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Quiton KGN, Huang YH, Lu MC. Photocatalytic oxidation of Reactive Red 195 by bimetallic Fe-Co catalyst: Statistical modeling and optimization via Box-Behnken design. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139509. [PMID: 37459934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective tool for process optimization with multi-complex operational factors. The present work aims to model and optimize the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) parameters of Reactive Red 195 (RR195) dye decoloration with the SiO2-supported Fe-Co catalyst (FCS) derived from a novel catalyst synthesis method, fluidized-bed crystallization (FBC) process, using Box-Behnken design (BBD) as the RSM statistical model. The Fe-Co@SiO2 catalyst was successfully fabricated using the FBC process, and it showed good catalytic activity and performance toward the degradation of RR195. The extent of the effects of pH, H2O2 dosage (HD), catalyst loading (CL), and operating time (t) on the decoloration of RR195 was studied. Hence, the order of variable significance follows the sequence: pH > t > CL > HD. pH has the most significant effect among the variables for RR195 decoloration. The decoloration efficiency predicted by the BBD model was 88.3% under the optimized operation conditions of initial pH of 3.15, 0.76 mM H2O2, 1.18 g L-1 FCS and 59.4 min of operating time. The actual decoloration efficiency was very close to the predicted value indicating that BBD can efficiently be utilized to optimize RR195 degradation with FCS under the PCO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyle Glainmer N Quiton
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chun Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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2
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Wang P, Sakhno Y, Adhikari S, Peng H, Jaisi D, Soneye T, Higgins B, Wang Q. Effect of ammonia removal and biochar detoxification on anaerobic digestion of aqueous phase from municipal sludge hydrothermal liquefaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124730. [PMID: 33548815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising method to convert municipal sludge into an energy-dense fuel. The inevitable by-product aqueous phase is rich in complex organics, which has the potential for energy and nutrient recovery and can be treated by anaerobic digestion to produce methane. However, toxic compounds such as ammonia and phenolics present would inhibit the function of micro-organisms. This study investigated the influence of ammonia and phenolics removal on anaerobic digestion. The results showed that the treated aqueous phase resulted in up to 225 ml CH4/g COD. The highest methane production was obtained in the culture with both ammonia and phenolics removal at pH 7.0, which was about 90% higher than only ammonia removal and seven times higher than only phenolics removal. The microbial community analysis results showed that these two treatments could increase microbial diversity and upregulate the relative abundance of methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pixiang Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yuriy Sakhno
- Plant & Soil Sciences Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Sushil Adhikari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Haixin Peng
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Deb Jaisi
- Plant & Soil Sciences Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Temitope Soneye
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brendan Higgins
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Qichen Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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3
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McDonald MA, Salami H, Harris PR, Lagerman CE, Yang X, Bommarius AS, Grover MA, Rousseau RW. Reactive crystallization: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive crystallization is not new, but there has been recent growth in its use as a means of improving performance and sustainability of industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. McDonald
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Hossein Salami
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Patrick R. Harris
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Colton E. Lagerman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Xiaochuan Yang
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Silver Spring
- USA
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Martha A. Grover
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Ronald W. Rousseau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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Rodrigues DM, do Amaral Fragoso R, Carvalho AP, Hein T, Guerreiro de Brito A. Recovery of phosphates as struvite from urine-diverting toilets: optimization of pH, Mg:PO 4 ratio and contact time to improve precipitation yield and crystal morphology. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:1276-1286. [PMID: 31850879 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (P) recovery from urban wastewaters is an effective strategy to address environmental protection and resource conservation, aiming at an effective circular economy. Off-grid wastewater treatment systems like urine-diverting toilets (UDT) can contribute to source separation towards nutrient recovery, namely phosphorus recovery. Effectiveness of P precipitation requires a process-based knowledge regarding pH, Mg:PO4, contact time and their interactions in P recovery and crystal morphology. Several studies failed to see the process as a whole and how factors influence both morphology and P recovery for UDT hydrolysed urine. This study addressed the above-mentioned factors and their interactions, and results showed that pH and Mg:PO4 ratio are the key factors for struvite precipitation, whereas contact time is relevant for crystal growth. The recommended set of factors proposed (pH 8.5, Mg:PO4 ratio of 1.2:1 and 30 minutes contact time) not only promotes a high precipitation yield - 99% of P with co-precipitation of at least 21% of ammonium (NH4 +) - but also leads to larger crystals with lower water solubility (10% less crystals dissolved in water after 3 days). The obtained outcome facilitates the downstream process and leads to a more efficient slow-release fertiliser, as less P is wasted to receiving waters by leaching, minimising eutrophication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Manuel Rodrigues
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food - LEAF, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Rita do Amaral Fragoso
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food - LEAF, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Ana Paula Carvalho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Hein
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße, 33/DG 1180 Vienna, Austria and WasserClusterLunz, Dr. Carl KupelwieserPromenade 5, AT-3293 Lunz am See, Austria
| | - António Guerreiro de Brito
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food - LEAF, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal E-mail:
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5
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Optimum recovery of phosphate from simulated wastewater by unseeded fluidized-bed crystallization process. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Caddarao PS, Garcia-Segura S, Ballesteros FC, Huang YH, Lu MC. Phosphorous recovery by means of fluidized bed homogeneous crystallization of calcium phosphate. Influence of operational variables and electrolytes on brushite homogeneous crystallization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shih YJ, Abarca RRM, de Luna MDG, Huang YH, Lu MC. Recovery of phosphorus from synthetic wastewaters by struvite crystallization in a fluidized-bed reactor: Effects of pH, phosphate concentration and coexisting ions. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:466-473. [PMID: 28135681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of struvite in fluidized-bed crystallizer (FBC) was performed to treat synthetic wastewaters that contain phosphorous. Under optimal conditions (pH 9.5, molar ratio Mg/N/P = 1.3/4/1, struvite seed dose (53-297 μm) = 30 g L-1, total flow rate = 12 ml min-1, reflux = 120 ml min-1), the removal of phosphate (PR) and the crystallization ratio (CR) were 95.8% and 93.5%, respectively. Based on a thermodynamic prediction, the supersaturation, which was obtained from the difference between the theoretical solubility and phosphate concentration, predominated the crystallization efficiency and the properties of the struvite pellets, such as their morphology, particle size and apparent density. Coexisting ions NO3- (80, 160 ppm), CH2COOH- (260, 520 ppm), F- (650, 1300 ppm) and SO42- (650, 1300 ppm), were utilized to prepare P-containing wastewaters. Of these ions, SO42- (1300 ppm) remarkably reduced the capability of FBC to remove phosphate from solution. In the presence of NO3- and CH3COO- (for synthesizing TFT-LCD wastewater), and F- and SO42- (for synthesizing semiconductor wastewater), CR% was lower than in pure water, although the ultimate PR% did not differ significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, 70101 Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ralf Ruffel M Abarca
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mark Daniel G de Luna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, 70101 Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Lu
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, No.60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende Dist., 71710 Tainan, Taiwan.
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Fang C, Zhang T, Jiang R, Ohtake H. Phosphate enhance recovery from wastewater by mechanism analysis and optimization of struvite settleability in fluidized bed reactor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32215. [PMID: 27573918 PMCID: PMC5004189 DOI: 10.1038/srep32215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since phosphorus, a non-renewable and non-substitutable resource, has become the principal contributor and limiting factor to water eutrophication, achieving phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater is pretty essential. Even though struvite crystallization process has been widely used for phosphate (P) recovery in wastewater treatment, its application is hampered by difficulties controlling small particle size and crystal growth. This study was conducted to control the settleability of struvite by calculating and predicting the struvite-settling percentage (Ps), which is always affected by the initial concentration of P (CP), solution pH (pH), reaction time (t), reaction temperature (T), agitation rate (Ar), and inlet flow velocity (vf) of the fluidized bed reactor. The results showed that the settleability of struvite could be enhanced by increasing T and decreasing pH, Ar, or vf, and would perform worse with overlong t or excessive CP. The dynamic variation process of the solution supersaturated index (SI) combined with the phase equilibrium theory and Ostwald ripening mechanism explained the above results sufficiently. The logistic model was chosen to predict the Ps under multi-factors, but the accuracy needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hisao Ohtake
- Research Institute for Phosphorus Atlas, Waseda University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ping Q, Li Y, Wu X, Yang L, Wang L. Characterization of morphology and component of struvite pellets crystallized from sludge dewatering liquor: Effects of total suspended solid and phosphate concentrations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 310:261-269. [PMID: 26947188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale struvite pellet crystallization system was used to study phosphorus (P) removal and recovery from sludge dewatering liquor (SDL). Influences of total suspended solids (TSS) and phosphate concentrations on P removal as well as the size, morphology, purity, and components of struvite pellets were investigated. The increase in TSS concentration resulted in not only the decreases in phosphate removal efficiency and struvite purity but also the irregular pellet morphology and broken struvite crystals. Increasing inlet PO4-P concentration enhanced PO4-P removal, average struvite pellet diameter, purity and crystal volume growth rate. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), calcite, brucite and magnesium phosphate were formed as co-precipitates with struvite. However, species and quantity of co-precipitates could be variable. More calcium precipitates were easily formed at lower PO4-P concentration (48mg/L), while brucite was the main co-precipitate at higher PO4-P concentration (151mg/L). Organic compounds were involved in struvite pellets along with suspended solids during the formation of struvite. Higher TSS concentration resulted in both more species and higher contents of organic compounds in struvite pellets. Therefore, it is essential to remove suspended solids in advance so as to obtain high P-removal and harvest high-quality struvite pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xinghai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Huang H, Liu J, Jiang Y. Crystallization and precipitation of phosphate from swine wastewater by magnesium metal corrosion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16601. [PMID: 26558521 PMCID: PMC4642316 DOI: 10.1038/srep16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a unique approach for magnesium dosage in struvite precipitation by Mg metal corrosion. The experimental results showed that using an air bubbling column filled with Mg metal and graphite pellets for the magnesium dosage was the optimal operation mode, which could significantly accelerate the corrosion of the Mg metal pellets due to the presence of graphite granules. The reaction mechanism experiments revealed that the solution pH could be used as the indicator for struvite crystallization by the process. Increases in the Mg metal dosage, mass ratio of graphite and magnesium metal (G:M) and airflow rate could rapidly increase the solution pH. When all three conditions were at 10 g L–1, 1:1 and 1 L min–1, respectively, the phosphate recovery efficiency reached 97.5%. To achieve a high level of automation for the phosphate recovery process, a continuous-flow reactor immersed with the graphite-magnesium air bubbling column was designed to harvest the phosphate from actual swine wastewater. Under conditions of intermittently supplementing small amounts of Mg metal pellets, approximately 95% of the phosphate could be stably recovered as struvite of 95.8% (±0.5) purity. An economic analysis indicated that the process proposed was technically simple and economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
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Moed NM, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Struvite as alternative nutrient source for cultivation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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