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Ma X, Zheng H, Chen H, Ma S, Wei Z. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: A review of detection, inhibition of host gene expression and evasion of host innate immune. Microb Pathog 2024; 195:106873. [PMID: 39173850 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of an acute and devastating enteric disease that causes lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. Recent progress in studying PEDV has revealed many intriguing findings on its prevalence and genetic evolution, rapid diagnosis, suppression of host gene expression, and suppression of the host innate immune system. Due to the continuous mutation of the PEDV genome, viral evasions from innate immune defenses and mixed infection with other coronaviruses, the spread of the virus is becoming wider and faster, making it even more necessary to prevent the infections caused by wild-type PEDV variants. It has also been reported that PEDV nsp1 is an essential virulence determinant and is critical for inhibiting host gene expression by structural and biochemical analyses. The inhibition of host protein synthesis employed by PEDV nsp1 may contribute to the regulation of host cell proliferation and immune evasion-related biological functions. In this review, we critically evaluate the recent studies on these aspects of PEDV and assess prospects in understanding the function of PEDV proteins in regulating host innate immune response and viral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, China
| | - Hongying Chen
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Shijie Ma
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Niu TM, Yu LJ, Zhao JH, Zhang RR, Ata EB, Wang N, Zhang D, Yang YL, Qian JH, Chen QD, Yang GL, Huang HB, Shi CW, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Zeng Y, Wang N, Yang WT, Wang CF. Characterization and pathogenicity of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolated in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105924. [PMID: 36473667 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Piglet diarrhea caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a common problem on pig farms in China associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, three PEDV isolates were successfully detected after the fourth blind passage in Vero cells. The samples were obtained from infected piglet farms in Jilin (Changchun), and Shandong (Qingdao) Provinces of China and were designated as CH/CC-1/2018, CH/CC-2/2018, and CH/QD/2018. According to the analysis of the complete S protein gene sequence, the CH/CC-1/2018 and CH/CC-2/2018 were allocated to the G2b branch, while CH/QD/2018 was located in the G1a interval and was closer to the vaccine strain CV777. Successful detection and identification of the isolated strains were carried out using electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, animal challenge experiments and viral RNA copies determination were used to compare the pathogenicity. The results showed that CH/CC-1/2018 in Changchun was more pathogenic than CH/QD/2018 in Qingdao. In conclusion, the discovery of these new strains is conducive to the development of vaccines to prevent the pandemic of PEDV, especially that the CH/CC-1/2018, and CH/CC-2/2018 were not related to the classical vaccine strain CV777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ming Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling-Jiao Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Emad Beshir Ata
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep, Vet. Res. Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nan Wang
- Jilin Province Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changchun, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Lei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Hao Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiao-Dan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Wang Z, Li X, Shang Y, Wu J, Dong Z, Cao X, Liu Y, Lan X. Rapid differentiation of PEDV wild-type strains and classical attenuated vaccine strains by fluorescent probe-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:208. [PMID: 32571305 PMCID: PMC7306936 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an intestinal coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea and high mortality in suckling piglets, can result in high economic losses in the swine industry. In recent years, despite the use of China’s current vaccine immunization strategy, multiple types of PEDV strains were still found in immunized swine herds. Our research aims to explore a new rapid differentiation method to distinguish the different types of PEDV strains and assess the safety evaluation of classical attenuated vaccine strains in swine herds. Results In the study, a differential one-step quantitative real-time fluorescent reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RT-RPA) method based on the PEDV universal real-time RT-RPA assay was established according to the ORF1 deletion sequences of three classical attenuated vaccine strains (PEDV attenuated vaccine KC189944, attenuated CV777 and DR13) and five Vero cell-adapted isolates (JS2008, SDM, SQ2014, SC1402, HLJBY), which could effectively differentiate PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains from wild-type strains (PEDV classical wild strains and variant strains). The detection limits of PEDV RNA in the both PEDV real-time RT-RPA assays were 300 copies within 20 min at 39 °C, and the detection limits of classical attenuated vaccine strain CV777, Vero-cell-adapted isolate JS2008, and PEDV wild-type strain DX were 100.5 TCID50/100 μL, 101.1 TCID50/100 μL, and 101.2 TCID50/100 μL, respectively. Both assays were highly specific for PEDV, showing no cross-reactivity with other enteral viruses. Conclusion This RPA method we developed is simple, time-effective, and safe and provides a reliable technical tool for the differential diagnosis and clinical epidemic surveillance of PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains and wild-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, PR China.
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Rapid and efficient detection methods of pathogenic swine enteric coronaviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6091-6100. [PMID: 32430534 PMCID: PMC7235545 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Porcine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) cause highly contagious enteric diarrhea in suckling piglets. These COV infections are characterized by clinical signs of vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high morbidity and mortality, resulting in significant economic losses and tremendous threats to the pig farming industry worldwide. Because the clinical manifestations of pigs infected by different CoVs are similar, it is difficult to differentiate between the specific pathogens. Effective high-throughput detection methods are powerful tools used in the prevention and control of diseases. The immune system of piglets is not well developed, so serological methods to detect antibodies against these viruses are not suitable for rapid and early detection. This paper reviews various PCR-based methods used for the rapid and efficient detection of these pathogenic CoVs in swine intestines. Key points Swine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) emerged and reemerged in past years. Enteric CoVs infect pigs at all ages with high mortality rate in suckling pigs. Rapid and efficient detection methods are needed and critical for diagnosis.
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He D, Chen F, Ku X, Yu X, Li B, Li Z, Sun Q, Fan S, He Q. Establishment and application of a multiplex RT-PCR to differentiate wild-type and vaccine strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113684. [PMID: 31288038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and the wide use of attenuated live vaccine, both wild-type and vaccine strains (CV777) are believed to circulate in Chinese pig farms. Thus, identification of different PEDV strains is of epidemiological importance. In this study, a multiplex RT-PCR method was established based on the sequence features of spike (S) gene and ORF3 gene of PEDVs. The method could identify PEDV variant strains, classical wild-type strains and classical vaccine strains. The limit of detection of the RT-PCR was 1.51 × 104 copies/uL for plasmids and 1 × 101.7 TCID50/100 u L for PEDV, respectively. There were no cross-detections among three different PEDVs and no false detections among six swine pathogens. This assay was used to test 940 samples from China of which 303 samples were PEDV positive, and 289, 5, 10 were positive for variant, classical wild, classical vaccine, respectively. One sample was positive for both variant and classical vaccine PEDV. The variant PEDVs could be detected in samples from 13 provinces, while classical PEDVs were detected from nine provinces, supporting the prevalence of variant PEDV in China. In summary, this multiplex RT-PCR was a useful tool for the clinical detection and epidemiological survey of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Garcia GG, Aquino MAD, Balbin MM, Belotindos LP, Supnet JG, Mingala CN. Characterisation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates during the 2014-2015 outbreak in the Philippines. Virusdisease 2018; 29:342-348. [PMID: 30159369 PMCID: PMC6111962 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral agent of the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) was investigated during the reported 2014-2015 outbreaks in commercial farms in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study covered detection of PED virus (PEDV) in fecal and intestinal samples through reverse transcription PCR and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Results showed that 10 out of 34 fecal and intestinal samples examined were positive for PEDV. The partial nucleotide sequence of the N gene of the field samples showed 98-99% homologous to PEDV sequences registered in the GenBank. It was also noted that N gene sequences between field samples were 98% homologous. Interestingly, the partial sequences of the N genes of the field samples were genetically similar to the PEDV isolates from USA, China, Mexico, Canada and Japan. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the Philippine samples clustered in group 2-1 of the PEDV, wherein the isolates of this group were responsible for the outbreaks in Asia and the USA. Analysis of the partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed polymorphisms, deletions and insertions in the N-gene of the PEDV. Amino acid sequence alignment also showed deletions and insertion in the PEDV detected in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemerlyn G Garcia
- 1College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Mark Arman D Aquino
- 1College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Michelle M Balbin
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Lawrence P Belotindos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Jonathan G Supnet
- Angeles Core Enterprise Inc., Pulung Cacutud, 2009 Angeles City, Pampanga Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines.,4Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, 3120 Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
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New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with large deletions in the spike protein, identified in the United States, 2016-2017. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2485-2489. [PMID: 29789941 PMCID: PMC7087112 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Four types of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants with a large deletion in the spike protein were detected, together with the original US PEDV, from pig fecal and oral fluid samples collected during 2016-2017 in the US. Two of the variants are similar to those identified in Japan: one contains a 194-aa deletion, the same as PEDV variant TTR-2/JPN/2014, while the other contains a 204-aa deletion, the same as PEDV variant JKa-292/CS1de204. Two new S1 NTD-del PEDV variants were found: one contains a 201-aa deletion located at residues 30-230 and the other contains a 202-aa deletion located at residues 24-225 of the S protein. This is the first report on coinfection of S1 NTD-del PEDV variants and the original US PEDV strain in US pigs, indicating that PEDV continues to evolve in pigs and might be responsible for disease pattern changes.
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Fu X, Fang B, Liu Y, Cai M, Jun J, Ma J, Bu D, Wang L, Zhou P, Wang H, Zhang G. Newly emerged porcine enteric alphacoronavirus in southern China: Identification, origin and evolutionary history analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:179-187. [PMID: 29704627 PMCID: PMC7106130 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have a wide host range and can cause a variety of diseases with varying severity in different animals. Several enteric coronaviruses have been identified that are associated with diarrhea in swine and that have caused substantial economic losses. In this study, a newly emerged porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV), PEAV-GD-CH/2017, was identified from suckling piglets with diarrhea in southern China, and a full-length genome sequence of PEAV was obtained for systematic analysis. The novel PEAV sequence was most identical to that of bat-HKU2, and the differences between them were comprehensively compared, especially the uniform features of the S protein, which was shown to have a close relationship with betacoronaviruses and to perhaps represent unrecognized betacoronaviruses. In addition, Bayesian analysis was conducted to address the origin of PEAV, and the divergence time between PEAV and bat-HKU2 was estimated at 1926, which indicates that PEAV is not newly emerged and may have circulated in swine herds for several decades since the interspecies transmission of this coronavirus from bat to swine. The evolutionary rate of coronaviruses was estimated to be 1.93 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year for the RdRp gene in our analysis. For the origin of PEAV, we suspect that it is the result of the interspecies transmission of bat-HKU2 from bat to swine. Our results provide valuable information about the uniform features, origin and evolution of the novel PEAV, which will facilitate further investigations of this newly emerged pathogen. Identify and sequence a PEAV strain from suckling piglets with diarrhea The S protein of PEAV may recombination from unrecognized beta-CoV. The novel PEAV was emerged approximately at 1926 based on Bayesian analysis. PEAV origin from the interspecies transmission of bat-HKU2 from bat to swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengkai Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Jun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dexin Bu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Zhang J, Yim-Im W, Chen Q, Zheng Y, Schumacher L, Huang H, Gauger P, Harmon K, Li G. Identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with a large spike gene deletion from a clinical swine sample in the United States. Virus Genes 2018; 54:323-327. [PMID: 29468451 PMCID: PMC7088737 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two genetically different porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains have been identified in the USA: US prototype (also called non-S INDEL) and S INDEL PEDVs. In February 2017, a PEDV variant (USA/OK10240-8/2017) was identified in a rectal swab from a sow farm in Oklahoma, USA. Complete genome sequence analyses indicated this PEDV variant was genetically similar to US non-S INDEL strain but had a continuous 600-nt (200-aa) deletion in the N-terminal domain of the spike gene compared to non-S INDEL PEDVs. This is the first report of detecting PEDV bearing large spike gene deletion in clinical swine samples in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Wannarat Yim-Im
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Loni Schumacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Karen Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Wang J, Zhang R, Wang J, Han Q, Liu L, Li Y, Yuan W. Real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2018; 253:49-52. [PMID: 29330084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), which is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an acute, highly contagious enteric disease characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in suckling piglets. A real-time reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay (RT-RPA) was developed based on the nucleocapsid gene of PEDV. RT-RPA assay was performed at 40 °C for 20 min. The assay could detect both the classical and variant PEDV strains, and there was no cross-reaction with other pathogens tested. Using the in vitro transcribed PEDV RNA as template, the analytical sensitivity was 23 copies per reaction. The assay performance was evaluated by testing 76 clinical samples. PEDV RNA positive rate was 55.3% (42/76) by RT-RPA and 59.2% (45/76) by real-time RT-PCR. The diagnostic agreement between the two assays was 96.1% (73/76), and the R2 value of the two assays was 0.903 by linear regression analysis. The developed RT-RPA assay provides a useful alternative tool for simple, rapid and reliable detection of PEDV in resource-limited diagnostic laboratories and on-site facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Wang
- Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang 050050, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang 050050, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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Deletion of a 197-Amino-Acid Region in the N-Terminal Domain of Spike Protein Attenuates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Piglets. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00227-17. [PMID: 28490591 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain, PC177, by blind serial passaging of the intestinal contents of a diarrheic piglet in Vero cell culture. Compared with the highly virulent U.S. PEDV strain PC21A, the tissue culture-adapted PC177 (TC-PC177) contains a 197-amino-acid (aa) deletion in the N-terminal domain of the spike (S) protein. We orally inoculated neonatal, conventional suckling piglets with TC-PC177 or PC21A to compare their pathogenicities. Within 7 days postinoculation, TC-PC177 caused mild diarrhea and lower fecal viral RNA shedding, with no mortality, whereas PC21A caused severe clinical signs and 55% mortality. To investigate whether infection with TC-PC177 can induce cross-protection against challenge with a highly virulent PEDV strain, all the surviving piglets were challenged with PC21A at 3 weeks postinoculation. Compared with 100% protection in piglets initially inoculated with PC21A, 88% and 100% TC-PC177- and mock-inoculated piglets had diarrhea following challenge, respectively, indicating incomplete cross-protection. To investigate whether this 197-aa deletion was the determinant for the attenuation of TC-PC177, we generated a mutant (icPC22A-S1Δ197) bearing the 197-aa deletion from an infectious cDNA clone of the highly virulent PEDV PC22A strain (infectious clone PC22A, icPC22A). In neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the icPC22A-S1Δ197 virus caused mild to moderate diarrhea, lower titers of viral shedding, and no mortality, whereas the icPC22A virus caused severe diarrhea and 100% mortality. Our data indicate that deletion of this 197-aa fragment in the spike protein can attenuate a highly virulent PEDV, but the virus may lose important epitopes for inducing robust protective immunity.IMPORTANCE The emerging, highly virulent PEDV strains have caused substantial economic losses worldwide. However, the virulence determinants are not established. In this study, we found that a 197-aa deletion in the N-terminal region of the S protein did not alter virus (TC-PC177) tissue tropism but reduced the virulence of the highly virulent PEDV strain PC22A in neonatal piglets. We also demonstrated that the primary infection with TC-PC177 failed to induce complete cross-protection against challenge by the highly virulent PEDV PC21A, suggesting that the 197-aa region may contain important epitopes for inducing protective immunity. Our results provide an insight into the role of this large deletion in virus propagation and pathogenicity. In addition, the reverse genetics platform of the PC22A strain was further optimized for the rescue of recombinant PEDV viruses in vitro This breakthrough allows us to investigate other virulence determinants of PEDV strains and will provide knowledge leading to better control PEDV infections.
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