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Crouwel F, Simsek M, de Boer MA, van Asseldonk DP, Bhalla A, Weusthuis ALM, Gilissen LPL, Verburg RJ, Mares WGN, Jharap B, Kuijvenhoven JP, Oldenburg B, Buiter HJC, Julsgaard M, de Boer NK. Multicentre study and systematic review: Allopurinol exposure during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 60:503-518. [PMID: 38984819 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data about the safety of allopurinol in pregnant women are sparsely reported. AIMS To investigate the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and congenital abnormalities after in utero exposure to allopurinol in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pregnancies and in general. METHODS We collected safety data of patients with IBD who were treated with allopurinol during pregnancy between January 2013 and March 2022. Additionally, we performed a systematic review about the teratogenic potential of allopurinol. RESULTS We collected data from 42 allopurinol-exposed pregnancies, including one twin pregnancy; in all women, allopurinol was combined with a thiopurine. Six pregnancies (14.3%) resulted in miscarriage and one in stillbirth at 32 weeks. A congenital anomaly was observed in one newborn (coarctation of the aorta discovered postpartum). Three pregnancies, including the twin pregnancy, ended in moderate preterm delivery and one in very preterm delivery. Five neonates (15.2%) were small for gestational age. From our literature search, we identified an additional 102 allopurinol-exposed pregnancies resulting in 129 live births, including 36 infants from our cohort. Ten infants (7.8%) were born with a congenital anomaly. Two (1.6%) had a comparable pattern of multiple anomalies. The systematic review sub-analysis including only infants born to mothers with IBD (n = 76) revealed that 2.6% of infants had congenital anomalies after in utero exposure to a low dose of allopurinol. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the teratogenicity of allopurinol remains inconclusive. Children conceived by mothers treated for IBD with allopurinol/thiopurine co-therapy do not seem to have an increased risk of congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Crouwel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melek Simsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon A de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk P van Asseldonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, HagaZiekenhuis, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L M Weusthuis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard P L Gilissen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Verburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Wout G N Mares
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Bindia Jharap
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P Kuijvenhoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J C Buiter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Julsgaard
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nanne K de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Badr A, Benkhadra M, Elsayed B, Metwally O, Elhadary M, Elshoeibi AM, Ghasoub R, Elshoeibi RM, Alshemmari S, Mattar M, Alfarsi K, Yassin M. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Pregnancy: A Review of the Available Literature and the Pharmacological Challenges in Management. Oncology 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39084201 DOI: 10.1159/000540650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a rare hematologic malignancy to occur in pregnancy, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 75,000 pregnancies. Pregnant women with CLL face increased susceptibility to infections, due to a weakened immune system. Higher risks of fetal malformations and death are associated with CLL treatment during pregnancy, emphasizing the need for careful consideration and management in these cases. SUMMARY This review aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of CLL in pregnant cases. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases, yielding 14 case reports for inclusion. The cases were divided based on CLL diagnosis onset, either before or during pregnancy. Our results showed that patients diagnosed during pregnancy (n = 5) were mostly asymptomatic at diagnosis, with management ranging from supportive care to leukapheresis and transfusions. Postpartum treatment varied, with some patients requiring no additional therapy and others receiving chemotherapy. Pregnancy outcomes were generally favorable, with most neonates born healthy at term. However, one case of Richter transformation resulted in maternal death despite treatment. Among patients with pre-existing CLL (n = 9), the majority experienced an indolent course during pregnancy, with only supportive care required. A few cases necessitated treatment due to progressive disease or complications, including chemotherapy, leukapheresis, and splenectomy. KEY MESSAGES This review highlights the heterogeneous nature of CLL in pregnancy and the importance of individualized management based on disease severity, gestational age, and maternal-fetal risks. Close monitoring, supportive care, and a multidisciplinary approach are essential for optimizing outcomes in this rare and complex clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Badr
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria Benkhadra
- Pharmacy Department, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | - Rola Ghasoub
- Pharmacy Department, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Salem Alshemmari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Khalil Alfarsi
- Department of Hematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al-Khod, Oman
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Hematology Section, Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Tadmor T, Melamed G, Alapi H, Gazit S, Patalon T, Rokach L. Pregnancy Course of 10 Women Diagnosed with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Acta Haematol 2023; 146:379-383. [PMID: 37276848 PMCID: PMC10614226 DOI: 10.1159/000531400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancies following diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are rare events, mainly because the disease is typically diagnosed in the elderly. Literature on the topic is based only on case reports, and limited data are available on the influence of pregnancy on CLL course. In this retrospective study, we aimed to summarize the clinical and laboratory course of 10 women with CLL who became pregnant. None of the patients had significant changes in blood count during or after pregnancy or had complications such as infection, autoimmune phenomenon, or preeclampsia. Four out of 10 pregnancies were terminated with an early miscarriage. Following labor, 1 patient started anti-CLL treatment due to preexisting anemia, but none of the women required therapy during CLL progression during the first 2 years of follow-up. We conclude that based on our serial, pregnancy does not negatively impact on CLL course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Melamed
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research and Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hillel Alapi
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research and Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Gazit
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research and Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Patalon
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research and Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Rokach
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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4
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Transplacental Passage and Fetal Effects of Antineoplastic Treatment during Pregnancy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133103. [PMID: 35804875 PMCID: PMC9264939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this paper we perform an introduction about pregnancy-associated cancer (PAC) and transplacental passage of antineoplastic agents. Furthermore, we describe therapeutic use and potential toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drug (alkylating agents, antimetabolites agents, anthracyclines, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimitotic agents, actinomycin-D, bleomycin) and targeted agents during pregnancy. This manuscript may be a useful and practical guide for the management of PAC, which is a challenge for clinicians that have to consider alike maternal benefits and fetal potential risks correlated to the antineoplastic treatment. Abstract The incidence of PAC is relatively infrequent among pregnant women. However, it has gradually increased in recent years, becoming a challenging area for clinicians that should take into account in the same way maternal benefits and fetal potential risks correlated to the antineoplastic treatment. None of the antineoplastic drugs is completely risk-free during the pregnancy, the timing of exposure and transplacental transfer properties influence the toxicity of the fetus. Despite the lack of guidelines about the management of PAC, several studies have described the use and the potential fetal and neonatal adverse events of antineoplastic drugs during pregnancy. We provide a review of the available literature about the transplacental passage and fetal effects of chemotherapy and targeted agents, to guide the clinicians in the most appropriate choices for the management of PAC.
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Winckler P, Vanazzi A, Bozzo M, Scarfone G, Peccatori FA. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during pregnancy: management and thoughts. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:592. [PMID: 26635896 PMCID: PMC4659706 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia in the Western world. Despite this fact, its coexistence with pregnancy is extremely rare, with few cases reported in the literature. Given the rarity of this event, it is difficult to conduct large prospective trials to evaluate diagnostic, management, and outcome aspects. The existing evidence is limited to the few published cases and scarce data from reviews on haematological malignancies and pregnancy. Here, we report a case of a 36-year-old patient who had already finished treatment for CLL and was under surveillance when she got pregnant. We describe the evolution of the pregnancy and of the disease's behaviour as well as the oncological and obstetrical management. Being an indolent disease, CLL during pregnancy can be usually followed up without treatment, but infectious and autoimmune complications might have a significant impact on the pregnancy outcome. Therefore, pregnancy must be closely monitored in specialised centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Winckler
- Serviço de Oncologia Médica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Rua Professor Lima Basto, Lisboa 1700-023, Portugal
| | - Anna Vanazzi
- Division of Haematology Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Maddalena Bozzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DMCO San Paolo, Via di Rudinì 8, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Giovanna Scarfone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatology, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Fedro A Peccatori
- Fertility & Procreation Unit, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
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6
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Hamad N, Kliman D, Best OG, Caramins M, Hertzberg M, Lindeman R, Porter R, Mulligan SP. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, monoclonal B-lymphocytosis and pregnancy: five cases, a literature review and discussion of management. Br J Haematol 2014; 168:350-60. [PMID: 25256787 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) occurs rarely with pregnancy and monoclonal B-Lymphocytosis (MBL) has not previously been described in this setting. CLL is predominantly a disease of the elderly and affects men twice as often as women and hence only an estimated 2% of patients are females of childbearing age. We identified only five reported cases of CLL in pregnancy in the literature. We describe two additional cases, plus three other women with CLL dealing with pregnancy-related decisions. We review the literature and discuss proposals for management and issues that arise in this relatively uncommon occurrence. In contrast to many other haematological malignancies where longer remissions are typically associated with a lower risk of relapse, most patients with CLL who require treatment will ultimately relapse with current therapy. This complex setting requires careful consideration and well informed patients to assist with decisions related to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Hamad
- Department of Haematology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Australian Research Consortium (CLLARC), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Leukemia in pregnancy remains a challenging therapeutic prospect. The prevalence is low at ∼1 in 10 000 pregnancies, and as a result data are limited to small retrospective series and case reports, rendering evidence-based recommendations for management strategies difficult. The management of the leukemias in pregnancy requires close collaboration with obstetric and neonatology colleagues as both the maternal and fetal outcomes must be taken into consideration. The decision to introduce or delay chemotherapy must be balanced against the impact on maternal and fetal survival and morbidity. Invariably, acute leukemia diagnosed in the first trimester necessitates intensive chemotherapy that is likely to induce fetal malformations. As delaying treatment in this situation is usually inappropriate, counseling with regard to termination of pregnancy is often essential. For chronic disease and acute leukemia diagnosed after the second trimester, therapeutic termination of the pregnancy is not inevitable and often, standard management approaches similar to those in nongravid patients can be used. Here, the management of the acute and chronic leukemias will be addressed.
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8
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Ticku J, Oberoi S, Friend S, Busowski J, Langenstroer M, Baidas S. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in pregnancy: a case report with literature review. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 4:313-9. [PMID: 24082992 DOI: 10.1177/2040620713492933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during pregnancy requires treatment with high-dose chemotherapy that can pose risks to both the mother and fetus. Special consideration to chemotherapy regimen and its doses and to fetal gestational age at the time of chemotherapy administration should be taken in order to limit fetal exposure while still providing optimal therapy to the mother. Here we describe a 22-year-old patient who was diagnosed at 26 weeks gestation with ALL and was treated in the third trimester with HyperCVAD (cytoxan, vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone) combination chemotherapy giving birth via Caesarean section to a healthy baby girl 4 weeks after induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ticku
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, 1400 South Orange Avenue, Orlando, FL 32801, USA
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9
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Hoeltzenbein M, Stieler K, Panse M, Wacker E, Schaefer C. Allopurinol Use during Pregnancy - Outcome of 31 Prospectively Ascertained Cases and a Phenotype Possibly Indicative for Teratogenicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66637. [PMID: 23840514 PMCID: PMC3686712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopurinol is a purine analogue that inhibits xanthine oxidase. It is mainly used for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with gout or tumor lysis syndrome. Experience with allopurinol in pregnancy is scarce. In 2011, Kozenko et al. reported on a child with multiple malformations after maternal treatment with allopurinol throughout pregnancy. Possible teratogenicity of allopurinol was proposed due to the similarity of the pattern of malformations in children with mycophenolate embryopathy. A possible common mechanism of both drugs, i.e. disruption of purine synthesis, was discussed. We report on the outcome of 31 prospectively ascertained pregnancies with allopurinol exposure at least during first trimester. Pregnancy outcomes were 2 spontaneous abortions, 2 elective terminations of pregnancy and 27 live born children. The overall rate of major malformations (3.7%) and of spontaneous abortions (cumulative incidence 11%, 95%-CI 3–40) were both within the normal range. However, there was one child with severe malformations including microphthalmia, cleft lip and palate, renal hypoplasia, low-set ears, hearing deficit, bilateral cryptorchidism, and micropenis. The striking similarity of the anomalies in this child and the case described by Kozenko et al. might be considered as a signal for teratogenicity. Thus, we would recommend caution with allopurinol treatment in the first trimester, until further data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hoeltzenbein
- Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katja Stieler
- Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mary Panse
- Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelin Wacker
- Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Schaefer
- Berlin Institute for Clinical Teratology and Drug Risk Assessment in Pregnancy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Michieli M, Peccatori FA, Lleshi A, Del Pup L, Valente D, Rupolo M, Tirelli U, Berretta M. Antiblastic treatment of haematological malignancies during pregnancy: a crucial decision. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 25:21S-32S. [PMID: 23092517 DOI: 10.1177/03946320120250s202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiblastic treatment of hematological malignancies during pregnancy poses a number of issues related to the curability of the maternal disease, the need of a prompt treatment and the potential toxicity of chemotherapy for the fetus. Here we report the results of a systematic literature search about the management of the most frequent hematological malignancies that may occur during pregnancy, focusing on specific issues related to gestational age at diagnosis, fetal toxicity and efficacy on the maternal side. The standard approach in non-pregnant women is illustrated as reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michieli
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy.
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Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft. ARZNEIMITTEL IN SCHWANGERSCHAFT UND STILLZEIT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7271212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-21203-1.10002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Azim HA, Pavlidis N, Peccatori FA. Treatment of the pregnant mother with cancer: A systematic review on the use of cytotoxic, endocrine, targeted agents and immunotherapy during pregnancy. Part II: Hematological tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Rizack T, Mega A, Legare R, Castillo J. Management of hematological malignancies during pregnancy. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:830-41. [PMID: 19844988 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The management of hematological malignancies during pregnancy is a challenging endeavor, which not only requires technical skills and knowledge by the clinicians but also requires sound clinical judgment and compassion, keeping in mind the patient and family preferences and, ultimately, the wellbeing of the neonate. The incidence of hematological malignancies during pregnancy is rare, ranging from 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries, impeding the design and execution of large prospective studies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the limited existing data and make useful suggestions in the management of acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, plasma cell myeloma, and other hematological malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndromes and hairy cell leukemia, during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/prevention & control
- Abortion, Induced
- Adult
- Antiemetics/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cesarean Section
- Clinical Protocols
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Contraindications
- Disease Management
- Female
- Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/chemically induced
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control
- Leukapheresis
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/epidemiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic/therapy
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Pregnancy Trimesters
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rizack
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Miriam Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA.
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14
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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