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Liu Y, Yu M, Chen L, Liu J, Li X, Zhang C, Xiang X, Li X, Lv Q. Systemic Review of Animal Models Used in the Study of Crush Syndrome. Shock 2022; 57:469-478. [PMID: 35066515 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Crush syndrome (CS), also known as traumatic rhabdomyolysis, is the leading cause of death following extrication from structural collapse due to earthquakes. Due to the unfeasibility of human studies, animal models are used to study crush syndrome pathophysiology, including biochemistry and treatment regimes. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify the differences and benefits of various animal models used in the study of CS and provide valuable information for design of future research. A systematic search was conducted in two methods: with the filters "(crush syndrome) AND (crush muscle injury)" and with the keywords "(crush syndrome) AND (animal model)" covering all articles in the PubMed databases. The search generated 378 articles. After screening abstracts, 91 articles were retrieved and read, then 11 repeated articles were removed and 2 reference papers were included. We finally reviewed 82 original articles. There appear to be two primary methods employed for inducing crush syndrome in animal models, which are chemically induced injury and physically induced injury. Chemical method mainly includes intramuscular (IM) injection of tissue extract solution and IM injection of 50% glycerine. Physical method can be classified into invasive and non-invasive physical compression by elasticated material, inflatable band and heavy load. Various species of animals have been used to study CS, including mice (13.4%), rats (68.3%), rabbits (11.0%), canines (4.9%), goats (1.2%), and pigs (1.2%). Small animals are suitable for researches exploring the mechanism of disease or drug efficacy while large animals can work better with clinical application-related researches. In regard to the choice of modeling method, compressing the certain muscle of animals by heavy things is superior to others to cause systemic trauma-related rhabdomyolysis signs. In addition, due to the significant burden of crush injuries on animals, further attention shall be paid to the selection of the most suitable anesthetics and appropriate analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Liu
- Emergency Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Disaster Rescue Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Yu
- General Medicine Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- General Medicine Department, Chinese PLA general Hospital (The First Center), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Pathology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Emergency Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhang
- General Medicine Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Xiang
- Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital (The Third Center), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Disaster Rescue Medicine, Beijing, China
- Chinese PLA General Hospital (Innovative Medicine Division), Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
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Lv Q, Long M, Wang X, Shi J, Wang P, Guo X, Song J, Midgley AC, Fan H, Hou S. The Role of Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Crush Syndrome-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Shock 2021; 56:1028-1039. [PMID: 34313253 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crush syndrome (CS) is the most common cause of deaths following earthquakes and other disasters. The pathogenesis of CS has yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, clinical choice of ideal drug treatments for CS remains deficient. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we first evaluated the relation between extrusion force and the severities of CS. Rats were exposed to different extrusion forces: 1 kg, 3 kg, 5 kg, and 8 kg, respectively. Survival rates, crushed muscle tissue edema, serum biochemical parameters, and histopathological staining were used to assess severity. Our results showed that there were no statistical differences in survival rate or changes in thigh circumference among the different extrusion forces groups. However, serum levels of potassium, creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and myoglobin were elevated at 12- and 24-h post-decompression in 5 kg and 8 kg groups, compared with 1 kg and 3 kg groups. Histopathological staining demonstrated that the degree of organ damage to kidney, muscle, and lung tissues correlated with increasing extrusion force. We next analyzed changes in serum protein profiles in 3 kg or 5 kg extrusion pressure groups. A total of 76 proteins (20 upregulated, 56 downregulated) were found to be altered at all three time points (0, 12, and 72 h) post-decompression, compared with the control group. Three common upregulated proteins alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and Haptoglobin were selected for validation of increased expression. α1-AGP was explored as a treatment for CS-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Intraperitoneal injection of α1-AGP protected kidneys from CS-induced AKI by regulating TNF-α and IL-6 production, attenuating neutrophil recruitment, and reducing renal cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the severity of crush injury is causally related to extrusion pressure and increase in blood serum markers. Our identification of the biomarker and treatment candidate, α1-AGP, suggests its implication in predicting the severity of CS and its use as a mediator of CS-induced AKI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lv
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Manman Long
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Teda International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shijiazhuang Circular Chemical Industry Park Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengtao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqin Guo
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Nephrology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Adam C Midgley
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
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Almog M, Nissan M, Koifman I, Wollman Y, Rochkind S. On-Site Laser Photobiomodulation Treatment of Crushed Muscle Due to Prolonged Pressure in Rats. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1258-1265. [PMID: 34101204 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Crush injuries and prolonged pressure on muscles lead to bruises and sprains and, in most of the cases, cause distraction of the muscle and release of particles into the blood stream, causing renal and systemic complications in severe cases. Laser photobiomodulation treatment (i.e., laser phototherapy) is a method suggested to decrease the pressure damage in the first 24-48 hours after muscle injury, allowing a faster and more complete physical rehabilitation. We studied the efficacy of non-invasive laser photobiomodulation treatment as an on-site treatment for crush-injured gastrocnemius muscles, developing a moderate muscle crush injury model and aiming at decreasing damage extent while regaining physical competence faster. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle crush injury was performed on 30 female Wistar rats using direct pressure for 10 minutes on the gastrocnemius muscle in both left and right hindlimbs. Immediately after the injury, only the left hindlimb were irradiated for 16 minutes (with 780 nm laser with a power of 250 mW, the energy at the target was 240 J, and the fluence was 1019 J/cm2 ) for 1, 3, or 7 consecutive days, and sacrificed accordingly. During the follow-up period, 1, 3, or 7 days, both gastrocnemius muscles (of the treated and untreated hindlimbs) were evaluated for electrophysiology and functionality. RESULTS The laser photobiomodulation treatment showed a significant electrophysiological and functional recovery of the gastrocnemius muscle during the first 3 days after injury, in comparison with the untreated hindlimb. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results are promising, showing a significant effect of the laser photobiomodulation treatment during the first 3 days after the induction of the muscle crush injury, which is the most critical period in the clinical aspect. These findings suggest a therapeutic approach, which may help restore the muscle after crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Almog
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Moshe Nissan
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Igal Koifman
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Yoram Wollman
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Shimon Rochkind
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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β1-Blocker improves survival and ventricular remodelling in rats with lethal crush injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2020; 48:455-470. [PMID: 32488449 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crush injury/crush syndrome (CI/CS) is the second most common cause of death during earthquakes. Most studies of CI/CS have mainly focused on kidney injury after decompression. Few studies have focused on myocardial injury caused by crush injury and its potential mechanisms. METHODS We first verified cardiomyocyte injury during compression in rats with a crush injury. The survival rate, electrocardiographic results, histological results, catecholamine changes and cardiac β1-AR expression were evaluated. Next, we explored the effects of pretreatment with a selective β1-blocker (bisoprolol) with or without fluid resuscitation on rats with a crush injury. In addition to evaluating the survival rates, biochemical and histological analyses and echocardiographic measurements were also performed. RESULTS Reduced heart rates, elevated ST segments, and tall-peaked T waves were observed in the rats with a crush injury. The changes in the myocardial enzymes and pathological results demonstrated that myocardial damage occurred during compression in rats with a crush injury. The levels of the catecholamine norepinephrine in both the serum and myocardial tissue were elevated during compression. Pretreatment with a selective β1-blocker combined with fluid resuscitation significantly improved the survival rates of the rats with lethal crush injury. The myocardial enzymes and pathological results showed that the combined therapy decreased myocardial damage. The echocardiography measurements showed that the rats that received the combined therapy exhibited decreased left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular volume at end-systole (LVVs) and left ventricular internal diameter (LVID) compared with the rats with a crush injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the presence of myocardial injury in the early stage of compression in rats with a crush injury. Pretreatment with a β1-blocker (bisoprolol) with fluid resuscitation significantly reduced mortality, decreased myocardial tissue damage, and improved ventricular remodelling in rats with a lethal crush injury.
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Murata I, Imanari M, Komiya M, Kobayashi J, Inoue Y, Kanamoto I. Icing treatment in rats with crush syndrome can improve survival through reduction of potassium concentration and mitochondrial function disorder effect. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:777-785. [PMID: 31853328 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crush syndrome (CS), a serious medical condition, which is characterized by damage to myocytes due to pressure and is associated with high mortality, even when patients receive fluid therapy. Icing therapy over the affected muscle has been reported to be effective in improving mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. These effects are thought to be secondary to improvements in the leakage of potassium and myoglobin from the damaged myocytes in the early stages of disease. However, their effects on the various symptoms of CS are unclear. It was hypothesized that treatment with icing will inhibit the influence of potassium by vasoconstriction, exert anti-inflammatory effects in the affected myocytes and improve mitochondrial function The CS model constructed by subjecting anesthetized rats to bilateral hindlimb compression with a rubber tourniquet for 5 h. The rats were then randomly divided into six groups: i) Sham; ii) CS without treatment (CS); iii) and iv) icing for 30 or 180 min over the entire hindlimb on CS rats (CI-30 and -180), respectively; and v) and vi) local icing for 30 or 180 min over the affected area on CS rats (CLI-30 and -180), respectively. Under continuous monitoring and recording of arterial blood pressures, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses at designated time points prior to and following reperfusion. The survival rate, vital signs, and blood gas parameters in the CS group were lethal compared with the sham group. These were also improved in the CI-30 and CLI-30 groups compared with the CS group; however, they worsened in the CI-180 and CLI-180 groups due to hypothermia. The CI-30 and CLI-30 groups demonstrated tendencies of improvements compared with the CS group. Systemic inflammation and mitochondria dysfunction had improved in these groups compared with the CS group. We suggest icing therapy to temporarily prolong the viability after crush injury. Its effectiveness can be improved by combining it with other infusion therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Murata
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Mayuki Imanari
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Marise Komiya
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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Tekşen Y, Kadıoğlu E, Koçak C, Koçak H. Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Kidney Injury in Rat Model of Crush Syndrome. J Surg Res 2018; 235:470-478. [PMID: 30691831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury is the most serious complication of crush syndrome. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule. It is involved in homeostatic functions, such as blood pressure control, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this study, effects of H2S on kidney injury were investigated in a rat model of crush syndrome. METHODS Rats were divided into six groups (n = 8): Sham (steril saline ip), crush (sterile saline ip), crush + NaHS (sodium hydrosulfide, an H2S donor) (100 μmol/kg ip). All these groups were also separated as 3 and 24 h after decompression. Crush injury was induced by 6 h of direct compression to both hindlimbs of anesthetized rats with blocks weighing 3.6 kg each sides, followed by 3 or 24 h of decompression. Kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tumor-necrotizing factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, tissue total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status levels were measured in kidney homogenates 3 and 24 h after decompression. Serum creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were also measured. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL method. Bcl-2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Glomerular and tubular structures were also examined histopathologically. RESULTS NaHS reduced kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tumor-necrotizing factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, total oxidant status levels, and increased total antioxidant status levels in kidney 3 and 24 h after decompression. Serum urea, creatinine, and creatine kinase levels also reduced with NaHS. NaHS decreased renal damage and apoptosis in crush-related acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that H2S could reduce crush-related acute kidney injury via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Tekşen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey.
| | - Emine Kadıoğlu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Koçak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Havva Koçak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Asst. Prof. Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Fukuda K, Ishihara M, Murakami K, Nakamura S, Sato Y, Kuwabara M, Fujita M, Kiyosawa T, Yokoe H. Cleansing technique using high-velocity steam-air micromist jet spray. J Med Eng Technol 2017; 41:522-528. [PMID: 28849956 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2017.1364309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of a high-velocity steam-air micromist jet spray (HVS-AMJS; micromist average diameter: 2.4 μm) for cleansing the skin is proposed. Low-pressure steam is mixed with compressed air (pH 6.5) in a nozzle, and then sprayed at a pressure of ≦0.25 MPa and a velocity of ≧0.34 m/s on the skin or surface of material located approximately 5-10 cm from the nozzle. The temperature on the sprayed surface and water flow rate could be controlled between 42 °C and 46 °C and at approximately 50 mL/min, respectively. Compared with ultrasonic cleansing with tap water and rubbing with only tap water, the HVS-AMJS successfully removed fluorescent lotion covering pieces of wood and significantly reduced both the number of coliforms and the total viable counts on pieces of wood and gauze. Furthermore, the HVS-AMJS effectively removed oily ink from the skin of hairless rats, and temporarily elevated the skin temperature and blood flow, indicating massage effects. The striking characteristics of this cleansing technique using HVS-AMJS are not only its ability to remove microbes and residue without using any chemicals or detergents but also its massage effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fukuda
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , Research Institute, National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , Research Institute, National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , Research Institute, National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , Research Institute, National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuwabara
- c Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Masanori Fujita
- d Division of Environmental Medicine , Research Institute, National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kiyosawa
- c Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , National Defense Medical College , Tokorozawa, Saitama , Japan
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Combined administration of anisodamine and neostigmine rescued acute lethal crush syndrome through α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37709. [PMID: 27874086 PMCID: PMC5118690 DOI: 10.1038/srep37709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that Ani (anisodamine)/Neo (neostigmine) combination produced anti-shock effect via activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). In this study, we aim to investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of Ani/Neo combination in acute lethal crush syndrome (CS). In rat and rabbit CS models, Ani/Neo combination increased the 24 h survival rates, improved hemodynamics and decreased the levels of creatine kinase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, K+ in serum. It also decreased the levels of H2O2, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum and compressed muscle in rat CS model. In wild-type (WT) mice with CS, Ani/Neo combination increased 24 h survival rate and decreased the levels of H2O2, MPO, NO, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10 in compressed muscle. These effects were attenuated by α7nAChR knockout (KO). Moreover, Ani/Neo combination prevented the decrease of phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by CS. These effects of Ani/Neo in CS mice were cancelled by methyllycaconitine (α7nAChR antagonist) and α7nAChR KO. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Ani/Neo combination could produce therapeutic effects in CS. The underlying mechanism involves the activation of α7nAChR-dependent JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Takikawa M, Nakamura S, Ishihara M, Takabayashi Y, Fujita M, Hattori H, Kushibiki T, Ishihara M. Improved angiogenesis and healing in crush syndrome by fibroblast growth factor-2-containing low-molecular-weight heparin (Fragmin)/protamine nanoparticles. J Surg Res 2015; 196:247-57. [PMID: 25864985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We produced fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-containing low-molecular-weight heparin (Fragmin)/protamine nanoparticles (FGF-2 + F/P NPs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the local administration of FGF-2 + F/P NPs on repairing crush syndrome (CS)-injured lesions after compression release using a nonlethal and reproducible CS injury rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hind limbs of the anesthetized rats were compressed for 6 h using 3.6 kg blocks, as previously described. The effects of administering FGF-2 + F/P NPs (group A), F/P NPs alone (group B), FGF-2 alone (group C), and saline (control; group D) were examined. Motor function, surface blood flow in the hind limbs, and the wet/dry weight ratio in the tibialis anterior muscle were examined for 1-28 d after the compression release. Histologic analyses were also performed. RESULTS At the middle and late stages (3-28 d after the compression release), group A had higher scores in the motor function, improved blood flow, increased number of blood vessels, and faster recovered muscle tissue, compared with the other groups. There was no significant difference in enhanced edema in the tibialis anterior muscle among all groups. CONCLUSIONS The local administration of FGF-2 + F/P NPs to a CS-injured lesion was effective in repairing damaged muscle tissue after compression release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takikawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Yuki Takabayashi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan; Second Division, Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Hidemi Hattori
- Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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