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Prochilo G, Pfeffer A, Du S, Kaneko N, Liebeskind DS, Hinman JD. Recent Translational Research Models of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Stroke 2024; 55:1707-1719. [PMID: 38738375 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.044520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a leading cause of ischemic stroke worldwide. However, research on the pathophysiology of ICAD is scarce due to the relative inaccessibility of histology samples and the lack of comprehensive experimental models. As a result, much of the current understanding of ICAD relies on research on extracranial atherosclerosis. This approach is problematic as intracranial and extracranial arteries are anatomically, structurally, physiologically, and metabolically distinct, indicating that intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis likely develop through different biologic pathways. The current standard of care for ICAD treatment relies predominantly on therapeutics developed to treat extracranial atherosclerosis and is insufficient given the alarmingly high risk of stroke. To provide a definitive treatment for the disease, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology underlying ICAD is specifically required. True mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis is only possible using robust experimental models. In this review, we aim to identify the advantages and limitations of the existing in vivo and in vitro models of ICAD and basic atherosclerotic processes, which may be used to inform better models of ICAD in the future and drive new therapeutic strategies to reduce stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Prochilo
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alissa Pfeffer
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephanie Du
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Radiology (N.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.D.H.)
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Wang X, Wang X, Cong P, Wu L, Ma Y, Wang Z, Jiang T, Xu J. Sea cucumber ether-phospholipids improve hepatic steatosis and enhance hypothalamic autophagy in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 106:109032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cox LA, Chan J, Rao P, Hamid Z, Glenn JP, Jadhav A, Das V, Karere GM, Quillen E, Kavanagh K, Olivier M. Integrated omics analysis reveals sirtuin signaling is central to hepatic response to a high fructose diet. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:870. [PMID: 34861817 PMCID: PMC8641221 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary high fructose (HFr) is a known metabolic disruptor contributing to development of obesity and diabetes in Western societies. Initial molecular changes from exposure to HFr on liver metabolism may be essential to understand the perturbations leading to insulin resistance and abnormalities in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. We studied vervet monkeys (Clorocebus aethiops sabaeus) fed a HFr (n=5) or chow diet (n=5) for 6 weeks, and obtained clinical measures of liver function, blood insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. In addition, we performed untargeted global transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses on liver biopsies to determine the molecular impact of a HFr diet on coordinated pathways and networks that differed by diet. RESULTS We show that integration of omics data sets improved statistical significance for some pathways and networks, and decreased significance for others, suggesting that multiple omics datasets enhance confidence in relevant pathway and network identification. Specifically, we found that sirtuin signaling and a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) regulatory network were significantly altered in hepatic response to HFr. Integration of metabolomics and miRNAs data further strengthened our findings. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated analysis of three types of omics data with pathway and regulatory network analysis demonstrates the usefulness of this approach for discovery of molecular networks central to a biological response. In addition, metabolites aspartic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protein ATG3, and genes ATG7, and HMGCS2 link sirtuin signaling and the PPARA network suggesting molecular mechanisms for altered hepatic gluconeogenesis from consumption of a HFr diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Cox
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 27157, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Jeannie Chan
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Prahlad Rao
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, Memphis, USA
| | - Zeeshan Hamid
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Jeremy P Glenn
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Avinash Jadhav
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Das
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Genesio M Karere
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ellen Quillen
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 27157, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael Olivier
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, NRC, G-floor, NC, 27157, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 78245, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Yan L, Zhou X, Yang X, Zheng Y, Liu C, Zheng L, Fang L, Luo W, He G, He J, Zheng J, Zhou Y. Establishment and Evaluation of a Monkey Acute Cerebral Ischemia Model. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1339. [PMID: 32130353 PMCID: PMC7026944 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia seriously threatens human health and is characterized by high rates of incidence, disability and death. Developing an ideal animal model of cerebral ischemia that reflects the human clinical features is critical for pathological studies and clinical research. The goal of this study is to establish a local cerebral ischemia model in rhesus macaque, thereby providing an optimal animal model to study cerebral ischemia. METHODS Eight healthy rhesus monkeys were selected for this study. CT scans were performed before the operation to exclude cerebral vascular and intracranial lesions. Under guidance and monitoring with digital subtraction angiography (DSA), a microcatheter was inserted into the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the femoral artery. Then, autologous white thrombi were introduced to block blood flow. Immediately following embolization, multisequence MRI was used to monitor cerebrovascular and brain parenchymal conditions. Twenty-four hours after embolization, 2 monkeys were sacrificed and subjected to perfusion, fixation and pathological examination. RESULTS The cerebral ischemia model was established in 7 rhesus monkeys; one animal died during intubation. DSA and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) indicated the presence of an arterial occlusion. MRI showed acute local cerebral ischemia. HE staining revealed infarct lesions formed in the brain tissues, and thrombi were present in the cerebral artery. CONCLUSION We established a rhesus macaque model of local cerebral ischemia by autologous thrombus placement. This model has important implications for basic and clinical research on cerebral ischemia. MRI and DSA can evaluate the models to ensure accuracy and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Ultrasound Diagnosis & Treatment Center, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an 710100, China
- *Corresponding authors. E-mail: /
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xi'an Central Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of JiaoTong University, Xi'an 710003, China
- *Corresponding authors. E-mail: /
| | - Chunying Liu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xi'an Children’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of JiaoTong University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guangbin He
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianguo He
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianmin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonography, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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5
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He T, Xu C, Krampe N, Dillon SM, Sette P, Falwell E, Haret-Richter GS, Butterfield T, Dunsmore TL, McFadden WM, Martin KJ, Policicchio BB, Raehtz KD, Penn EP, Tracy RP, Ribeiro RM, Frank DN, Wilson CC, Landay AL, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. High-fat diet exacerbates SIV pathogenesis and accelerates disease progression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5474-5488. [PMID: 31710311 PMCID: PMC6877342 DOI: 10.1172/jci121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes; both of these diseases are also associated with systemic inflammation, similar to HIV infection. A HFD induces intestinal dysbiosis and impairs liver function and coagulation, with a potential negative impact on HIV/SIV pathogenesis. We administered a HFD rich in saturated fats and cholesterol to nonpathogenic (African green monkeys) and pathogenic (pigtailed macaques) SIV hosts. The HFD had a negative impact on SIV disease progression in both species. Thus, increased cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA occurred in the HFD-receiving nonhuman primates, indicating a potential reservoir expansion. The HFD induced prominent immune cell infiltration in the adipose tissue, an important SIV reservoir, and heightened systemic immune activation and inflammation, altering the intestinal immune environment and triggering gut damage and microbial translocation. Furthermore, HFD altered lipid metabolism and HDL oxidation and also induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. These metabolic disturbances triggered incipient atherosclerosis and heightened cardiovascular risk in the SIV-infected HFD-receiving nonhuman primates. Our study demonstrates that dietary intake has a discernable impact on the natural history of HIV/SIV infections and suggests that dietary changes can be used as adjuvant approaches for HIV-infected subjects, to reduce inflammation and the risk of non-AIDS comorbidities and possibly other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Falwell
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Butterfield
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Haley MJ, Lawrence CB. Obesity and stroke: Can we translate from rodents to patients? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2007-2021. [PMID: 27655337 PMCID: PMC5134197 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16670411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for stroke and is consequently one of the most common co-morbidities found in patients. There is therefore an identified need to model co-morbidities preclinically to allow better translation from bench to bedside. In preclinical studies, both diet-induced and genetically obese rodents have worse stroke outcome, characterised by increased ischaemic damage and an altered inflammatory response. However, clinical studies have reported an 'obesity paradox' in stroke, characterised by reduced mortality and morbidity in obese patients. We discuss the potential reasons why the preclinical and clinical studies may not agree, and review the mechanisms identified in preclinical studies through which obesity may affects stroke outcome. We suggest inflammation plays a central role in this relationship, as obesity features increases in inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, and chronic inflammation has been linked to worse stroke risk and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Liquid fructose supplementation in LDL-R−/− mice fed a western-type diet enhances lipid burden and atherosclerosis despite identical calorie consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcme.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wu D, Liu Q, Wei S, Zhang YA, Yue F. A preliminary report on oral fat tolerance test in rhesus monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:11. [PMID: 24410972 PMCID: PMC3895841 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) has been widely used to assess the postprandial lipemia in human beings, but there is few studies concerning OFTT in nonhuman primates. This study is designed to explore the feasibility of OFTT in rhesus monkeys. Methods In a cross-over study, a total of 8 adult female rhesus monkeys were fed with normal monkey diet (NND), high sugar high fat diet (HHD), and extremely high fat diet (EHD), respectively. Each monkey consumed NND, HHD and EHD respectively, each weighing 60 g. Serial blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingesting each kind of food. Triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and insulin at each time point were measured. The area under the curve of triglyceride (TG-AUC) and triglyceride peak response (TG-PR) were also calculated. Results All monkeys ingested 3 kinds of foods within 15 minutes. TG-AUC and TG-PR of HHD group were higher than those of the other two groups. Postprandial triglyceride levels at 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours in HHD group during OFTT were also higher than those in NND and EHD group. Conclusions HHD diet can be used in OFTT for nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Feng Yue
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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9
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Voruganti VS, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Kavanagh K, Rudel LL, Temel R, Fairbanks LA, Comuzzie AG. Significant genotype by diet (G × D) interaction effects on cardiometabolic responses to a pedigree-wide, dietary challenge in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Am J Primatol 2013; 75:491-9. [PMID: 23315630 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient composition of a diet (D) has been shown to interact with genetic predispositions (G) to affect various lipid phenotypes. Our aim in this study was to confirm G × D interaction and determine whether the interaction extends to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as glycemic measures and body weight. Subjects were vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; n = 309) from a multigenerational pedigreed colony initially fed with a plant-based diet, standard primate diet (18% calories from protein, 13% from fat, and 69% from carbohydrates), and subsequently challenged for 8 weeks with a diet modeled on the typical American diet (18% calories from protein, 35% from fat, and 47% from carbohydrates). Our results showed that although exposure to the challenge diet did not result in significant changes in weight, most lipid and glycemic biomarkers moved in an adverse direction (P < 0.01). Quantitative genetic analyses showed that cardiometabolic phenotypes were significantly heritable under both dietary conditions (P < 0.05), and there was significant evidence of G × D interaction for these phenotypes. We observed significant differences in the additive genetic variances for most lipid phenotypes (P < 10(-4) ), indicating that the magnitude of genetic effects varies by diet. Furthermore, genetic correlations between diets differed significantly from 1 with respect to insulin, body weight, and some lipid phenotypes (P < 0.01). This implied that distinct genetic effects are involved in the regulation of these phenotypes under the two dietary conditions. These G × D effects confirm and extend previous observations in baboons (Papio sp.) and suggest that mimicking the typical human nutritional environment can reveal genetic influences that might not be observed in animals consuming standard, plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Voruganti
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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10
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Wu D, Yue F, Zhang YA. The changes of glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:349-55. [PMID: 22924418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive weight gain has been observed in middle-aged cynomolgus monkeys. This study was designed to investigate the metabolic characteristics in overweight monkeys. METHODS A total of 26 cynomolgus monkeys were grouped based on gender and body weight. Overweight was operationally defined as body weight heavier than 9.6 kg in males and 7.5 kg in females. They were monitored for glucose and insulin in fasting state, serum parameters, and somatometric measurements. RESULTS Higher measurements of weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, hip, and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were the somatometric characteristics of overweight monkeys. Abdominal fat deposition was more prominent in females. Elevated total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and fasting glucose were observed in female overweight monkeys. Impaired insulin sensitivity occurred in overweight monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Overweight could result in impaired insulin sensitivity. The metabolic changes were more prominent in female overweight monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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11
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Han S, Flattery AM, McLaren D, Raubertas R, Lee SH, Mendoza V, Rosa R, Geoghagen N, Castro-Perez JM, Roddy TP, Forrest G, Johns D, Hubbard BK, Li J. Comparison of lipoprotein separation and lipid analysis methodologies for human and cynomolgus monkey plasma samples. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 5:75-83. [PMID: 22194019 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess cardiovascular risk in both clinical and basic research settings, it is imperative to be able to accurately measure plasma lipid levels. Here, methods commonly used to measure lipoproteins and lipids: ultracentrifugation (UC), fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), Roche auto-analyzer, and enzymatic assays were tested and compared. Plasma samples from 20 healthy humans and 22 cynomolgus monkeys were analyzed for their total cholesterol (TC), cholesterol in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides (TG). Major lipid classes from UC and FPLC separated lipoprotein fractions from human plasma were further characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. All the tested methods showed acceptable performance with Roche analyzer among the best in approximate dilution linearity and recovery for most lipids as well as in repeatability between measurements of the same samples. TC, LDL, HDL, and TG values measured in human vs. monkey were-183.9 ± 35.5 (mean ± SD) vs. 105.6 ± 24.6 mg/dl, 106.0 ± 30.1 vs. 42.8 ± 13.0 mg/dl, 50.0 ± 11.4 vs. 53.4 ± 14.8 mg/dl, and 107.6 ± 50.7 vs. 58.0 ± 52.3 mg/dl. While no single method was uniformly the best, we recommend the Roche analyzer for routine measurements. UC or FPLC separation is needed for further functional characterization for specific lipid fraction. We have shown athero-protective profile in cynomolgus monkey compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongah Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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12
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Mubiru JN, Garcia-Forey M, Higgins PB, Hemmat P, Cavazos NE, Dick EJ, Owston MA, Bauer CA, Shade RE, Comuzzie AG, Rogers J. A preliminary report on the feeding of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with a high-sugar high-fat diet for 33 weeks. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:335-41. [PMID: 21812784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome is common in populations exposed to a typical Western diet. There is a lack of an animal model that mimics this condition. METHODS We fed 15 cynomolgus monkeys ad libitum a high-sugar high-fat (HSHF) diet for 33 weeks. Body weight, body composition, serum lipids, and insulin were measured at baseline and at 33 weeks. RESULTS The animals tolerated the HSHF diet very well. In the intervention group, total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were 3- and 5-fold higher, respectively, at 33 weeks as compared with their baseline levels. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly affected. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of the intervention group indicated that the trunk fat mass increased by 187% during this period. CONCLUSIONS Cynomolgus monkeys should be a useful model for investigating the interactions of diet and other factors such as genetics in the development of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Mubiru
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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13
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Qureshi AI, Taylor RA. Research priorities for intracranial atherosclerotic diseases. J Neuroimaging 2010; 19 Suppl 1:39S-42S. [PMID: 19807858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review summarizes the characteristics of existing experimental models for intracranial atherosclerosis in rabbits, pigs, and dogs with potential implications for research. New methodologies for understanding plaque morphology, and plaque quantitation and its prognostic implications are important for risk stratification in regards to ischemic events and lesion progression. A potential treatment strategy for intracranial atherosclerotic disease may be aimed at medical therapies that induce plaque regression. The treatment with statins to stabilize and/or promote plaque regression of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions is largely inferred from data in the coronary literature. In patients with multisegmented intracranial atherosclerotic diseases with no other therapeutic option, angiogenic growth factors may represent a new venue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan I Qureshi
- Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Qureshi AI, Feldmann E, Gomez CR, Johnston SC, Kasner SE, Quick DC, Rasmussen PA, Suri MFK, Taylor RA, Zaidat OO. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease: an update. Ann Neurol 2010; 66:730-8. [PMID: 20035502 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consensus conference on intracranial atherosclerosis provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature relevant to the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis, and identifies principles of management and research priorities. Patients who have suffered a stroke or transient ischemic attack attributed to stenosis (50-99%) of a major intracranial artery face a 12 to 14% risk for subsequent stroke during the 2-year period after the initial ischemic event, despite treatment with antithrombotic medications. The annual risk for subsequent stroke may exceed 20% in high-risk groups. In patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease, short-term and long-term anticoagulation is not superior to antiplatelet treatment. Overall, the subgroup analyses from randomized trials provide evidence about benefit of aggressive atherogenic risk factor management. Intracranial angioplasty with or without stent placement has evolved as a therapeutic option for patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease, particularly those with high-grade stenosis with recurrent ischemic symptoms, medication failure, or both. A multicenter randomized trial is currently under way to compare stent placement with intense medical management for patients with high-grade symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan I Qureshi
- Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Spiteller G. The important role of lipid peroxidation processes in aging and age dependent diseases. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 37:5-12. [PMID: 17914157 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Any change in the cell membrane structure activates lipoxygenases (LOX). LOX transform polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to lipidhydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). When cells are severely wounded, this physiological process switches to a non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) process producing LOO* radicals. These oxidize nearly all-biological molecules such as lipids, sugars, and proteins. The LOO* induced degradations proceed by transfer of the radicals from cell to cell like an infection. The chemical reactions induced by LO* and LOO* radicals seem to be responsible for aging and induction of age dependent diseases.Alternatively, LO* and LOO* radicals are generated by frying of fats and involve cholesterol-PUFA esters and thus induce atherogenesis. Plants and algae are exposed to LOO* radicals generating radiation. In order to remove LOO* radicals, plants and algae transform PUFAs to furan fatty acids, which are incorporated after consumption of vegetables into mammalian tissues where they act as excellent scavengers of LOO* and LO* radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- Organic Chemical Department, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany.
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