. In the latter context the AR is a major drug target. On the one hand, many insights have been obtained how the AR mediates gene activation on a molecular level. Gene activation is mediated by a battery of factors including coactivators, chromatin remodeling complex proteins and transcription factors which either directly or indirectly interact with the AR at DNA binding sites. On the other hand, there are important AR target genes that are repressed by androgen-bound AR. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood although genes repressed by AR are key factors involved in cell proliferation and invasion. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of AR-mediated gene repression, thereby differentiating between direct and indirect DNA/chromatin recruitment and between genomic and non-genomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grosse
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Abstract
The nuclear estrogen receptors (ER) are the major targets for endocrine treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Hormone therapy blocked endogenous estrogen activation of ER, either by competitive inhibition of endogenous estrogens (selective estrogen receptor modulators - SERM or selective estrogen receptor down regulators - SERD) or by inhibition of estrogen synthesis (aromatase inhibitors) from adrenal androgens in post-menopausal women. The efficacy of these treatments has been shown on large series of breast cancer patients. However de novo or acquired resistance to treatment occurs. The better knowledge of the mechanism of action of such treatment may help to better understand them, and also for the determinism of adverse side effects of the different class of molecules.
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Abstract
The role of androgens on breast cancer development and progression has not been fully elucidated. Several in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that androgens have an inhibitory effect on the mammary epithelium, whereas the majority of epidemiological studies report a positive association between high androgen levels and risk of breast cancer. Expression of the androgen receptor is a positive prognostic factor. Understanding the role of androgens in breast carcinogenesis is important because many women use testosterone replacement for the alleviation of symptoms brought on by menopause, in particular high-risk women who undergo surgical menopause at an early age. We overview the literature examining a role of androgens in the etiology of breast cancer.
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Parekh N, Lin Y, Craft LL, Vadiveloo M, Lu-Yao GL. Longitudinal associations of leisure-time physical activity and cancer mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1986-2006). J Obes 2012; 2012:518358. [PMID: 22675612 PMCID: PMC3361252 DOI: 10.1155/2012/518358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal associations between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and overall cancer mortality were evaluated within the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-2006; n = 15,535). Mortality status was ascertained using the National Death Index. Self-reported LTPA was divided into inactive, regular low-to-moderate and vigorous activity. A frequency-weighted metabolic equivalents (METS/week) variable was also computed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for overall cancer mortality in the whole sample, by body mass index categories and insulin resistance (IR) status. Nonsignificant protective associations were observed for regular low-to-moderate and vigorous activity, and for the highest quartile of METS/week (HRs range: 0.66-0.95). Individuals without IR engaging in regular vigorous activity had a 48% decreased risk of cancer mortality (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28-0.98) in multivariate analyses. Conversely, nonsignificant positive associations were observed in people with IR. In conclusion, regular vigorous activity may reduce risk of cancer mortality among persons with normal insulin-glucose metabolism in this national sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Parekh
- Department of Nutrition, Food Studies and Public Health, New York University, NY 10012, USA.
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Shao T, Grossbard ML, Klein P. Breast Cancer in Female-to-Male Transsexuals: Two Cases With a Review of Physiology and Management. Clin Breast Cancer 2011; 11:417-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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