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Lahna D, Schwartz DL, Woltjer R, Black SE, Roese N, Dodge H, Boespflug EL, Keith J, Gao F, Ramirez J, Silbert LC. Venous Collagenosis as Pathogenesis of White Matter Hyperintensity. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:992-1000. [PMID: 36054513 PMCID: PMC9671829 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (pvWMHs) are commonly observed on MRI in older individuals and are associated with cognitive and motor decline. The etiology of pvWMH remains unknown. Venous collagenosis has been implicated, which may also interfere with perivascular fluid flow leading to dilation of perivascular spaces (PVS). Here, we examine relationships between in vivo pvWMH volume and ex vivo morphological quantification of collagenosis and the PVS in veins and arteries. METHODS Brain tissue from 25 Oregon Alzheimer's Disease Research Center subjects was selected to cover the full range of WMH burden. Tissue from white matter abutting the ventricle was stained with Masson's trichrome and smooth muscle actin. An automated hue based algorithm identified and segmented vessel into collagenized vessel walls, lumen, and PVS. Multiple linear regressions with pvWMH volume as the dependent variable and either collagen thickness or PVS width were performed with covariates of vessel diameter, age at death, sex, and interval between MRI and death. RESULTS PVS width and collagen thickness were significantly correlated in both arteries (r = 0.21, p = 0.001) and veins (r = 0.23, p = 0.001). Increased venous collagen (p = 0.017) was a significant predictor of higher pvWMH burden while arterial collagen was not (p = 0.128). Neither PVS width in arteries (p = 0.937) nor veins (p = 0.133) predicted pvWMH burden. INTERPRETATION These findings are consistent with a model in which venous collagenosis mediates the relationship between vascular risk factors and pvWMH. This study confirms the importance of changes to the venous system in contributing to MRI white matter lesions commonly observed with advanced age. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:992-1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lahna
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
| | - Daniel L Schwartz
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon,Advanced Imaging Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
| | | | - Sandra E Black
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, LC Campbell Cognitive NeurologySunnybrook Research Institute, University of TorontoTorontoOntario (ON)Canada,Heart & Stroke FoundationCanadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryTorontoOntarioCanada,Department of Medicine (Neurology)Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Natalie Roese
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
| | - Hiroko Dodge
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
| | - Erin L Boespflug
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
| | - Julia Keith
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CenterUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, LC Campbell Cognitive NeurologySunnybrook Research Institute, University of TorontoTorontoOntario (ON)Canada,Heart & Stroke FoundationCanadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, LC Campbell Cognitive NeurologySunnybrook Research Institute, University of TorontoTorontoOntario (ON)Canada,Heart & Stroke FoundationCanadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Lisa C Silbert
- NIA‐Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, OHSUPortlandOregon
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2
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Li C, Rusinek H, Chen J, Bokacheva L, Vedvyas A, Masurkar AV, Haacke EM, Wisniewski T, Ge Y. Reduced white matter venous density on MRI is associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:972282. [PMID: 36118685 PMCID: PMC9475309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.972282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) provides unique contrast to small venous vasculature. The conspicuity of these mesoscopic veins, such as deep medullary veins in white matter, is subject to change from SWI venography when venous oxygenation in these veins is altered due to oxygenated blood susceptibility changes. The changes of visualization in small veins shows potential to depict regional changes of oxygen utilization and/or vascular density changes in the aging brain. The goal of this study was to use WM venous density to quantify small vein visibility in WM and investigate its relationship with neurodegenerative features, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), and cognitive/functional status in elderly subjects (N = 137). WM venous density was significantly associated with neurodegeneration characterized by brain atrophy (β = 0.046± 0.01, p < 0.001), but no significant association was found between WM venous density and WMHs lesion load (p = 0.3963). Further analysis of clinical features revealed a negative trend of WM venous density with the sum-of-boxes of Clinical Dementia Rating and a significant association with category fluency (1-min animal naming). These results suggest that WM venous density on SWI can be used as a sensitive marker to characterize cerebral oxygen metabolism and different stages of cognitive and functional status in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Henry Rusinek
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jingyun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Louisa Bokacheva
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alok Vedvyas
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arjun V. Masurkar
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - E. Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Departments of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yulin Ge
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Wu X, Ya J, Zhou D, Ding Y, Ji X, Meng R. Pathogeneses and Imaging Features of Cerebral White Matter Lesions of Vascular Origins. Aging Dis 2021; 12:2031-2051. [PMID: 34881084 PMCID: PMC8612616 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter lesion (WML), also known as white matter hyperintensities or leukoaraiosis, was first termed in 1986 to describe the hyperintense signals on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) maps. Over the past decades, a growing body of pathophysiological findings regarding WMLs have been discovered and discussed. Currently, the generally accepted WML pathogeneses mainly include hypoxia-ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and infiltration of inflammatory mediators or cytokines. However, none of them can explain the whole dynamics of WML formation. Herein, we primarily focus on the pathogeneses and neuroimaging features of vascular WMLs. To achieve this goal, we searched papers with any type published in PubMed from 1950 to 2020 and cross-referenced the keywords including “leukoencephalopathy”, “leukoaraiosis”, “white matter hyperintensity”, “white matter lesion”, “pathogenesis”, “pathology”, “pathophysiology”, and “neuroimaging”. Moreover, references of the selected articles were browsed and searched for additional pertinent articles. We believe this work will supply the robust references for clinicians to further understand the different WML patterns of varying vascular etiologies and thus make customized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Ya
- 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Center School of Medicine, the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Da Zhou
- 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- 3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,5Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- 1Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,3Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Rastogi A, Weissert R, Bhaskar SMM. Emerging role of white matter lesions in cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5531-5559. [PMID: 34233379 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White matter lesions have been implicated in the setting of stroke, dementia, intracerebral haemorrhage, several other cerebrovascular conditions, migraine, various neuroimmunological diseases like multiple sclerosis, disorders of metabolism, mitochondrial diseases and others. While much is understood vis a vis neuroimmunological conditions, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these lesions, and their role in, and implications to, management of cerebrovascular diseases or stroke, especially in the elderly, are limited. Several clinical assessment tools are available for delineating white matter lesions in clinical practice. However, their incorporation into clinical decision-making and specifically prognosis and management of patients is suboptimal for use in standards of care. This article sought to provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances on pathophysiology, as well as clinical and radiological assessment, of white matter lesions with a focus on its development, progression and clinical implications in cerebrovascular diseases. Key indications for clinical practice and recommendations on future areas of research are also discussed. Finally, a conceptual proposal on putative mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of white matter lesions in cerebrovascular disease has been presented. Understanding of pathophysiology of white matter lesions and how they mediate outcomes is important to develop therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Rastogi
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonu Menachem Maimonides Bhaskar
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Brain Clot Bank, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Tshering S, Youden S, Pema D. Eclampsia and postpartum onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage in dual setting of cerebral venous thrombosis and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2210-2213. [PMID: 33936666 PMCID: PMC8077395 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be an initial presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis. Eclampsia and postpartum onset of SAH should prompt physicians to identify possible causes and institute prompt management to avert irreversible cerebrovascular sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangay Tshering
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyJigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral HospitalThimphuBhutan
| | - Sonam Youden
- Faculty of Post Graduate MedicineKhesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of BhutanThimphuBhutan
| | - Dechen Pema
- Department of RadiologyJigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral HospitalThimphuBhutan
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6
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Stringer MS, Lee H, Huuskonen MT, MacIntosh BJ, Brown R, Montagne A, Atwi S, Ramirez J, Jansen MA, Marshall I, Black SE, Zlokovic BV, Benveniste H, Wardlaw JM. A Review of Translational Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human and Rodent Experimental Models of Small Vessel Disease. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:15-30. [PMID: 32936435 PMCID: PMC7803876 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major health burden, yet the pathophysiology remains poorly understood with no effective treatment. Since much of SVD develops silently and insidiously, non-invasive neuroimaging such as MRI is fundamental to detecting and understanding SVD in humans. Several relevant SVD rodent models are established for which MRI can monitor in vivo changes over time prior to histological examination. Here, we critically review the MRI methods pertaining to salient rodent models and evaluate synergies with human SVD MRI methods. We found few relevant publications, but argue there is considerable scope for greater use of MRI in rodent models, and opportunities for harmonisation of the rodent-human methods to increase the translational potential of models to understand SVD in humans. We summarise current MR techniques used in SVD research, provide recommendations and examples and highlight practicalities for use of MRI SVD imaging protocols in pre-selected, relevant rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Stringer
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mikko T Huuskonen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosalind Brown
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Atwi
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- Edinburgh Preclinical Imaging, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Marshall
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sandra E Black
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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7
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Jochems ACC, Blair GW, Stringer MS, Thrippleton MJ, Clancy U, Chappell FM, Brown R, Jaime Garcia D, Hamilton OKL, Morgan AG, Marshall I, Hetherington K, Wiseman S, MacGillivray T, Valdés-Hernández MC, Doubal FN, Wardlaw JM. Relationship Between Venules and Perivascular Spaces in Sporadic Small Vessel Diseases. Stroke 2020; 51:1503-1506. [PMID: 32264759 PMCID: PMC7185057 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Perivascular spaces (PVS) around venules may help drain interstitial fluid from the brain. We examined relationships between suspected venules and PVS visible on brain magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C C Jochems
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Gordon W Blair
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Michael S Stringer
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Michael J Thrippleton
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Una Clancy
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rosalind Brown
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Daniela Jaime Garcia
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Olivia K L Hamilton
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Alasdair G Morgan
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ian Marshall
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kirstie Hetherington
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Stewart Wiseman
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tom MacGillivray
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Maria C Valdés-Hernández
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Fergus N Doubal
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., R.B., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., A.G.M., I.M., K.H., S.W., T.M., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,UK Dementia Research Institute (A.C.C.J., G.W.B., M.S.S., M.J.T., U.C., F.M.C., D.J.G., O.K.L.H., S.W., M.C.V.-H., F.N.D., J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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8
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Nan D, Cheng Y, Feng L, Zhao M, Ma D, Feng J. Potential Mechanism of Venous System for Leukoaraiosis: From post-mortem to in vivo Research. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:101-108. [PMID: 32045917 DOI: 10.1159/000505157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoaraiosis (LA), widely accepted as a feature of cerebral small vessel disease, significantly increases the incidence of stroke, dementia, and death. Cerebral small artery disease has been considered as one of the main causes of LA. However, since the term "venous collagenosis" (VC) was proposed in an atrophy research in 1995, there have been pathological and neuroimaging studies proving the association between the venous system and LA in aging, Alz-heimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease. SUMMARY Autopsy studies confirmed that thickening of the lumen wall in venules, which results from the deposition of collagen I and III, leading to vessel stenosis or occlusion, is closely associated with LA. Susceptibility-weighted imaging research revealed a controversial association of deep medullary veins and LA in vivo, regarding which there are no standard criteria currently. Nevertheless, retinal venous changes had been reported to increase the risk of LA development, providing a novel way for in vivo evaluation. As for the internal jugular vein, jugular venous reflux could double the LA score in aging and modulate circulation of cerebral spinal fluids. Key Messages: Disruption of the venous system was notably associated with LA in aging, AD, and Parkinson's disease post-mortem and in in vivo models. The venous pathological changes may induce cerebral hypoperfusion, drainage system disruption, and vasogenic oedema in the veins around the periventricular white matter. The clarification of VC in LA may provide an early prevention and early treatment strategy for LA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Nan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,
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9
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Denver P, D’Adamo H, Hu S, Zuo X, Zhu C, Okuma C, Kim P, Castro D, Jones MR, Leal C, Mekkittikul M, Ghadishah E, Teter B, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Frautschy SA. A Novel Model of Mixed Vascular Dementia Incorporating Hypertension in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1269. [PMID: 31708792 PMCID: PMC6821690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MxD) comprise the majority of dementia cases in the growing global aging population. MxD describes the coexistence of AD pathology with vascular pathology, including cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Cardiovascular disease increases risk for AD and MxD, but mechanistic synergisms between the coexisting pathologies affecting dementia risk, progression and the ultimate clinical manifestations remain elusive. To explore the additive or synergistic interactions between AD and chronic hypertension, we developed a rat model of MxD, produced by breeding APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenes into the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) background, resulting in the SHRSP/FAD model and three control groups (FAD, SHRSP and non-hypertensive WKY rats, n = 8-11, both sexes, 16-18 months of age). After behavioral testing, rats were euthanized, and tissue assessed for vascular, neuroinflammatory and AD pathology. Hypertension was preserved in the SHRSP/FAD cross. Results showed that SHRSP increased FAD-dependent neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) and tau pathology, but plaque pathology changes were subtle, including fewer plaques with compact cores and slightly reduced plaque burden. Evidence for vascular pathology included a change in the distribution of astrocytic end-foot protein aquaporin-4, normally distributed in microvessels, but in SHRSP/FAD rats largely dissociated from vessels, appearing disorganized or redistributed into neuropil. Other evidence of SVD-like pathology included increased collagen IV staining in cerebral vessels and PECAM1 levels. We identified a plasma biomarker in SHRSP/FAD rats that was the only group to show increased Aqp-4 in plasma exosomes. Evidence of neuron damage in SHRSP/FAD rats included increased caspase-cleaved actin, loss of myelin and reduced calbindin staining in neurons. Further, there were mitochondrial deficits specific to SHRSP/FAD, notably the loss of complex II, accompanying FAD-dependent loss of mitochondrial complex I. Cognitive deficits exhibited by FAD rats were not exacerbated by the introduction of the SHRSP phenotype, nor was the hyperactivity phenotype associated with SHRSP altered by the FAD transgene. This novel rat model of MxD, encompassing an amyloidogenic transgene with a hypertensive phenotype, exhibits several features associated with human vascular or "mixed" dementia and may be a useful tool in delineating the pathophysiology of MxD and development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denver
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Heather D’Adamo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zuo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Castro
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mychica R. Jones
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Leal
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Mekkittikul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elham Ghadishah
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Michael Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A. Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Zhang R, Li Q, Zhou Y, Yan S, Zhang M, Lou M. The relationship between deep medullary veins score and the severity and distribution of intracranial microbleeds. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101830. [PMID: 31039526 PMCID: PMC6529678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Microbleeds are frequently detected in normal elderly population, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment. Previous histopathologic findings mainly focused on arteries and capillaries. Nevertheless, few studies investigated the relationship between venous disruption and microbleeds. Objective We aimed to evaluate the extent of venous disruption in vivo and assess the correlation between deep medullary veins (DMVs) disruption and the severity and distribution of intracranial microbleeds in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, laboratory and imaging data of the patients admitted to our department who received brain MRI and presented with CSVD imaging markers. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) phase images were used to observe characteristics of DMVs and derive a brain region-based DMVs visual score. SWI magnitude images were used to evaluate microbleeds. We recorded the number and distribution (lobar or deep or infratentorial) of microbleeds. One-way ANOVA and logistic-regression analysis were used to examine the association between the DMVs score and microbleeds. Results A total of 369 cSVD patients were analyzed, including 177 (48.0%) patients with microbleeds, among whom 81(45.8%) patients had 1–2 microbleeds and 96 (54.2%) patients had ≥3 microbleeds (extensive microbleeds). The patients' DMVs score ranged from 0 to18, with a median score of 8(6–12). Higher DMVs score was independently associated with extensive microbleeds (OR = 1.108, 95%Cl: 1.010–1.215, p = 0.03) after adjusting for gender, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, Fazekas score and number of lacunas. According to the distribution, 38 (21.5%) patients were found with strict lobar microbleeds, while 139 (78.5%) patients had non-strict lobar microbleeds. Higher DMVs score was also independently associated with non-strict lobar microbleeds (OR = 1.106, 95% Cl: 1.019–1.200, p = 0.016) after adjusting for gender, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, Fazekas score and number of lacunas. DMVs score was not associated with strict lobar microbleeds (p = 0.307). Conclusion DMVs disruption might be involved in the development of extensive microbleeds, especially non-strict lobar cerebral microbleeds. Deep medullary veins disruption was associated with extensive microbleeds. Deep medullary veins disruption was associated with non-strict lobar microbleeds. Venous insufficiency may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of microbleeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Parfenov VA, Ostroumova OD, Ostroumova TM, Kochetkov AI, Fateeva VV, Khacheva KK, Khakimova GR, Epstein OI. Vascular cognitive impairment: pathophysiological mechanisms, insights into structural basis, and perspectives in specific treatments. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1381-1402. [PMID: 31190841 PMCID: PMC6535085 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s197032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and vascular dementia are the most common forms of cognitive disorder associated with cerebrovascular disease and related to increased morbidity and mortality among the older population. Growing evidence suggests the contribution of blood-pressure variability, cardiac arrhythmia, hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling and stiffness, different angiopathies, neural tissue homeostasis, and systemic metabolic disorders to the pathophysiology of VCI. In this review, we focus on factors contributing to cerebrovascular disease, neurovascular unit alterations, and novel approaches to cognitive improvement in patients with cognitive decline. One of the important factors associated with the neuronal causes of VCI is the S100B protein, which can affect the expression of cytokines in the brain, support homeostasis, and regulate processes of differentiation, repair, and apoptosis of the nervous tissue. Since the pathological basis of VCI is complex and diverse, treatment affecting the mechanisms of cognitive disorders should be developed. The prospective role of a novel complex drug consisting of released-active antibodies to S100 and to endothelial NO synthase in VCI treatment is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Parfenov
- Department of Neurology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga D Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and therapy, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Internal Medicine and Propaedeutics I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana M Ostroumova
- Department of Neurology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey I Kochetkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and therapy, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria V Fateeva
- Medical Information Department, OOO NPF Materia Medica Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kristina K Khacheva
- Medical Information Department, OOO NPF Materia Medica Holding, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gulnara R Khakimova
- Research and Analytical Division of Scientific Research and Development Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg I Epstein
- Laboratory of Physiologicaly Active Substances, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Jung NY, Han JC, Ong YT, Cheung CYL, Chen CP, Wong TY, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Lee J, Lee JS, Jang YK, Kee C, Lee KH, Kim EJ, Seo SW, Na DL. Retinal microvasculature changes in amyloid-negative subcortical vascular cognitive impairment compared to amyloid-positive Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2018; 396:94-101. [PMID: 30447606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate small vessel abnormalities in patients with cognitive impairment, we compared retinal microvascular alterations between patients with cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer's disease (ADCI) and those with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI). METHODS We prospectively recruited 29 amyloid-positive ADCI patients, 28 amyloid-negative SVCI patients that were confirmed by 11C-PiB-PET scan and 34 individuals with normal cognition (NC). The three groups were compared in terms of retinal vascular variables (retinal fractal dimension, vascular caliber, tortuosity and branching angle) by using a semi-automated, computer-assisted analysis of digital fundus photographs. We also investigated the relationship between retinal variables and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI. RESULTS Compared to NC individuals, the SVCI patients had smaller total and arteriolar fractal dimensions, whereas there was no significant difference of fractal dimension between ADCI and NC. Other retinal variables did not differ among the three groups. A significant correlation existed between fractal dimension and WMH volume. CONCLUSIONS Retinal microvascular alterations, especially retinal fractal dimension, may be useful markers that reflect cerebral microvascular changes in patients with SVCI as opposed to ADCI, who had no definite difference in retinal variables compared to the NC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Ting Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Carol Yim-Lui Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Hartmann DA, Hyacinth HI, Liao FF, Shih AY. Does pathology of small venules contribute to cerebral microinfarcts and dementia? J Neurochem 2018; 144:517-526. [PMID: 28950410 PMCID: PMC5869083 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microinfarcts are small, but strikingly common, ischemic brain lesions in the aging human brain. There is mounting evidence that microinfarcts contribute to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, but the origins of microinfarcts are unclear. Understanding the vascular pathologies that cause microinfarcts may yield strategies to prevent their occurrence and reduce their deleterious effects on brain function. Current thinking suggests that cortical microinfarcts arise from the occlusion of penetrating arterioles, which are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to small volumes of tissue. Unexpectedly, pre-clinical studies have shown that the occlusion of penetrating venules, which drain deoxygenated blood from cortex, lead to microinfarcts that appear identical to those resulting from arteriole occlusion. Here we discuss the idea that cerebral venule pathology could be an overlooked source for brain microinfarcts in humans. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia". Cover Image for this Issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14167.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hartmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hyacinth I. Hyacinth
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, USA
| | - Francesca-Fang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andy Y. Shih
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Cerebral Venous Collagen Remodeling in a Modified White Matter Lesions Animal Model. Neuroscience 2017; 367:72-84. [PMID: 29111361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To mimic the expected pathological changes of white matter lesions (WMLs) and increase the stability, we applied modified two-vessel occlusion (modified 2VO) (1-week interval bilateral carotid artery occlusion) in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSP) and established a modified WMLs model (RHRSP/modified 2VO) that compared their phenotypes with RHRSP and sham-operated rats. In addition, we tried to differentiate small veins from small arteries through the presence of smooth muscle to study the pathological changes of small veins detailed in the model. RHRSP/modified 2VO rats showed higher stability and more extensive white matter damage without an obvious increase in mortality rate at 12 weeks after the modified 2VO operation compared to RHRSP rats. RHRSP/modified 2VO rats showed more severe small venous collagen deposition than RHRSP rats, and the majority of the deposition was collagen I and IV rather than collagen III. In addition, RHRSP/modified 2VO rats possessed cognitive impairment, mild wall thickness and blood-brain barrier disruption. Our findings suggest that the modified WMLs model (RHRSP/modified 2VO) mimics cognitive impairment and small vessel pathological changes similar to WMLs in humans. Differentiating small veins from small arteries through smooth muscle is feasible, and marked small venous deposition may play an important role in the hypertensive white matter lesions.
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15
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Edwards JD, Ramirez J, Callahan BL, Tobe SW, Oh P, Berezuk C, Lanctôt K, Swardfager W, Nestor S, Kiss A, Strother S, Black SE. Antihypertensive Treatment is associated with MRI-Derived Markers of Neurodegeneration and Impaired Cognition: A Propensity-Weighted Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1113-1122. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi D. Edwards
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brandy L. Callahan
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Paul Oh
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Courtney Berezuk
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krista Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean Nestor
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen Strother
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Black
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute>, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Site, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Pettersen JA, Keith J, Gao F, Spence JD, Black SE. CADASIL accelerated by acute hypotension: Arterial and venous contribution to leukoaraiosis. Neurology 2017; 88:1077-1080. [PMID: 28202707 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To underline the importance of blood pressure regulation in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and to describe changes that occur in the veins in this condition, specifically venous collagenosis associated with leukoaraiosis. METHODS Case report with neuroimaging and pathologic data. RESULTS A 61-year-old man with genetically confirmed CADASIL was initially lucid following a motor vehicle accident but subsequently became hypotensive (60/40 mm Hg) due to an open femur fracture and required intubation. Multiple new white matter infarcts appeared on brain imaging. A second hypotensive episode days later was associated with new coin-sized infarcts in the bilateral corona radiata and cerebellar peduncles, and resulted in quadriplegia. No embolic source was found on cardiac or vascular imaging. He died 5 weeks post trauma. Autopsy revealed extensive subcortical and periventricular leukoencephalopathy and multiple cavitations involving deep subcortical gray and white matter. Small arteries had thickened walls, disruption of the muscularis, and intimal periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material. Both larger periventricular and small caliber veins had thickened walls that were PAS-negative and trichrome-positive, consistent with venous collagenosis. There was no pathologic evidence of global hypoxia or diffuse axonal injury. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest rapid acceleration of CADASIL pathology from acute hypotension in the setting of impaired vasoreactivity. In addition, collagenosis of veins in the affected white matter regions suggests that the veins may play an important, though largely overlooked, role in maintaining white matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Pettersen
- From the Northern Medical Program and Division of Neurology (J.A.P.), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Anatomic Pathology (J.K.) and Medicine (Neurology Division) (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Hurwitz Brain Sciences Program (F.G., S.E.B.), Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (F.G., S.E.B.), and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit (F.G., S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; and Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.S.D.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada.
| | - Julia Keith
- From the Northern Medical Program and Division of Neurology (J.A.P.), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Anatomic Pathology (J.K.) and Medicine (Neurology Division) (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Hurwitz Brain Sciences Program (F.G., S.E.B.), Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (F.G., S.E.B.), and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit (F.G., S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; and Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.S.D.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- From the Northern Medical Program and Division of Neurology (J.A.P.), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Anatomic Pathology (J.K.) and Medicine (Neurology Division) (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Hurwitz Brain Sciences Program (F.G., S.E.B.), Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (F.G., S.E.B.), and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit (F.G., S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; and Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.S.D.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J David Spence
- From the Northern Medical Program and Division of Neurology (J.A.P.), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Anatomic Pathology (J.K.) and Medicine (Neurology Division) (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Hurwitz Brain Sciences Program (F.G., S.E.B.), Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (F.G., S.E.B.), and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit (F.G., S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; and Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.S.D.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- From the Northern Medical Program and Division of Neurology (J.A.P.), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Anatomic Pathology (J.K.) and Medicine (Neurology Division) (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Hurwitz Brain Sciences Program (F.G., S.E.B.), Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (F.G., S.E.B.), and LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit (F.G., S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto; and Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.S.D.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
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17
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Li B, Yang ZB, Lei SS, Su J, Pang MX, Yin C, Chen GY, Shan CW, Chen B, Hu HM, Chen SH, Lv GY. Beneficial Effects of Paeoniflorin Enriched Extract on Blood Pressure Variability and Target Organ Damage in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:5816960. [PMID: 28243310 PMCID: PMC5294363 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5816960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with the development and progression of severe target organ damage (TOD). This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of paeoniflorin enriched extract from Radix Paeoniae Alba (PG) on BPV and TOD in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). All SHR were orally treated with distilled water, metoprolol (MP, 20 mg/kg), and PG (PG-H, 90 mg/kg or PG-L, 30 mg/kg) for a single time or daily for 7 weeks. The 24-hour dynamic blood pressure was monitored and then calculated BPV including long- and short-term systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV), diastolic blood pressure variability (DBPV), mean blood pressure variability (MBPV), and heart rate variability (HRV) as well as the 24-hour-SBP, 24-hour-DBP, and 24-hour-MBP. The protective effects of PG on TOD were observed by histopathologic and biochemical detection. The results indicated that long- and short-term SBPV, DBPV, MBPV, and HRV as well as 24-hour-SBP, 24-hour-DBP, and 24-hour-MBP showed no significant changes after single-dose administration of PG and significantly decreased after administration with PG for 7 weeks. PG could also markedly improve the damage of aorta, heart, kidney, and brain. This study suggested that PG could notably reduce BPV, stabilize blood pressure, and mitigate TOD in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Zheng-Biao Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shan-Shan Lei
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jie Su
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Min-Xia Pang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guo-Yang Chen
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao-Wen Shan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hui-Ming Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
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18
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Belova LA, Mashin VV, Kolotik-Kameneva OY, Belova NV. [Effect of cytoflavin on the clinical and autonomic-psychological manifestations of hypertensive disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 88:55-61. [PMID: 27239928 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688555-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of incorporating cytoflavin in a treatment regimen for patients with different stages of hypertensive disease (HD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The results of treatment were analyzed in 140 patients with HD (53 with Stage I, 50 with Stage II, and 37 with Stage III). According to the treatment regimen, the patients were divided into 2 groups. A study group (n=74) received combination treatment involving antihypertensive therapy and cytoflavin intravenously dropwisely in a single dose of 200 ml of 5% glucose solution for 10 days, then 2 tablets twice daily for 60 days, with a total cycle time being 70 days. A comparison group (n=66) had antihypertensive therapy only. Thirty apparently healthy individuals (a control group) were examined to have reference values. All the patients were examined using conventional clinical and laboratory studies. The patients' complaints and neurological status were assessed using respective questionnaires over time - before and after treatment. RESULTS The incorporation of cytoflavin in a treatment regimen was ascertained to reduce the degree of anxiety, depressive, dissomnic, and cognitive disorders, improves quality of life in patients with Stage I HD, and lowers the degree of asthenic and autonomic disorders in all disease stages. CONCLUSION The found efficacy and safety of the drug may recommend its incorporation in combination therapy regimens for Stages I-III HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Belova
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | - V V Mashin
- Ulyanovsk State University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Ulyanovsk, Russia
| | | | - N V Belova
- Neurology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Gorelick PB, Counts SE, Nyenhuis D. Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:860-8. [PMID: 26704177 PMCID: PMC5232167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment are receiving heightened attention as potentially modifiable factors for dementias of later life. These factors have now been linked not only to vascular cognitive disorders but also Alzheimer's disease. In this chapter we review 3 related topics that address vascular contributions to cognitive impairment: 1. vascular pathogenesis and mechanisms; 2. neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypic manifestations of cerebrovascular disease; and 3. prospects for prevention of cognitive impairment of later life based on cardiovascular and stroke risk modification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Gorelick
- Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, 220 Cherry Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Scott E Counts
- Translational Science & Molecular Medicine and Family Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - David Nyenhuis
- Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Neuropsychology Program, Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, 220 Cherry Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Unraveling the potential co-contributions of cerebral small vessel vasculopathy to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:49. [PMID: 26161148 PMCID: PMC4496891 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence for the potential co-contributions of small vessel vasculopathy to dementia has resulted in a more nuanced view of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although cerebral small vessel disease, visualized on magnetic resonance imaging as hyperintense signal abnormalities, independently predicts the incidence and clinical progression of dementia, the relationships between AD pathology, white matter hyperintensity volume, genotype, and cognitive decline in AD remain unclear. The study by Morgen and colleagues, recently published in Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, presents important new findings on the associations between apolipoprotien E ε4 genotype, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition, independent of vascular risk, in a cohort of AD patients.
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