1
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Hung CH, Hsu HY, Chiou HYC, Tsai ML, You HL, Lin YC, Liao WT, Lin YC. Arsenic Induces M2 Macrophage Polarization and Shifts M1/M2 Cytokine Production via Mitophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213879. [PMID: 36430358 PMCID: PMC9693596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental factor associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since macrophages play a crucial role in regulating EMT, we studied the effects of arsenic on macrophage polarization. We first determined the arsenic concentrations to be used by cell viability assays in conjunction with previous studies. In our results, arsenic treatment increased the alternatively activated (M2) macrophage markers, including arginase 1 (ARG-1) gene expression, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and the cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) surface marker. Arsenic-treated macrophages promoted A549 lung epithelial cell invasion and migration in a cell co-culture model and a 3D gel cell co-culture model, confirming that arsenic treatment promoted EMT in lung epithelial cells. We confirmed that arsenic induced autophagy/mitophagy by microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3-II (LC3 II) and phosphor-Parkin (p-Parkin) protein markers. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) recovered the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in arsenic-treated M1 macrophages, which represents a confirmation that arsenic indeed induced the repolarization of classically activated (M1) macrophage to M2 macrophages through the autophagy/mitophagy pathway. Next, we verified that arsenic increased M2 cell markers in mouse blood and lungs. This study suggests that mitophagy is involved in the arsenic-induced M1 macrophage switch to an M2-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Yu Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Clair Chiou
- Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Humanities and Education, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (Y.-C.L.)
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2
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Nassar M, Dargham A, Jamleh A, Tamura Y, Hiraishi N, Tagami J. The Hormetic Effect of Arsenic Trioxide on Rat Pulpal Cells: An In Vitro Preliminary Study. Eur J Dent 2020; 15:222-227. [PMID: 33126286 PMCID: PMC8184270 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
Despite the agreement that there is no longer any indication for arsenic use in modern endodontics, some concerns are surfacing about the minute amount of arsenic trioxide (As
2
O
3
) released from Portland cement-based materials. The present study investigated the effect of different concentrations of As
2
O
3
on rat pulpal cells and the efficacy of
N
-acetylcysteine (NAC) in preventing As
2
O
3
-mediated toxicity.
Materials and Methods
Cytotoxicities of 50, 10, or 5 µm As
2
O
3
and the effect of cells co-treatment with 50 µm As
2
O
3
and 5,000 µm NAC or 500 µm NAC were tested at 24 hours or 3 days. Cell viability was assessed by means of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and cellular morphological changes were observed under phase contrast microscope.
Statistical Analysis
Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc test was used to evaluate differences between the groups (α = 0.05).
Results
At both exposure times, 50 µm As
2
O
3
resulted in lower optical density (OD) values when compared with 10 or 5 µm As
2
O
3
. At 24 hours, 10 µm As
2
O
3
resulted in a higher OD value compared with the control; however, at 3 days the difference was statistically insignificant. At each exposure time, the OD value of 5 µm As
2
O
3
group was comparable to the control and 10 µm As
2
O
3
group. There were no significant differences between 50 µm As
2
O
3
group and 500 μm NAC+50 μm As
2
O
3
group; however, these two groups had lower OD values when compared with 5,000 μm NAC+50 μm As
2
O
3
group at 24 hours and 3 days. The latter group showed significantly lower OD value in comparison with the control at 24 hours and 3 days. Control cells were polygonal-shaped while 50 µm As
2
O
3
-treated cells exhibited contracted and spherical morphology with increased intercellular spaces. At 24 hours, 10 μm and 5 µm As
2
O
3
-treated cells were slightly hypertrophic. Cells co-treated with NAC and As
2
O
3
showed increased intercellular spaces and lower cellular density compared with the control.
Conclusions
As
2
O
3
displayed a hormetic effect on pulpal cells; however, the proliferative effect induced by low As
2
O
3
concentrations should be interpreted with caution. NAC did not prevent As
2
O
3
-mediated toxicity; however, it demonstrated potential for ameliorating this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Dargham
- Ras Al Khaimah College of Dental Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Jamleh
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yukihiko Tamura
- Department of Bio-Matrix (Dental Pharmacology), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiraishi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Chen Y, Liu X, Wang H, Liu S, Hu N, Li X. Akt Regulated Phosphorylation of GSK-3β/Cyclin D1, p21 and p27 Contributes to Cell Proliferation Through Cell Cycle Progression From G1 to S/G2M Phase in Low-Dose Arsenite Exposed HaCat Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31680960 PMCID: PMC6798184 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic environmental contaminant. Long-term exposure to arsenic through drinking water induces human cancers. However, it is as yet uncertain about the mechanisms of arsenic induced carcinogenesis. Although the effects of low-dose arsenicals on proliferation and cell cycle have been revealed by short time exposure, the evidences for long-term exposure were seldom reported. The detailed mechanism has been unclear and supplemented constantly. In the present study, we used normal human keratinocytes (HaCat) to study the effects of long-term, low-dose sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) exposure on cell proliferation with emphasis on the Akt regulated cell cycle signaling pathways. Treatment of NaAsO2 resulted in increased cell proliferation and promotion of cell cycle progression from G1 to S/G2M phase, both of which could be attenuated by MK2206, a highly selective inhibitor of Akt. Along with the increased expression of phospho-Akt (p-Akt, Ser 473), increased expression of p-GSK-3β (Ser 9), p-p21 (Thr 145), p-p27 (Thr 157) and total cyclin D1, and decreased expression of p-cyclin D1 (Thr 286), p21 and p27 were also found in the NaAsO2 exposed cells. Treatment of MK2206 markedly reversed the expression of all of the above proteins. Our findings indicated that the phosphorylated activation of Akt played a role in the proliferation of HaCat cells upon long-term, low-dose NaAsO2 exposure through the phosphorylative regulation of its downstream cell cycle regulating factors of GSK-3β/cyclin D1, p21 and p27, which could induce the promotion of cell cycle progression from G1 to S/G2M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xudan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nannan Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Lu JH, Liao WT, Lee CH, Chang KL, Ke HL, Yu HS. ΔNp63 promotes abnormal epidermal proliferation in arsenical skin cancers. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:57-66. [PMID: 30026126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is known to perturb epidermal homeostasis and induce abnormal keratinocyte proliferation, leading to skin carcinogenesis. P63 and its isoforms are essential to regulate epidermal homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the role of p63 isoforms in abnormal epidermal proliferation induced by arsenic. Using arsenic-induced Bowen's disease (As-BD; an intraepidermal carcinoma) as a disease model, we found that in As-BD, the expression of proliferating basal keratinocytes marker cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and N-terminal truncated p63 isoform (ΔNp63; proliferation regulator) was increased, however, that of the differentiation marker cytokeratin 10 (CK10) and full-length p63 isoform (TAp63; differentiation regulator) was decreased in squamous cells as compared with healthy subjects. These observations were recapitulated in the arsenic-treated skin equivalents (SEs). The SEs showed that arsenic increased epidermal thickness, induced abnormal proliferation, and increased ΔNp63 expression in squamous cells as compared with the control. Treatment of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (HKCs) with arsenic increased CK14 and △Np63 expressions, but decreased TAp63 and CK10 expressions. Furthermore, knockdown of ΔNp63 by RNA interference abrogated arsenic-induced CK14 expression and recovered the reduction of TAp63 and CK10 caused by arsenic. These findings indicated that ΔNp63 is a pivotal regulator in the abnormal cell proliferation in arsenical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-He Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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5
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Weinmuellner R, Kryeziu K, Zbiral B, Tav K, Schoenhacker-Alte B, Groza D, Wimmer L, Schosserer M, Nagelreiter F, Rösinger S, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Grusch M, Grillari J, Heffeter P. Long-term exposure of immortalized keratinocytes to arsenic induces EMT, impairs differentiation in organotypic skin models and mimics aspects of human skin derangements. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:181-194. [PMID: 28776197 PMCID: PMC5773649 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most important human carcinogens and environmental pollutants. However, the evaluation of the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms is challenging due to the lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro models, as distinct interspecies differences in arsenic metabolism exist. Thus, it is of high interest to develop new experimental models of arsenic-induced skin tumorigenesis in humans. Consequently, aim of this study was to establish an advanced 3D model for the investigation of arsenic-induced skin derangements, namely skin equivalents, built from immortalized human keratinocytes (NHEK/SVTERT3-5). In contrast to spontaneously immortalized HACAT cells, NHEK/SVTERT3-5 cells more closely resembled the differentiation pattern of primary keratinocytes. With regard to arsenic, our results showed that while our new cell model was widely unaffected by short-time treatment (72 h) with low, non-toxic doses of ATO (0.05-0.25 µM), chronic exposure (6 months) resulted in distinct changes of several cell characteristics. Thus, we observed an increase in the G2 fraction of the cell cycle accompanied by increased nucleus size and uneven tubulin distribution. Moreover, cells showed strong signs of de-differentiation and upregulation of several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. In line with these effects, chronic contact to arsenic resulted in impaired skin-forming capacities as well as localization of ki67-positive (proliferating) cells at the upper layers of the epidermis; a condition termed Bowen's disease. Finally, chronically arsenic-exposed cells were characterized by an increased tumorigenicity in SCID mice. Taken together, our study presents a new model system for the investigation of mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of chronic arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weinmuellner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Kryeziu
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Zbiral
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Tav
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Schoenhacker-Alte
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Groza
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Wimmer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Nagelreiter
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Rösinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Haus B, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Rajput M, Kujur PK, Mishra A, Singh RP. Flavonoids inhibit chronically exposed arsenic-induced proliferation and malignant transformation of HaCaT cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:91-101. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Praveen Kumar Kujur
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Abhijeet Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Gujarat; Gandhinagar Gujarat India
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7
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Arsenite Regulates Prolongation of Glycan Residues of Membrane Glycoprotein: A Pivotal Study via Wax Physisorption Kinetics and FTIR Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:427. [PMID: 27011183 PMCID: PMC4813277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure results in several human cancers, including those of the skin, lung, and bladder. As skin cancers are the most common form, epidermal keratinocytes (KC) are the main target of arsenic exposure. The mechanisms by which arsenic induces carcinogenesis remains unclear, but aberrant cell proliferation and dysregulated energy homeostasis play a significant role. Protein glycosylation is involved in many key physiological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation. To evaluate whether arsenite exposure affected protein glycosylation, the alteration of chain length of glycan residues in arsenite treated skin cells was estimated. Herein we demonstrated that the protein glycosylation was adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent and regulated by arsenite exposure by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopy, synchrotron-radiation-based FTIR (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy, and wax physisorption kinetics coupled with focal-plane-array-based FTIR (WPK-FPA-FTIR) imaging. We were able to estimate the relative length of surface protein-linked glycan residues on arsenite-treated skin cells, including primary KC and two skin cancer cell lines, HSC-1 and HaCaT cells. Differential physisorption of wax adsorbents adhered to long-chain (elongated type) and short-chain (regular type) glycan residues of glycoprotein of skin cell samples treated with various concentration of arsenite was measured. The physisorption ratio of beeswax remain/n-pentacosane remain for KC cells was increased during arsenite exposure. Interestingly, this increase was reversed after oligomycin (an ATP synthase inhibitor) pretreatment, suggesting the chain length of protein-linked glycan residues is likely ATP-dependent. This is the first study to demonstrate the elongation and termination of surface protein-linked glycan residues using WPK-FPA-FTIR imaging in eukaryotes. Herein the result may provide a scientific basis to target surface protein-linked glycan residues in the process of arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:711-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Florea AM, Büsselberg D. The two opposite facets of arsenic: toxic and anticancer drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5339/jlghs.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic compounds have been known and used for centuries but their effects in living organisms still represent a large unknown. Arsenic compounds have paradoxical effects: they are threatening to human health, especially upon long-term exposure that can induce the development of cancer; however, they are used as drugs against cancer. This review focuses on the effects shown by clinically and environmentally relevant arsenic compounds in living organisms with a focus on the calcium–apoptosis link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Florea
- 1Universität Trier, Fachbereich VI Umwelttoxikologie, Universitätsring 15 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- 2Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
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Wu CH, Tseng YS, Kao YT, Sheu HM, Liu HS. Low concentration of arsenic-induced aberrant mitosis in keratinocytes through E2F1 transcriptionally regulated Aurora-A. Toxicol Sci 2012; 132:43-52. [PMID: 23174854 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to low-concentration arsenic promotes cell proliferation and carcinogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Centrosome amplification, the major cause of chromosome instability, occurs frequently in cancers. Aurora-A is a mitotic kinase and causes centrosome amplification and chromosome instability when overexpressed. Our previous study revealed that low-concentration arsenic induces Aurora-A overexpression in immortalized bladder cells. In this study, we hypothesized that low-concentration arsenic induces aberrant mitosis in keratinocytes due to Aurora-A overexpression. The specimen of Bowen's disease (BD) and squamous cell carcinoma obtained from arseniasis-endemic areas in Taiwan showed Aurora-A overexpression. The mRNA/protein levels and kinase activity of Aurora-A were increased in immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells after arsenic treatment at low concentration (< 1µM). Aberrant spindles, multiple centrosomes, and multinucleated cells were detected under fluorescent microscopy in HaCaT cells after arsenic treatment. These findings were associated with increased expression of Aurora-A. We further revealed that Aurora-A was regulated by arsenic-induced transcriptional factor E2F1 as demonstrated by chromosome immunoprecipitation, promoter activity, and small interfering RNA assays. Finally, in arsenic-treated HaCaT cells and in BD, a significant increase of dysfunctional p53 was found, and this event correlated with the increase in expression of Aurora-A. Altogether, our data suggest that low concentration of arsenic induces activation of E2F1-Aurora-A axis and results in aberrant mitosis of keratinocytes. Overexpression of Aurora-A and dysfunctional p53 may act synergistically to trigger skin tumor formation. Our findings suggest that Aurora-A may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of arsenic-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Han Wu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Hsu WL, Tsai MH, Lin MW, Chiu YC, Lu JH, Chang CH, Yu HS, Yoshioka T. Differential effects of arsenic on calcium signaling in primary keratinocytes and malignant (HSC-1) cells. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:161-9. [PMID: 22695135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is highly toxic to living cells, especially skin, and skin cancer is induced by drinking water containing arsenic. The molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced cancer, however, are not well understood. To examine the initial processes in the development of arsenic-induced cancer, we analyzed calcium signaling at an early stage of arsenic treatment of human primary cells and compared the effects with those observed with arsenic treatment in carcinoma-derived cells. We found that arsenic inhibited inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) function in the endoplasmic reticulum by inducing phosphorylation, which led to decreased intracellular calcium levels. Blockade of IP3R phosphorylation by the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt inhibitor wortmannin rescued calcium signaling. In contrast, arsenic treatment of cells derived from a carcinoma (human squamous carcinoma; HSC-1) for 1h had no obvious effect. Taken together, these results suggest that arsenic-induced reduction in calcium signaling is one of the initial mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation in the development of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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12
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