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Gerken KN, LaBeaud AD, Mandi H, L’Azou Jackson M, Breugelmans JG, King CH. Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009852. [PMID: 35073355 PMCID: PMC8812886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review's objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999-2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) arthropod infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999-2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal infection risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli N. Gerken
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - A. Desirée LaBeaud
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Henshaw Mandi
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Pawęska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Msimang V, Lô MM, Thiongane Y, Mulumba-Mfumu LK, Mansoor A, Fafetine JM, Magona JW, Boussini H, Bażanow B, Wilson WC, Pepin M, Unger H, Viljoen G. Large-Scale International Validation of an Indirect ELISA Based on Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus for the Detection of IgG Antibody in Domestic Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1651. [PMID: 34452515 PMCID: PMC8402881 DOI: 10.3390/v13081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic performance of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was validated for the detection of the IgG antibody in sheep (n = 3367), goat (n = 2632), and cattle (n = 3819) sera. Validation data sets were dichotomized according to the results of a virus neutralization test in sera obtained from RVF-endemic (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Senegal, Uganda, and Yemen) and RVF-free countries (France, Poland, and the USA). Cut-off values were defined using the two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis. Estimates of the diagnostic specificity of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA in animals from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 98.6% (cattle) to 99.5% (sheep) while in those originating from RVF-free countries, they ranged from 97.7% (sheep) to 98.1% (goats). Estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity in ruminants from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 90.7% (cattle) to 100% (goats). The results of this large-scale international validation study demonstrate the high diagnostic accuracy of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA. Standard incubation and inactivation procedures evaluated did not have an adverse effect on the detectable levels of the anti-RVFV IgG in ruminant sera and thus, together with recombinant antigen-based I-ELISA, provide a simple, safe, and robust diagnostic platform that can be automated and carried out outside expensive bio-containment facilities. These advantages are particularly important for less-resourced countries where there is a need to accelerate and improve RVF surveillance and research on epidemiology as well as to advance disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz T. Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa;
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Veerle Msimang
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa;
| | - Modu Moustapha Lô
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal; (M.M.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yaya Thiongane
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal; (M.M.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Leopold K. Mulumba-Mfumu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa 7948, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 127, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alqadasi Mansoor
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, General Directorate of Animal Health & Veterinary Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Sana’a 31220, Yemen;
- Food and Agriculture Organization Office, Sana’a 31220, Yemen
| | - José M. Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo 1103, Mozambique;
| | - Joseph W. Magona
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo P.O. Box 96, Uganda;
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Gaborone P.O. Box 54, Botswana
| | - Hiver Boussini
- Direction Generale Des Services Veterinaires, Ministère des Ressources Animales, Ouagadougou 09 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
- African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi P.O. Box 30786-00100, Kenya
| | - Barbara Bażanow
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Michel Pepin
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, F-69364 Lyon, France;
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Hermann Unger
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (H.U.); (G.V.)
| | - Gerrit Viljoen
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (H.U.); (G.V.)
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Petrova V, Kristiansen P, Norheim G, Yimer SA. Rift valley fever: diagnostic challenges and investment needs for vaccine development. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-002694. [PMID: 32816810 PMCID: PMC7437696 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is a causative agent of a viral zoonosis that constitutes a major clinical burden in wild and domestic ruminants. The virus causes major outbreaks in livestock (sheep, goats, cattle and camels) and can be transmitted to humans by contaminated animal products or via arthropod vectors. Human-to-human transmission has not been reported to date, but spill-over events from animals have led to outbreaks in humans in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Currently, there is no licensed human vaccine against RVFV and the virus is listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organisation (WHO) due to the high epidemic potential and the lack of effective countermeasures. Multiple large RVFV outbreaks have been reported since the virus was discovered. During the last two decades, over 4000 cases and ~1000 deaths have been reported. The lack of systematic surveillance to estimate the true burden and incidence of human RVF disease is a challenge for planning future vaccine efficacy evaluation. This creates a need for robust diagnostic methodologies that can be deployed in remote regions to aid case confirmation, assessment of seroprevalence as well as pathogen surveillance required for the different stages of vaccine evaluation. Here, we perform comprehensive landscaping of the available diagnostic solutions for detection of RVFV in humans. Based on the identified gaps in the currently available in-house and commercially available methods, we highlight the specific investment needs for diagnostics that are critical for accelerating the development of effective vaccines against RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Kristiansen
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Solomon A Yimer
- Vaccine Research and Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway
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Castillo-León J, Trebbien R, Castillo JJ, Svendsen WE. Commercially available rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of high priority pathogens: status and challenges. Analyst 2021; 146:3750-3776. [PMID: 34060546 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of having analytical devices that allow a simple, fast, and robust detection of pathogens which cause epidemics and pandemics. The information these devices can collect is crucial for health authorities to make effective decisions to contain the disease's advance. The World Health Organization published a list of primary pathogens that have raised concern as potential causes of future pandemics. Unfortunately, there are no rapid diagnostic tests commercially available and approved by the regulatory bodies to detect most of the pathogens listed by the WHO. This report describes these pathogens, the available detection methods, and highlights areas where more attention is needed to produce rapid diagnostic tests for future pandemic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Castillo-León
- Bioengineering Department, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John J Castillo
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Winnie E Svendsen
- Bioengineering Department, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Cassedy A, Parle-McDermott A, O’Kennedy R. Virus Detection: A Review of the Current and Emerging Molecular and Immunological Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637559. [PMID: 33959631 PMCID: PMC8093571 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. While many impart no deleterious effects on their hosts, several are major pathogens. This risk of pathogenicity, alongside the fact that many viruses can rapidly mutate highlights the need for suitable, rapid diagnostic measures. This review provides a critical analysis of widely used methods and examines their advantages and limitations. Currently, nucleic-acid detection and immunoassay methods are among the most popular means for quickly identifying viral infection directly from source. Nucleic acid-based detection generally offers high sensitivity, but can be time-consuming, costly, and require trained staff. The use of isothermal-based amplification systems for detection could aid in the reduction of results turnaround and equipment-associated costs, making them appealing for point-of-use applications, or when high volume/fast turnaround testing is required. Alternatively, immunoassays offer robustness and reduced costs. Furthermore, some immunoassay formats, such as those using lateral-flow technology, can generate results very rapidly. However, immunoassays typically cannot achieve comparable sensitivity to nucleic acid-based detection methods. Alongside these methods, the application of next-generation sequencing can provide highly specific results. In addition, the ability to sequence large numbers of viral genomes would provide researchers with enhanced information and assist in tracing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cassedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - R. O’Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic, vector-borne infectious disease of ruminants and camels transmitted mainly by the Aedes and Culex mosquito species. Contact with the blood or organs of infected animals may infect humans. Its etiological factor is the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the Phlebovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family. Sheep and goats are most susceptible to infection and newborns and young individuals endure the most severe disease course. High abortion rates and infant mortality are typical for RVF; its clinical signs are high fever, lymphadenitis, nasal and ocular secretions and vomiting. Conventional diagnosis is done by the detection of specific IgM or IgG antibodies and RVFV nucleic acids and by virus isolation. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines obtained from virulent RVFV isolates are available for livestock. RVF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but in the last two decades, it was also reported in other African regions. Seropositive animals were detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya. The wide distribution of competent vectors in non-endemic areas coupled with global climate change threaten to spread RVF transboundarily. The EFSA considers the movement of infected animals and vectors to be other plausible pathways of RVF introduction into Europe. A very low risk both of introduction of the virus through an infected animal or vector and of establishment of the virus, and a moderate risk of its transmission through these means was estimated for Poland. The risk of these specific modes of disease introduction into Europe is rated as very low, but surveillance and response capabilities and cooperation with the proximal endemic regions are recommended.
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Mu HY, Lu YL, Hsiao TH, Huang JH. Microfluidic-based approaches for COVID-19 diagnosis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:061504. [PMID: 33343780 PMCID: PMC7725537 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus, COVID-19, erupted in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and has now spread to almost all countries in the world. Until the end of November 2020, there were over 50 × 106 people diagnosed with COVID-19 worldwide and it caused at least 1 × 106 deaths. These numbers are still increasing. To control the spread of the pandemic and to choose a suitable treatment plan, a fast, accurate, effective, and ready-to-use diagnostic method has become an important prerequisite. In this Review, we introduce the principles of multiple off-site and on-site detection methods for virus diagnosis, including qPCR-based, ELISA-based, CRISPR-based methods, etc. All of these methods have been successfully implanted on the microfluidic platform for rapid screening. We also summarize currently available diagnostic methods for the detection of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Some of them not only can be used to analyze the SARS and MERS but also have the potential for COVID-19 detection after modifications. Finally, we hope that understanding of current microfluidic-based detection approaches can help physicians and researchers to develop advanced, rapid, and appropriate clinical detection techniques that reduce the financial expenditure of the society, accelerate the examination process, increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and eventually suppress the worldwide pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Mu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Huang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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8
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Kroeker AL, Babiuk S, Pickering BS, Richt JA, Wilson WC. Livestock Challenge Models of Rift Valley Fever for Agricultural Vaccine Testing. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:238. [PMID: 32528981 PMCID: PMC7266933 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) in Kenya in 1930, the virus has become widespread throughout most of Africa and is characterized by sporadic outbreaks. A mosquito-borne pathogen, RVFV is poised to move beyond the African continent and the Middle East and emerge in Europe and Asia. There is a risk that RVFV could also appear in the Americas, similar to the West Nile virus. In light of this potential threat, multiple studies have been undertaken to establish international surveillance programs and diagnostic tools, develop models of transmission dynamics and risk factors for infection, and to develop a variety of vaccines as countermeasures. Furthermore, considerable efforts to establish reliable challenge models of Rift Valley fever virus have been made and platforms for testing potential vaccines and therapeutics in target species have been established. This review emphasizes the progress and insights from a North American perspective to establish challenge models in target livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats in comparisons to other researchers' reports. A brief summary of the potential role of wildlife, such as buffalo and white-tailed deer as reservoir species will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Louise Kroeker
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley S Pickering
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C Wilson
- USDA, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (ABADRU), Manhattan, KS, United States
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease, principally of ruminants, that is endemic to Africa. The causative Phlebovirus, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), has a broad host range and, as such, also infects humans to cause primarily a self-limiting febrile illness. A small number of human cases will also develop severe complications, including haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis and visual impairment. In parts of Africa, it is a major disease of domestic ruminants, causing epidemics of abortion and mortality. It infects and can be transmitted by a broad range of mosquitos, with those of the genus Aedes and Culex thought to be the major vectors. Therefore, the virus has the potential to become established beyond Africa, including in Australia, where competent vector hosts are endemic. Vaccines for humans have not yet been developed to the commercial stage. This review examines the threat of this virus, with particular reference to Australia, and assesses gaps in our knowledge that may benefit from research focus.
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Inactivation of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Porcine Serum Samples Intended for Antibody Detection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040286. [PMID: 31817478 PMCID: PMC6963797 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shipping of serum samples that were taken from pigs infected with classical swine fever (CSF) virus is frequently requested with the objective of serological analyses, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for exchange of reference materials that are used as control material of diagnostic assays. On the basis of the fact that an outbreak with CSF is associated with enormous economic losses, biological safety during the exchange of reference material is of great importance. The present study aimed to establish a pragmatic approach for reliable CSF virus (CSFV) inactivation in serum without impairing antibody detection. Considering the fact that complement inactivation through heating is routinely applied, the basic idea was to combine heat treatment with the dilution of serum in a detergent containing buffer in order to facilitate the inactivation process. The results show that treatment of serum samples with phosphate buffered saline-Tween20 (final concentration = 0.15%) along with incubation at 56 °C for 30 min inactivated CSFV and such treatment with ≤ 0.25% PBS-Tween20 does not impair subsequent antibody detection by ELISA or virus neutralization test. This minimizes the risk of virus contamination and represents a valuable contribution to a safer CSF diagnosis on a national and international level.
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Evaluation of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein as the Diagnostic Antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01058-19. [PMID: 31366690 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01058-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection as a global veterinary and public health threat demands the development of safe and accurate diagnostic tests. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of a baculovirus expression system to produce recombinant RVFV nucleoprotein (N) for use as serodiagnostic antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ability of the recombinant N antigen to detect RVFV antibody responses was evaluated in ELISA format using antisera from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with two genetically distinct wild-type RVFV strains and sera from indigenous sheep and goat populations exposed to natural RVFV field infection in The Gambia. The recombinant N exhibited specific reactivity with the N-specific monoclonal antibody and various hyperimmune serum samples from ruminants. The indirect ELISA detected N-specific antibody responses in animals with 100% sensitivity compared to the plaque reduction neutralization test (6 to 21 days postinfection) and with 97% and 100% specificity in sheep and cattle, respectively. There was a high level of correlation between the indirect N ELISA and the virus neutralization test for sheep sera (R 2 = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73 to 0.92) and cattle sera (R 2 = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.97); in addition, the N-specific ELISA detected RVFV seroprevalence levels of 26.1% and 54.3% in indigenous sheep and goats, respectively, in The Gambia. The high specificity and correlation with the virus neutralization test support the idea of the feasibility of using the recombinant baculovirus-expressed RVFV N-based indirect ELISA to assess RVFV seroprevalence in livestock in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity.
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Pédarrieu A, Juremalm M, Jansen Van Vuren P, Brun A, Ould EL Mamy AB, Héraud JM, Filippone C, Ravalohery JP, Chaabihi H, Albina E, Dommergues L, Paweska J, Cardinale E. Development and validation of a pen side test for Rift Valley fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007700. [PMID: 31509527 PMCID: PMC6738586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the main vector borne zoonotic diseases that affects a wide range of ruminants and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Methodology/Principal findings A first-line lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test (LFT) was developed for the detection of the nucleoprotein (N) of the RVF virus (RVFV). Its diagnostic performance characteristics were evaluated using reference stocks isolates recovered from different hosts and in geographic regions mimicking clinical specimens and from known RVF negative serum samples. A high level of diagnostic accuracy (DSe (35/35), DSp (167/169)) was observed, including the absence of cross-reactivity with viruses belonging to different genera. Conclusion/Significance The fact no specialized reagents and laboratory equipment are needed, make this assay a valuable, first-line diagnostic tool in resource-poor diagnostic territories for on-site RVFV detection, however the staff require training. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease that affects a wide range of animals and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula involving low case fatality rates. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Here, we report the development and the evaluation of the diagnostic performance characteristics of a pen-side test found to be a highly accurate and valuable first-line diagnostic tool for on-site RVF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Petrus Jansen Van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Filippone
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Albina
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Janusz Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Alhaji NB, Babalobi OO, Isola TO. A quantitative exploration of nomadic pastoralists' knowledge and practices towards Rift Valley fever in Niger State, North-central Nigeria: The associated socio-cultural drivers. One Health 2018; 6:16-22. [PMID: 30258968 PMCID: PMC6152807 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne re-emerging viral zoonosis that mainly affects poor and marginalized populations in Africa and the Middle East. The study assessed pastoralists' knowledge/awareness and preventive measures towards RVF in Fulani nomadic pastoral communities of Niger State, North-central Nigeria. An interview questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in randomly selected 403 Fulani nomadic pastoral households. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed. About 97% (389/403) of the pastoralists responded. Majority (74.0%) of them was males and 26.0% was females, while most (65.3%) did not possess formal education. About 85% and 77% of respondents mentioned high mortality in newborns and abortions in pregnant cows, respectively, as signs of RVF in cattle. Also, 50.6% of respondents mentioned high fever as RVF symptoms in humans, while 36.5% reported headache. Pastoralists in age group 70-99 years (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.14, 6.33) and those with tertiary education (OR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.99) were more likely to possess satisfactory knowledge about RVF than others. Extensive husbandry system (OR: 6.16; 95% CI: 3.46, 10.97) as well as culture of borrowing and loaning of cattle (OR: 27.00; 95% CI: 12.67, 57.52) were more likely to influenced RVF occurrence in herds compared to other factors. The survey revealed gaps in levels of knowledge and practices regarding RVF among pastoralists. Socio-cultural activities were key social drivers for RVF occurrence in pastoral herds. The gaps, influenced by socio-demographic and cultural factors, necessitate the need for multidisciplinary approach including anthropologists in RVF preventive education for the pastoralists. Also, cross-disciplinary studies that would increase understanding of social determinants of re-emerging zoonotic diseases are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nma Bida Alhaji
- Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olutayo Olajide Babalobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tajudeen Opeyemi Isola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Kim HJ, Lyoo HR, Choi JS, Lee YH, Kim BH, Yoo HS. Development of a Quantitative RT-PCR Assay to Differentiate Rift Valley Fever Virus Smithburn Vaccine Strain from Clone 13 Vaccine Strain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:121-127. [PMID: 30300113 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new quantitative RT-PCR assay was developed to differentiate Rift Valley fever (RVF) Smithburn vaccine strain from Clone 13 vaccine strain. The new qRT-PCR assay targeting the S segment (NSs and N gene) was tested on synthesized standard RNA and MP-12 strain viruses. The detection limit of the new qRT-PCR assay is 1 copy/μL of NSs and N, and is able to differentiate the Smithburn vaccine strain of RVF from the Clone 13 vaccine strain. No cross-reactivity with other vector-borne viruses was observed, a factor that is especially important in the Republic of Korea (ROK). To examine the performance of the qRT-PCR, intra- and inter-assay variability data were analyzed and showed high reproducibility. These results indicate that the new qRT-PCR can be used as a safe and cost-effective test. Furthermore, this result suggests the possibility of differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals diagnostic test in RVF-free countries including ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rhyoung Lyoo
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeong-Soo Choi
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Han Kim
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of Fluorescence Microsphere Immunoassay for Detection of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleocapsid Protein and Glycoproteins. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01626-17. [PMID: 29563201 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01626-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic virus that infects ruminants, including cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and buffalo. Multiplexing diagnostic assays that can simultaneously detect antibodies against multiple RVFV antigens offer a high-throughput test for disease surveillance and vaccine evaluations. We describe the improvement and evaluation of a previously developed fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against the RVFV glycoprotein (Gn) and the immunogenic nucleocapsid protein (Np). Well-characterized vaccinated and experimentally infected ruminant sera were used for the evaluation of the assay. Recombinant viral proteins were produced and then coupled to polystyrene magnetic beads for analysis using the Luminex MAGPIX system with xMAP technology. The FMIA was performed in parallel with virus neutralization tests. Our results revealed the highest median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values for the detection of IgG antibodies against RVFV Np, indicating that this antigen would be a good candidate for a screening assay. The Np and Gn targets could differentiate infected animals from animals vaccinated with a candidate subunit vaccine formulation based on the RVFV Gn and Gc proteins. The results presented in this report demonstrate that FMIA provides a rapid and robust serological diagnostic tool for the detection of antibodies against RVFV. The targets developed in this assay provide the basis for the development of a companion diagnostic test for an RVFV Gn/Gc subunit vaccine that is capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), as well as a multiplex serodiagnostic assay that can simultaneously screen for several ruminant diseases.
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16
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A novel highly sensitive, rapid and safe Rift Valley fever virus neutralization test. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:26-30. [PMID: 28583857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) can be detected by diverse methods, including ezyme-linked immunosortbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The VNT is superior in sensitivity and specificity and is therefore considered the gold standard serological assay. Classical VNTs make use of virulent RVFV and therefore have to be performed in biosafety level 3 laboratories. Here, we report the development of a novel VNT that is based on an avirulent RVFV expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which can be performed safely outside level 3 biocontainment facilities. Evaluation with a broad panel of experimental sera and field sera demonstrated that this novel VNT is faster and more sensitive than the classical VNT.
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17
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Structural and Practical Identifiability Issues of Immuno-Epidemiological Vector-Host Models with Application to Rift Valley Fever. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:1796-1827. [PMID: 27651156 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss the structural and practical identifiability of a nested immuno-epidemiological model of arbovirus diseases, where host-vector transmission rate, host recovery, and disease-induced death rates are governed by the within-host immune system. We incorporate the newest ideas and the most up-to-date features of numerical methods to fit multi-scale models to multi-scale data. For an immunological model, we use Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) time-series data obtained from livestock under laboratory experiments, and for an epidemiological model we incorporate a human compartment to the nested model and use the number of human RVFV cases reported by the CDC during the 2006-2007 Kenya outbreak. We show that the immunological model is not structurally identifiable for the measurements of time-series viremia concentrations in the host. Thus, we study the non-dimensionalized and scaled versions of the immunological model and prove that both are structurally globally identifiable. After fixing estimated parameter values for the immunological model derived from the scaled model, we develop a numerical method to fit observable RVFV epidemiological data to the nested model for the remaining parameter values of the multi-scale system. For the given (CDC) data set, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that only three parameters of the epidemiological model are practically identifiable when the immune model parameters are fixed. Alternatively, we fit the multi-scale data to the multi-scale model simultaneously. Monte Carlo simulations for the simultaneous fitting suggest that the parameters of the immunological model and the parameters of the immuno-epidemiological model are practically identifiable. We suggest that analytic approaches for studying the structural identifiability of nested models are a necessity, so that identifiable parameter combinations can be derived to reparameterize the nested model to obtain an identifiable one. This is a crucial step in developing multi-scale models which explain multi-scale data.
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Cutts T, Grolla A, Jones S, Cook BWM, Qiu X, Theriault SS. Inactivation of Zaire ebolavirus Variant Makona in Human Serum Samples Analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S218-S221. [PMID: 27571899 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Personnel deployed to remote areas during infectious disease outbreaks have limited access to mechanical and chemical inactivation resources. The inactivation of infectious agents present in diagnostic samples is critical to ensure the safety of personnel and the containment of the disease. We evaluated the efficacy of thermal inactivation (exposure to 56°C for 1 hour) and chemical inactivation with 0.5% Tween-20 against a high titer of Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) variant Makona in spiked human serum samples. No surviving virus was revealed by a 50% tissue culture infective dose assay after the combined treatment under laboratory conditions. In-field use of this inactivation protocol during the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreaks demonstrated readily detectable levels of immunoglobulin G and/or immunoglobulin M in human plasma samples after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Cutts
- Applied Biosafety Research Program, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Applied Biosafety Research Program, JC wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre
| | - Allen Grolla
- Special Pathogens, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health
| | - Shane Jones
- Special Pathogens, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health
| | - Bradley W M Cook
- Applied Biosafety Research Program, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Applied Biosafety Research Program, JC wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Department of Medical Microbiology
| | - Steven S Theriault
- Applied Biosafety Research Program, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Applied Biosafety Research Program, JC wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antigen Detection Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Nucleocapsid Protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004595. [PMID: 27045364 PMCID: PMC4821557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne infectious disease with a high case fatality rate, and is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS is endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. The viral RNA level in sera of patients with SFTS is known to be strongly associated with outcomes. Virological SFTS diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity are required in disease endemic areas. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated novel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SFTSV nucleocapsid (N) protein and developed a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of N protein of SFTSV using MAb and polyclonal antibody as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The Ag-capture system was capable of detecting at least 350–1220 TCID50/100 μl/well from the culture supernatants of various SFTSV strains. The efficacy of the Ag-capture ELISA in SFTS diagnosis was evaluated using serum samples collected from patients suspected of having SFTS in Japan. All 24 serum samples (100%) containing high copy numbers of viral RNA (>105 copies/ml) showed a positive reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA, whereas 12 out of 15 serum samples (80%) containing low copy numbers of viral RNA (<105 copies/ml) showed a negative reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA. Among these Ag-capture ELISA-negative 12 samples, 9 (75%) were positive for IgG antibodies against SFTSV. Conclusions The newly developed Ag-capture ELISA is useful for SFTS diagnosis in acute phase patients with high levels of viremia. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). Since first discovered in China in 2011, SFTSV has been detected from SFTS patients and ticks with expanding geographic ranges from China to Japan and South Korea. The potential for SFTS spread to other warm or sub-tropical regions makes it a serious concern to the public health. It is of great importance to detect SFTSV rapidly and specifically for the effective control of the disease. For the diagnosis of viral infections, a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture ELISA detecting viral nucleoprotein (N) in viremic serum samples has been widely applied to detect the agents, since it is the most abundant viral antigen and has highly conserved amino acid sequence. In this study, using the novel monoclonal antibodies raised against SFSTV-N, an Ag-capture ELISA system was developed, and the validation of this system was performed using sera collected from SFTS-suspected patients. Our data show that the Ag-capture ELISA was useful for the diagnosis of SFTS patients in the acute phase of the disease. This study shows a novel methodology for the diagnosis of SFTS, which may provide helpful information for the effective control of the disease.
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Fafetine JM, Domingos A, Antunes S, Esteves A, Paweska JT, Coetzer JAW, Rutten VPMG, Neves L. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:24-30. [PMID: 24589098 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unpredictable and explosive nature of Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks, rapid and accurate diagnostic assays for low-resource settings are urgently needed. To improve existing diagnostic assays, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the nucleocapsid protein of RVF virus (RVFV) were produced and characterized. Four IgG2a MAbs showed specific binding to denatured nucleocapsid protein, both from a recombinant source and from inactivated RVFV, in Western blot analysis and in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cross-reactivity with genetically related and non-related arboviruses including Bunyamwera and Calovo viruses (Bunyaviridae family), West Nile and Dengue-2 viruses (Flaviviridae family), and Sindbis and Chikungunya viruses (Togaviridae family) was not detected. These MAbs represent a useful tool for the development of rapid diagnostic assays for early recognition of RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; Biotechnology Center, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
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21
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Shafagati N, Patanarut A, Luchini A, Lundberg L, Bailey C, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Narayanan A, Lepene B, Kehn-Hall K. The use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerging infectious disease diagnostics. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:164-76. [PMID: 24449537 PMCID: PMC7108521 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of early infectious disease may be challenging due to the low copy number of organisms present. To overcome this limitation and rapidly measure low concentrations of the pathogen, we developed a novel technology: Nanotrap particles, which are designed to capture, concentrate, and protect biomarkers from complex biofluids. Nanotrap particles are thermoresponsive hydrogels that are capable of antigen capture through the coupling of affinity baits to the particles. Here, we describe recent findings demonstrating that Nanotrap particles are able to capture live infectious virus, viral RNA, and viral proteins. Capture is possible even in complex mixtures such as serum and allows the concentration and protection of these analytes, providing increased performance of downstream assays. The Nanotrap particles are a versatile sample preparation technology that has far reaching implications for biomarker discovery and diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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22
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Odendaal L, Fosgate GT, Romito M, Coetzer JAW, Clift SJ. Sensitivity and specificity of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, histopathology, and immunohistochemical labeling for the detection of Rift Valley fever virus in naturally infected cattle and sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:49-60. [PMID: 24464554 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713516759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), histopathology, and immunohistochemical labeling (IHC) were performed on liver specimens from 380 naturally infected cattle and sheep necropsied during the 2010 Rift Valley fever (RVF) epidemic in South Africa. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of real-time RT-PCR, histopathology, and IHC were estimated in a latent-class model using a Bayesian framework. The Se and Sp of real-time RT-PCR were estimated as 97.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 95.2-98.8%) and 71.7% (95% CI = 65-77.9%) respectively. The Se and Sp of histopathology were estimated as 94.6% (95% CI = 91-97.2%) and 92.3% (95% CI = 87.6-95.8%), respectively. The Se and Sp of IHC were estimated as 97.6% (95% CI = 93.9-99.8%) and 99.4% (95% CI = 96.9-100%), respectively. Decreased Sp of real-time RT-PCR was ascribed to cross-contamination of samples. Stratified analysis of the data suggested variations in test accuracy with fetuses and severely autolyzed specimens. The Sp of histopathology in fetuses (83%) was 9.3% lower than the sample population (92.3%). The Se of IHC decreased from 97.6% to 81.5% in the presence of severe autolysis. The diagnostic Se and Sp of histopathology was higher than expected, confirming the value of routine postmortem examinations and histopathology of liver specimens. Aborted fetuses, however, should be screened using a variety of tests in areas endemic for RVF, and results from severely autolyzed specimens should be interpreted with caution. The most feasible testing option for countries lacking suitably equipped laboratories seems to be routine histology in combination with IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza Odendaal
- 1Lieza Odendaal, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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Paweska JT. Rift Valley Fever. Emerg Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416975-3.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Lihoradova O, Ikegami T. Countermeasure development for Rift Valley fever: deletion, modification or targeting of major virulence factor NSs.. Future Virol 2014; 9:27-39. [PMID: 24910709 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized by a high rate of abortion in ruminants, and febrile illness, hemorrhagic fever, retinitis and encephalitis in humans. RVF is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), belonging to the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae. RVFV encodes a major virulence factor, NSs, which is dispensable for viral replication, yet required for evasion of host innate immune responses. RVFV NSs inhibits host gene upregulation at the transcriptional level, while promoting viral translation in the cytoplasm. In this article, we summarize the virology and pathology of RVF, and countermeasure development for RVF, with emphasis on NSs function and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lihoradova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MMNP3.206D, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MMNP3.206D, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA ; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Chengula AA, Mdegela RH, Kasanga CJ. Socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:549. [PMID: 24255846 PMCID: PMC3825084 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of RVF and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling RVF in selected areas of Tanzania. Data were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P = 0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of the community on RVF, thus, more education and engagement is needed in order to develop more effective and efficient control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustino A Chengula
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Jäckel S, Eiden M, Dauber M, Balkema-Buschmann A, Brun A, Groschup MH. Generation and application of monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid protein NP and glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Arch Virol 2013; 159:535-46. [PMID: 24100475 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a vector-borne virus that causes high neonatal mortality in livestock and deadly haemorrhagic fever in humans. In this paper, we describe the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against all three structural proteins of RVFV (glycoproteins Gn and Gc and nucleocapsid protein NP). After immunization of BALB/c mice with individual recombinant proteins, a total of 45 clones secreting ELISA-reactive monoclonal antibodies against NP, Gn and Gc epitopes were obtained. Twelve clones were directed to NP, 28 to Gn, and 5 to Gc. Western blot analysis revealed that most of the mabs were reactive to linearized epitopes on recombinant as well as native virus proteins. Six mabs against NP, 21 against Gn and all mabs against Gc also detected conformational epitopes, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence on RVFV-infected cells. All of the mabs were evaluated for their use in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of a RVFV infection. Several mabs were identified that competed with polyclonal rabbit serum, and one of them - mab Gn123, raised against Gn protein - was selected for a proof-of-principle study with field sera from a recent Rift Valley fever outbreak. The novel Gn-based competition ELISA demonstrated high performance, offering a promising alternative and addition to serological assays based on nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäckel
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Jäckel S, Eiden M, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ziller M, Jansen van Vuren P, Paweska J, Groschup M. A novel indirect ELISA based on glycoprotein Gn for the detection of IgG antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in small ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:725-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Development of a Rift Valley fever real-time RT-PCR assay that can detect all three genome segments. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:426-31. [PMID: 23850696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, and South Africa had devastating effects on livestock and human health. In addition, this disease is a food security issue for endemic countries. There is growing concern for the potential introduction of RVF into non-endemic countries. A number of single-gene target amplification assays have been developed for the rapid detection of RVF viral RNA. This paper describes the development of an improved amplification assay that includes two confirmatory target RNA segments (L and M) and a third target gene, NSs, which is deleted in the Clone 13 commercial vaccine and other candidate vaccines. The assay also contains an exogenous RNA control added during the PCR setup for detection of amplification inhibitors. The assay was evaluated initially with samples from experimentally infected animals, after which clinical veterinary and human samples from endemic countries were tested for further evaluation. The assay has a sensitivity range of 66.7-100% and a specificity of 92.0-100% depending on the comparison. The assay has an overall sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 95% and a positive predictive value of 98.7%. The single-tube assay provides confirmation of the presence of RVFV RNA for improved confidence in diagnostic results and a "differentiate infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA)--compatible marker for RVFV NSs--deleted vaccines, which is useful for RVF endemic countries, but especially important in non-endemic countries.
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Kortekaas J, Kant J, Vloet R, Cêtre-Sossah C, Marianneau P, Lacote S, Banyard AC, Jeffries C, Eiden M, Groschup M, Jäckel S, Hevia E, Brun A. European ring trial to evaluate ELISAs for the diagnosis of infection with Rift Valley fever virus. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:177-81. [PMID: 23022325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A ring trial was organized to evaluate Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) ELISAs by European laboratories. A total of five ELISAs, two of which specific for IgM antibodies, were evaluated by six participants. Sera were derived from cattle or sheep and originated from either a RVFV endemic area, a RVFV-free area or from experimental infection studies. Cohen's kappa analysis showed higher than 90% agreement of two commercially available ELISAs with the virus neutralization test, suggesting that primary screening as well as serological confirmation using these ELISAs is feasible. More extensive validations with sera of known IgM status are, however, required to determine agreement between IgM ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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van der Wal FJ, Achterberg RP, de Boer SM, Boshra H, Brun A, Maassen CB, Kortekaas J. Bead-based suspension array for simultaneous detection of antibodies against the Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid and Gn glycoprotein. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein using new monoclonal antibodies. J Virol Methods 2012; 180:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Scott T, Paweska JT, Arbuthnot P, Weinberg MS. Pathogenic effects of Rift Valley fever virus NSs gene are alleviated in cultured cells by expressed antiviral short hairpin RNAs. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:643-56. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The nonstructural protein NSs induces a variable antibody response in domestic ruminants naturally infected with Rift Valley fever virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:5-10. [PMID: 22072723 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05420-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonosis in Africa which has spread to Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Comoros. RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae family, Phlebovirus genus) causes a wide range of symptoms in humans, from benign fever to fatal hemorrhagic fever. Ruminants are severely affected by the disease, which leads to a high rate of mortality in young animals and to abortions and teratogenesis in pregnant females. Diagnostic tests include virus isolation and genome or antibody detection. During RVFV infection, the nucleoprotein encapsidating the tripartite RNA genome is expressed in large amounts and raises a robust antibody response, while the envelope glycoproteins elicit neutralizing antibodies which play a major role in protection. Much less is known about the antigenicity/immunogenicity of the nonstructural protein NSs, which is a major virulence factor. Here we have developed a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enabling detection of low levels of NSs-specific antibodies in naturally infected or vaccinated ruminants. Detection of the NSs antibodies was validated by Western blotting. Altogether, our data showed that the NSs antibodies were detected in only 55% of animals naturally infected by RVFV, indicating that NSs does not induce a consistently high immune response. These results are discussed in light of differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) tests distinguishing naturally infected animals and those vaccinated with NSs-defective vaccines.
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Pépin M. [Rift Valley fever]. Med Mal Infect 2011; 41:322-9. [PMID: 21295425 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis. Among animals, it mainly affects ruminants, causing abortions in gravid females and mortality among young animals. In humans, RVF virus infection is usually asymptomatic or characterized by a moderate fever. However, in 1 to 3% of cases, more severe forms of the disease (hepatitis, encephalitis, retinitis, hemorrhagic fever) can lead to the death of infected individuals or to major sequels. The RVF virus (Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus) was identified for the first time in the 1930s in Kenya. It then spread over almost all African countries, sometimes causing major epizootics/epidemics. In 2000, the virus was carried out of Africa, in the Middle East Arabian Peninsula. In 2007-2008, Eastern-African countries, including Madagascar, reported significant episodes of RVF virus, this was also the case for the Comoros archipelago and the French island of Mayotte. This ability to spread associated with many vectors, including in Europe, and high viral loads in infected animals led the health authorities worldwide to warn about the potential emergence of RVF virus in areas with a temperate climate. The awareness has increased in recent years with climate changes, which may possibly modify the vector distribution and competence, and prompted many RVF virus-free countries to better prepare for a potential implantation of RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pépin
- VetAgroSup - Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
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Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J. Rift Valley fever virus(Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 2010; 41:61. [PMID: 21188836 PMCID: PMC2896810 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever(RVF) virus is an arbovirus in the Bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid-19th century and was only identified at the beginning of the 1930's in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. Despite being an arbovirus with a relatively simple but temporally and geographically stable genome, this zoonotic virus has already demonstrated a real capacity for emerging in new territories, as exemplified by the outbreaks in Egypt (1977), Western Africa (1988) and the Arabian Peninsula (2000), or for re-emerging after long periods of silence as observed very recently in Kenya and South Africa. The presence of competent vectors in countries previously free of RVF, the high viral titres in viraemic animals and the global changes in climate, travel and trade all contribute to make this virus a threat that must not be neglected as the consequences of RVF are dramatic, both for human and animal health. In this review, we present the latest advances in RVF virus research. In spite of this renewed interest, aspects of the epidemiology of RVF virus are still not fully understood and safe, effective vaccines are still not freely available for protecting humans and livestock against the dramatic consequences of this virus.
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van Vuren PJ, Paweska JT. Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay–Based Techniques for the Detection of Antibody to Rift Valley Fever Virus in Thermochemically Inactivated Sheep Sera. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:697-9. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringha, South Africa
- Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringha, South Africa
- Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Lin GZ, Zheng FY, Zhou JZ, Cao XA, Gong XW, Wang GH, Qiu CQ. An indirect ELISA of classical swine fever virus based on quadruple antigenic epitope peptide expressed in E.coli. Virol Sin 2010; 25:71-6. [PMID: 20960287 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a synthesized quadruple antigenic epitope gene region of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 glycoprotein was expressed in E. coli to a obtain target protein. This target protein was used as a coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA for specifically detecting anti-CSFV antibodies in serum samples from pigs. The P/N cut-off value of this assay was 1.92 by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis based on 30 negative sera and 80 positive samples. The test gave 97.5% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity compared with the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for 16 sera were both ≤6.8%. No cross-reactivity between the coating antigen and anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-zhen Lin
- Key Laboratories of Grazing Animal Diseases and Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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