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Itoi H, Takagi K, Usami T, Nagai Y, Suzuki H, Matsuoka C, Iwata H, Ohzawa Y. Utilizing Activated Carbon Nanopores for Electrochemical Oxidation of Perylene to Redox-Active 3,10-Perylenedione: Application in Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10695-10704. [PMID: 38713153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that nanopores of activated carbon (AC) function as nanoreactors that oxidize perylene (PER) to a redox-active organic compound, 3,10-perylenedione (PERD), without any metal catalysts or organic solvents. PER is first adsorbed on AC in the gas phase, and the PER-adsorbed AC is subjected to electrochemical oxidation in aqueous H2SO4 as the electrolyte. Because gas-phase adsorption is solvent-free, PER is completely adsorbed on AC as long as the amount of PER does not exceed the saturated adsorption capacity of the AC, which enables accurate control of the amount adsorbed. PER is electrochemically oxidized to PERD in the nanopores of AC at above 0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. The hybridized PERD undergoes a rapid reversible two-electron redox reaction in the nanopores owing to the large contact interface between the conductive carbon pore surfaces and PERD. The resulting AC/PERD hybrids serve as electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, utilizing the rapid redox reaction of PERD. The hybridization method is advantageous for quantitatively optimizing electrochemical capacitor performance by adjusting the amount of adsorbed PER. Moreover, because PERD hybridization in the AC nanopores does not expand the electrode volume, the volumetric capacitance increases with increasing hybridized PERD content. In three-electrode cell measurements, the volumetric capacitance at 0.05 A g-1 reaches 299 F cm-3, and 61% of this capacitance is retained at 10 A g-1 when 5 mmol of PER is used per gram of AC. Meanwhile, pristine AC delivers 117 F cm-3 at 0.05 A g-1 with a capacitance retention of 46% at 10 A g-1. Two-electrode cell measurements reveal that self-discharge is significantly suppressed by the hybridized PERD when AC/PERD hybrids and AC are used as cathodes and anodes, respectively, compared to that of a symmetrical AC cell. Moreover, PERD does not undergo cross-diffusion in the asymmetrical cells during self-discharge tests for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Takanori Usami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Yuto Nagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Chika Matsuoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwata
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Ohzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
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Itoi H, Matsuura M, Tanabe Y, Kondo S, Usami T, Ohzawa Y. High utilization efficiencies of alkylbenzokynones hybridized inside the pores of activated carbon for electrochemical capacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2587-2599. [PMID: 36741185 PMCID: PMC9844457 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoquinone derivatives (BQDs) are hybridized inside activated carbon (AC) pores via gas-phase adsorption to prepare electrochemical capacitor materials. In this study, 2 mmol of BQDs are hybridized with 1 g of AC. The hybridization of alkylbenzoquinones (ABQs) with AC enhances the volumetric capacitances of the hybrids from 117 to 201 F cm-3 at 0.05 A g-1 and the capacitances are retained up to 73% at 10 A g-1. Meanwhile, the volumetric capacitances are increased to 163 F cm-3 at 0.05 A g-1 by the hybridization of halobenzoquinones (HBQs) and the capacitance retentions at 0.05 A g-1 are ∼62%, which are higher than that of AC (46%). The results of electrochemical measurements suggest that HBQs exist as agglomerates while ABQs are finely dispersed inside the pores. The ABQs have good contact with the conductive carbon pore surface compared to the HBQs. Consequently, most of the ABQ molecules undergo reversible redox reactions (i.e., high utilization efficiencies), and a large contact area facilitates charge transfer at the large contact interface, thereby endowing the hybrids of ABQs with fast charging and discharging characteristics. HBQ molecules can be finely dispersed by liquid-phase adsorption, but the finely dispersed HBQ molecules are mobile inside the pores at room temperature and gradually form agglomerates. The difference in the existing form of BQDs is explained by the dominant interaction affecting the BQD molecules. ABQs have a strong interaction with the carbon pore surface while the intermolecular interaction is dominant for HBQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of TechnologyYachigusa 1247, Yakusa-choToyota470-0392Japan
| | - Miku Matsuura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of TechnologyYachigusa 1247, Yakusa-choToyota470-0392Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of TechnologyYachigusa 1247, Yakusa-choToyota470-0392Japan
| | - Shoya Kondo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido UniversityKita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-kuSapporo 060-8628Japan
| | - Takanori Usami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of TechnologyYachigusa 1247, Yakusa-choToyota470-0392Japan
| | - Yoshimi Ohzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of TechnologyYachigusa 1247, Yakusa-choToyota470-0392Japan
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