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Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Makki Almansour N, Aldakheel FM, Rather RA, Afroze D, Rah B. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in prostate cancer: its implications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:3868-3889. [PMID: 34017579 PMCID: PMC8129253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in developed countries and approximately 248,530 new cases of prostate cancer are likely to be diagnosed in the United States in 2021. During the late 1990s and 2000s, the prostate cancer-related death rate has decreased by 4% per year on average because of advancements in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. However, the non-specificity of PSA to distinguish between benign and malignant forms of cancer is a major concern in the management of prostate cancer. Despite other risk factors in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, recent advancement in molecular genetics suggests that genetic heredity plays a crucial role in prostate carcinogenesis. Approximately, 60% of heritability and more than 100 well-recognized single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with prostate cancer and constitute a major risk factor in the development of prostate cancer. Recent findings revealed that a low to moderate effect on the progression of prostate cancer of individual SNPs was observed compared to a strong progressive effect when SNPs were in combination. Here, in this review, we made an attempt to critically analyze the role of SNPs and associated genes in the development of prostate cancer and their implications in diagnostics and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of SNPs in prostate cancer susceptibility may improve risk prediction, enhance fine-mapping, and furnish new insights into the underlying pathophysiology of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversityBuraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversityBuraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversityBuraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahlah Makki Almansour
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al BatinHafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sattam Chair for Epidemiology and Public Health Research, College of Medicine, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Rather
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical ScienceSrinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Dil Afroze
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical ScienceSrinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal Rah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversityBuraydah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Dreussi E, Ecca F, Scarabel L, Gagno S, Toffoli G. Immunogenetics of prostate cancer: a still unexplored field of study. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:263-283. [PMID: 29325503 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a double-edged sword with regard to the prostate cancer (PCa) battle. Immunogenetics, the study of the potential role of immune-related polymorphisms, is taking its first steps in the treatment of this malignancy. This review summarizes the most recent papers addressing the potential of immunogenetics in PCa, reporting immune-related polymorphisms associated with tumor aggressiveness, treatment toxicity and patients' prognosis. With some peculiarities, RNASEL, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β and MMP7 have arisen as the most significant biomarkers in PCa treatment and management, having a potential clinical role. Validation prospective clinical studies are required to translate immunogenetics into precision treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dreussi
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ecca
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Sara Gagno
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
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3
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Yan M, Li J, He N, Shi X, Du S, Li B, Jin T. A case-control study of the association between the EGFR gene and glioma risk in a Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59823-59830. [PMID: 28938685 PMCID: PMC5601781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor gene has been reported to be involved in the progression of gliomas which is one of the deadliest primary brain tumors in humans. To determine potential association between EGFR and glioma risk, we performed a case-control study with 394 glioma patients and 298 cancer-free controls in which captured a total of 8 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms of EGFR gene from Xi’an, China. SPSS 19.0 statistical packages, χ2 test, genetic model analysis and SHEsis software platform were analyzed s the variants in EGFR gene associations with glioma risk. For five different inheritance models analyzed, the following genotypes were associated with increased glioma risk. In the codominant model, genotype CC (rs730437, OR = 1.93, p = 0.024; rs1468727, OR = 2.02, p = 0.007); In the dominant model, genotype CA and CC (rs730437, OR = 1.45, p = 0.026), genotype GA and AA (rs845552, OR = 1.40, p = 0.044); In the recessive model, genotype CC (rs730437, OR = 1.64, p = 0.026; rs1468727, OR = 1.87, p = 0.002); In the additive model, genotype CC (rs730437, OR = 1.32, p = 0.006; rs1468727, OR = 1.39, p = 0.005), genotype GG (rs11506105, OR = 1.32, p = 0.02) and genotype AA (rs845552, OR = 1.27, p = 0.04). Our study indicated that 8 mutants located in EGFR gene were risk-conferring factors, larger and different populations with EGFR polymorphisms are required to verify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Xugang Shi
- Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuli Du
- Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an First Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Tiangen Precision Medical Research Institute, Xi'an, China
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4
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Association Study of Polymorphisms of Epidermal Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in a Korean Population. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:363-370. [PMID: 28043105 PMCID: PMC5209572 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632538.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies have suggested that specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to the clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In this study, we investigated the relationships of genetic polymorphisms of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene with BPH. Methods A total of 218 patients with BPH were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the relationship between eight SNPs in the EGF and EGFR genes and prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and International Prostate Symptom Score of BPH patients. Each SNP was genotyped by direct sequencing. Statistical analysis applying codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models was performed via logistic regression. Results The rs11568943 and rs11569017 SNPs in the EGF gene showed significant associations with prostate volume (rs11568943: P=0.038 in the log-additive model, P=0.024 in the allele distribution; rs11569017, P=0.031 in the dominant model, P=0.028 in the log-additive model, P=0.020 in the allele distribution). Additionally, the rs3756261, rs11568943, and rs11569017 SNPs of the EGF gene and the rs2293347 SNP of the EGFR gene were associated with PSA levels (P<0.05 in each model, respectively). Conclusions These results suggest that the EGF gene may affect prostate volume. In addition, the EGF and EGFR genes may be associated with PSA levels in patients with BPH.
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5
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Sissung TM, Price DK, Del Re M, Ley AM, Giovannetti E, Figg WD, Danesi R. Genetic variation: effect on prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:446-56. [PMID: 25199985 PMCID: PMC4260983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role of androgens in the development of prostate cancer is well established. The aim of this review is to examine the role of constitutional (germline) and tumor-specific (somatic) polymorphisms within important regulatory genes of prostate cancer. These include genes encoding enzymes of the androgen biosynthetic pathway, the androgen receptor gene, genes that encode proteins of the signal transduction pathways that may have a role in disease progression and survival, and genes involved in prostate cancer angiogenesis. Characterization of deregulated pathways critical to cancer cell growth have lead to the development of new treatments, including the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone and clinical trials using novel drugs that are ongoing or recently completed [1]. The pharmacogenetics of the drugs used to treat prostate cancer will also be addressed. This review will define how germline polymorphisms are known affect a multitude of pathways, and therefore phenotypes, in prostate cancer etiology, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Sissung
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas K Price
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ariel M Ley
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - William D Figg
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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Yang PW, Hsieh MS, Huang YC, Hsieh CY, Chiang TH, Lee JM. Genetic variants of EGF and VEGF predict prognosis of patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100326. [PMID: 24945674 PMCID: PMC4063891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of growth factor-related genes and prognosis in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 334 ESCC patients with advanced tumor stages (stages IIB, III and IV) were enrolled in the study. The genotypes of 14 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in growth factor-related functions were analyzed using iPLEX Gold technology from the genomic DNA of peripheral leukocytes, and were correlated with the clinical outcome of patients. Serum levels of growth factors were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The genetic polymorphisms of EGF:rs4444903, EGF:rs2237051 and VEGF:rs2010963 showed significant associations with overall survival (OS) of advanced ESCC patients (A/A+ A/G vs. GG, [HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60-0.99, P = 0.039 for rs4444903; A/G+ G/G vs. A/A, [HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.95, P = 0.019 for rs2237051; G/G+G/C vs. C/C, [HR] inves = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50-0.95, P = 0.023 for rs2010963). EGFR:rs2227983 and 3 SNPs of PIK3CA also showed borderline significant correlation with OS of advanced ESCC patients (P = 0.058 for rs2227983; P = 0.069, 0.091 and 0.067 for rs6443624, rs7651265 and rs7621329 of PIK3CA respectively). According to cumulative effect analysis of multiple SNPs, patients carrying 4 unfavorable genotypes exhibited more than a 3-fold increased risk of mortality. Finally, both EGF and VEGF expression levels significantly associated with patient mortality. CONCLUSION The genetic variants and expression levels of EGF and VEGF can serve as prognostic predictors in patients with advanced ESCC, and thus provide more information for optimizing personalized therapies for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shu Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yueh Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Van den Broeck T, Joniau S, Clinckemalie L, Helsen C, Prekovic S, Spans L, Tosco L, Van Poppel H, Claessens F. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in predicting prostate cancer risk and therapeutic decision making. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:627510. [PMID: 24701578 PMCID: PMC3950427 DOI: 10.1155/2014/627510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health care problem because of its high prevalence, health-related costs, and mortality. Epidemiological studies have suggested an important role of genetics in PCa development. Because of this, an increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had been suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of PCa. While individual SNPs are only moderately associated with PCa risk, in combination, they have a stronger, dose-dependent association, currently explaining 30% of PCa familial risk. This review aims to give a brief overview of studies in which the possible role of genetic variants was investigated in clinical settings. We will highlight the major research questions in the translation of SNP identification into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van den Broeck
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Clinckemalie
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Spans
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Tosco
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Van Poppel
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, P.O. Box 901, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Eeles R, Goh C, Castro E, Bancroft E, Guy M, Al Olama AA, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z. The genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer and its clinical implications. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:18-31. [PMID: 24296704 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, familial and epidemiological studies have generated considerable evidence of an inherited component to prostate cancer. Indeed, rare highly penetrant genetic mutations have been implicated. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also identified 76 susceptibility loci associated with prostate cancer risk, which occur commonly but are of low penetrance. However, these mutations interact multiplicatively, which can result in substantially increased risk. Currently, approximately 30% of the familial risk is due to such variants. Evaluating the functional aspects of these variants would contribute to our understanding of prostate cancer aetiology and would enable population risk stratification for screening. Furthermore, understanding the genetic risks of prostate cancer might inform predictions of treatment responses and toxicities, with the goal of personalized therapy. However, risk modelling and clinical translational research are needed before we can translate risk profiles generated from these variants into use in the clinical setting for targeted screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Chee Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elena Castro
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Clinical Academic Cancer Genetics Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Michelle Guy
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- Departments of Public Health & Primary Care and Oncology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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9
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Germline genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and potential relevance to clinical practice. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 202:9-26. [PMID: 24531773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inherited link of prostate cancer predisposition has been supported using data from early epidemiological studies, as well as from familial and twin studies. Early linkage analyses and candidate gene approaches to identify these variants yielded mixed results. Since then, multiple genetic variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility have now been found from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Their clinical utility, however, remains unknown. It is recognised that collaborative efforts are needed to ensure adequate sample sizes are available to definitively investigate the genetic-clinical interactions. These could have important implications for public health as well as individualised prostate cancer management strategies. With the costs of genotyping decreasing and direct-to-consumer testing already offered for these common variants, it is envisaged that a lot of attention will be focussed in this area. These results will enable more refined risk stratification which will be important for targeting screening and prevention to higher risk groups. Ascertaining their clinical role remains an important goal for the GWAS community with international consortia now established, pooling efforts and resources to move this field forward.
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10
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Association of polymorphisms in FLT3, EGFR, ALOX5, and NEIL3 with glioblastoma in the Han Chinese population. Med Oncol 2013; 30:718. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Liu HB, Peng YP, Dou CW, Su XL, Gao NK, Tian FM, Bai J. Comprehensive study on associations between nine SNPs and glioma risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4905-8. [PMID: 23244079 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.10.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glioma cancer is the most common type of adult brain tumor. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified various new susceptibility regions and here we conducted an extensive analysis of associations between 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and glioma risk. METHODS A total of 197 glioma cases and 197 health controls were selected, and 9 SNPs in 8 genes were analyzed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform and Sequenom Assay Design 3.1 software. RESULTS We found the MAF among selected controls were consistent with the MAF from the NCBI SNP database. Among 9 SNPs in 8 genes, we identified four significant SNP genotypes associated with the risk of glioma, C/C genotype at rs730437 and T/T genotype at rs1468727 in ERGF were protective against glioma, whereas the T/T genotype at rs1799782 in XRCC1 and C/C genotype at rs861539 in XRCC3 conferred elevated risk. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive analysis of nine SNPs in eight genes suggests that the rs730437 and rs1468727 in ERGF, rs1799782 in XRCC1 gene, and rs861539 in XRCC3 gene are associated with glioma risk. These findings indicate that genetic variants of various genes play a complex role in the development of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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The role of treatment modality on the utility of predictive tissue biomarkers in clinical prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23187933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue biomarkers could pivotally improve clinical outcome prediction following prostate cancer therapy. Clinically, prostate cancer is managed by diverse treatment modalities whose individual influence on a biomarker's predictive ability is not well understood and poorly investigated in the literature. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the predictive value of biomarkers in different treatment contexts in prostate cancer. STUDY METHODOLOGY A literature search was performed using the MeSH headings "prostate neoplasms" and "biological markers". Rigorous selection criteria identified studies correlating expression with clinical outcomes from primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (± neoadjuvant ADT). STUDY RESULTS Of 10,668 studies identified, 481 papers matched initial inclusion criteria. Following rescreening, 384 studies identified 236 individual tissue biomarkers, of which 29 were predictive on multivariate analysis in at least 2 independent cohorts. The majority were only tested in surgical cohorts. Only 8 predictive biomarkers were tested across all 3 treatments with Ki67 identified as universal predictive marker. p16 showed potential for treatment stratification between surgery and radiotherapy but needs further validation in independent studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite years of research, very few tissue biomarkers retain predictive value in independent validation across therapy context. Currently, none have conclusive ability to help treatment selection. Future biomarker research should consider the therapy context and use uniform methodology and evaluation criteria.
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13
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Castro E, Eeles R. The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:409-14. [PMID: 22522501 PMCID: PMC3720154 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the strongest risk factors for prostate cancer is a family history of the disease. Germline mutations in the breast cancer predisposition gene 2 (BRCA2) are the genetic events known to date that confer the highest risk of prostate cancer (8.6-fold in men ≤65 years). Although the role of BRCA2 and BRCA1 in prostate tumorigenesis remains unrevealed, deleterious mutations in both genes have been associated with more aggressive disease and poor clinical outcomes. The increasing incidence of prostate cancer worldwide supports the need for new methods to predict outcome and identify patients with potentially lethal forms of the disease. As we present here, BRCA germline mutations, mainly in the BRCA2 gene, are one of those predictive factors. We will also discuss the implications of these mutations in the management of prostate cancer and hypothesize on the potential for the development of strategies for sporadic cases with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Castro
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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14
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Goh CL, Schumacher FR, Easton D, Muir K, Henderson B, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Genetic variants associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and potential clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012; 271:353-65. [PMID: 22308973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in the developed world. There is an inherited component to this disease as shown in familial and twin studies. However, the discovery of these variants has been difficult. The emergence of genome-wide association studies has led to the identification of over 46 susceptibility loci. Their clinical utility to predict risk, response to treatment, or treatment toxicity, remains undefined. Large consortia are needed to achieve adequate statistical power to answer these genetic-clinical and genetic-epidemiological questions. International collaborations are currently underway to link genetic with clinical/epidemiological data to develop risk prediction models, which could direct screening and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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15
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Hou WG, Ai WB, Bai XG, Dong HL, Li Z, Zhang YQ, Xiong LZ. Genetic variation in the EGFR gene and the risk of glioma in a Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37531. [PMID: 22662167 PMCID: PMC3360779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that regulation of the epidermal growth factor gene (EGFR) pathway plays a role in glioma progression. Certain genotypes of the EGFR gene may be related to increased glioblastoma risk, indicating that germ line EGFR polymorphisms may have implications in carcinogenesis. To examine whether and how variants in the EGFR gene contribute to glioma susceptibility, we evaluated nine tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of the EGFR gene in a case-control study from Xi'an city of China (301 cases, 302 controls). EGFR SNP associations analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 statistical packages, PLINK software, Haploview software package (version 4.2) and SHEsis software platform. We identified two susceptibility tSNPs in the EGFR gene that were potentially associated with an increased risk of glioma (rs730437, p = 0.016; OR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.05-1.66 and rs1468727, p = 0.008; OR: 1.31; 95%CI: 1.04-1.65). However, after a strict Bonferroni correction analysis was applied, the significance level of the association between EGFR tSNPs and risk of glioma was attenuated. We observed a protective effect of haplotype "AATT" of the EGFR gene, which was associated with a 29% reduction in the risk of developing glioma, while haplotype "CGTC" increased the risk of developing glioma by 36%. Our results, combined with previous studies, suggested an association between the EGFR gene and glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Gang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Bo Ai
- Department of Health Service, School of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Long Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Ze Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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Teishima J, Shoji K, Hayashi T, Miyamoto K, Ohara S, Matsubara A. Relationship between the localization of fibroblast growth factor 9 in prostate cancer cells and postoperative recurrence. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 15:8-14. [PMID: 22006051 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) enhances cell proliferation and invasiveness in several malignant diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of FGF9 in postoperative recurrence after radical prostatectomy. METHODS Cell viability and invasion of LNCaP cells were assessed using MTT assay and Matrigel invasion assay, respectively, in the presence or absence of treatment with recombinant FGF9. Tissues obtained during a radical prostatectomy in 133 male patients were immunohistochemically stained using anti-FGF9 antibody. RESULTS Cell viability and invasion of LNCaP was significantly enhanced by treatment with recombinant FGF9. Immunohistochemical staining detected FGF9-positive cells in 20 samples. The prevalence of FGF9-positive cells in cases with a Gleason score of 8 or higher was 34.2%, which was significantly higher than that in those with Gleason scores of 7 or lower (7.3%, P=0.0003), respectively. The 3-year biochemical relapse-free survival rate was 17.5% in cases with FGF9-positive cells, which was significantly lower than that in cases in which FGF9-positive cells were not detectable (75.5%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that FGF9 can stimulate proliferation and invasion in prostate cancer cells, thus FGF9 could be a candidate of a predictive factor for recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Teishima
- Department of Urology, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Gravina GL, Marampon F, Piccolella M, Biordi L, Ficorella C, Motta M, Jannini EA, Tombolini V, Festuccia C. Antitumor effects of carnertinib in castration resistant prostate cancer models: a comparative study with erlotinib. Prostate 2011; 71:1481-91. [PMID: 21446006 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although preclinical results suggest that the inhibition of erb-B1 or erb-B2 can be an useful tool to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), neither inhibitor demonstrated to provide benefit in this category of patient. Here, we compared the effects of erlotinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, with those observed with Carnertinib, an orally available pan-erbB receptor inhibitor, in a wide panel of hormone sensitive and independent prostate cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Variation in proliferation rate, cell cycle, and apoptosis after erlotinib and carnertinib treatments will be evaluated in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed using two models of CRPC, 22rv1 (AR expressing), and PC3 (AR negative) cell lines grown in nude mice. Intact nude mice bearing 22rv1 cells also received bicalutamide (BCLT) in combination with anti-target agents. RESULTS Here, we found that Erlotinib and carnertinib effectiveness was positively related to expression and activation levels of Her2, whereas erlotinib effectiveness was influenced to the EGFR/Her2 ratio resulting more effective when EGFR levels were significantly higher of Her2. Overall, in vitro carnertinib efficacy was higher than those observed with erlotinib. The combination between erlotinib and androgen deprivation therapy or BCLT showed no significant effects when compared to single treatments whereas carnertinib was active in presence of any anti-hormone manipulation. CONCLUSIONS Erlotinib efficacy was higher in androgen-sensitive PCa cells when we compare to the effects evident in CRPC cells, whereas the carnertinib efficacy may have therapeutical significance in Her2 overexpressing AR+ CRPC models in combination with hormone manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Division of Radiotherapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Radiobiology Laboratory, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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