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Jensen LT, Attfield KE, Feldmann M, Fugger L. Allosteric TYK2 inhibition: redefining autoimmune disease therapy beyond JAK1-3 inhibitors. EBioMedicine 2023; 97:104840. [PMID: 37863021 PMCID: PMC10589750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK inhibitors impact multiple cytokine pathways simultaneously, enabling high efficacy in treating complex diseases such as cancers and immune-mediated disorders. However, their broad reach also poses safety concerns, which have fuelled a demand for increasingly selective JAK inhibitors. Deucravacitinib, a first-in-class allosteric TYK2 inhibitor, represents a remarkable advancement in the field. Rather than competing at kinase domain catalytic sites as classical JAK1-3 inhibitors, deucravacitinib targets the regulatory pseudokinase domain of TYK2. It strikingly mirrors the functional effect of an evolutionary conserved naturally occurring TYK2 variant, P1104A, known to protect against multiple autoimmune diseases yet provide sufficient TYK2-mediated cytokine signalling required to prevent immune deficiency. The unprecedentedly high functional selectivity and efficacy-safety profile of deucravacitinib, initially demonstrated in psoriasis, combined with genetic support, and promising outcomes in early SLE clinical trials make this inhibitor ripe for exploration in other autoimmune diseases for which better, safe, and efficacious treatments are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Botnar Research Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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2
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Medof ME, Rieder SA, Shevach EM. Disabled C3ar1/C5ar1 Signaling in Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells Leads to TSDR Demethylation and Long-Term Stability. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1359-1366. [PMID: 37756526 PMCID: PMC10591991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Demethylation of the T regulatory cell (Treg)-specific demethylation region (TSDR) of the Foxp3 gene is the hallmark of Foxp3+ Treg stability, but the cellular signaling that programs this epigenetic state remains undefined. In this article, we show that suppressed C3a and C5a receptor (C3ar1/C5ar1) signaling in murine Tregs plays an obligate role. Murine C3ar1-/-C5ar1-/- Foxp3+ cells showed increased suppressor of cytokine signaling 1/2/3 expression, vitamin C stabilization, and ten-eleven translocation (TET) 1, TET2, and TET3 expression, all of which are linked to Treg stability. C3ar1-/-C5ar1-/- Foxp3+ cells additionally were devoid of BRD4 signaling that primes Th17 cell lineage commitment. Orally induced OVA-specific C3ar1-/-C5ar1-/- Foxp3+ OT-II Tregs transferred to OVA-immunized wild-type recipients remained >90% Foxp3+ out to 4 mo, whereas identically generated CD55-/- (DAF-/-) Foxp3+ OT-II Tregs (in which C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling is potentiated) lost >75% of Foxp3 expression by 14 d. After 4 mo in vivo, the C3ar1-/-C5ar1-/- Foxp3+ OT-II Tregs fully retained Foxp3 expression even with OVA challenge and produced copious TGF-β and IL-10. Their TSDR was demethylated comparably with that of thymic Tregs. They exhibited nuclear translocation of NFAT and NF-κB reported to stabilize thymic Tregs by inducing hairpin looping of the TSDR to the Foxp3 promoter. Thus, disabled CD4+ cell C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling triggers the sequential cellular events that lead to demethylation of the Foxp3 TSDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sadiye A. Rieder
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD USA
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD USA
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3
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Shao S, Chen C, Shi G, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Wu L, Sun L, Zhang T. JAK inhibition ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by blocking GM-CSF-driven inflammatory signature of monocytes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4185-4201. [PMID: 37799385 PMCID: PMC10547959 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are key effectors in autoimmunity-related diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) due to the critical roles of these cells in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, differentiation of T-helper (Th) cells, and antigen presentation. The JAK-STAT signaling is crucial for initiating monocytes induced immune responses by relaying cytokines signaling. However, the role of this pathway in modulating the communication between monocytes and Th cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear. Here, we show that the JAK1/2/3 and STAT1/3/5/6 subtypes involved in the demyelination mediated by the differentiation of pathological Th1 and Th17 and the CNS-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. JAK inhibition prevented the CNS-infiltrating CCR2-dependent Ly6Chi monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in EAE mice. In parallel, the proportion of GM-CSF+CD4+ T cells and GM-CSF secretion were decreased in pathological Th17 cells by JAK inhibition, which in turns converted CNS-invading monocytes into antigen-presenting cells to mediate tissue damage. Together, our data highlight the therapeutic potential of JAK inhibition in treating EAE by blocking the GM-CSF-driven inflammatory signature of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaona Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yazi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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4
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Mohammadi-Kordkhayli M, Sahraian MA, Ghorbani S, Mansouri F, Talebi F, Noorbakhsh F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. Vitamins A and D Enhance the Expression of Ror-γ-Targeting miRNAs in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5853-5865. [PMID: 37353624 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells, particularly those characterized by a Th17 phenotype, exert significant influence on the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study aimed to elucidate the impact of individual and combined administration of vitamin A and D on neuroinflammation, and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in T helper (Th)17 development, utilizing a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and 3 days prior to immunization, intraperitoneal injections of vitamins A and D or their combination were administered. Th17 cell percentages were determined in splenocytes utilizing intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression of Ror γ-t, miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, was measured in both splenocytes and spinal cord tissues using RT-PCR. Treatment with vitamin A and D resulted in a reduction in both disease severity in EAE mice. Treated mice showed a decreased frequency of Th17 cells and lower expression levels of IL17 and Ror γ-t in splenocytes and spinal cord. The spinal cord tissues and splenocytes of mice treated with vitamins A, D, and combined A+D showed a significant upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p compared to the EAE group. Statistical analysis indicated a strong negative correlation between miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p levels in splenocytes and Ror-t expression. Our findings indicate that the administration of vitamins A and D exerts a suppressive effect on neuroinflammation in EAE that is associated with a reduction in the differentiation of T cells into the Th17 phenotype and is mediated by the upregulation of miR-98-5p and Let-7a-5p, which target the Ror γ-t.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Mohammadi-Kordkhayli
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Sina MS Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Talebi
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dixit A, Savage HS, Greer JM. An appraisal of emerging therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis derived from current preclinical models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:553-574. [PMID: 37438986 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2236301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Although therapeutic approaches have become available over the last 20 years that markedly slow the progression of disease, there is no cure for MS. Furthermore, the capacity to repair existing CNS damage caused by MS remains very limited. AREAS COVERED Several animal models are widely used in MS research to identify potential druggable targets for new treatment of MS. In this review, we look at targets identified since 2019 in studies using these models, and their potential for effecting a cure for MS. EXPERT OPINION Refinement of therapeutic strategies targeting key molecules involved in the activation of immune cells, cytokine, and chemokine signaling, and the polarization of the immune response have dominated recent publications. While some progress has been made in identifying effective targets to combat chronic demyelination and neurodegeneration, much more work is required. Progress is largely limited by the gaps in knowledge of how the immune system and the nervous system interact in MS and its animal models, and whether the numerous targets present in both systems respond in the same way in each system to the same therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Dixit
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospita, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah S Savage
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospita, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospita, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Wei Y, Braunstein Z, Chen J, Min X, Yang H, Duan L, Dong L, Zhong J. JAK2/STAT5 inhibition protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating T cell polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110382. [PMID: 37269741 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. However, the signaling pathways regulating effector T cells in MS have yet to be elucidated. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) plays a crucial role in hematopoietic/immune cytokine receptor signal transduction. Here, we tested the mechanistic regulation of JAK2 and the therapeutic potential of pharmacological JAK2 inhibition in MS. Both inducible whole-body JAK2 knockout and T cell-specific JAK2 knockout completely prevented the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used MS animal model. Mice with JAK2 deficiency in T cells exhibited minimal demyelination and minimal CD45+ leukocyte infiltration in the spinal cord, accompanied by a remarkable reduction of T helper cell type 1 (TH1) and type 17 (TH17) in the draining lymph nodes and spinal cord. In vitro experiments showed that disruption of JAK2 markedly suppressed TH1 differentiation and IFNγ production. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) was reduced in JAK2 deficient T cells, while STAT5 overexpression significantly increased TH1 and IFNγ production in STAT5 transgenic mice. Consistent with these results, JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib or selective JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib attenuated the frequencies of TH1 as well as TH17 in the draining lymph nodes and alleviated the EAE disease activity in mice. Our findings suggest that overactive JAK2 signaling in T lymphocytes is the culprit in EAE, which may serve as a potent therapeutic target for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Lihua Duan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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7
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Gharibi T, Barpour N, Hosseini A, Mohammadzadeh A, Marofi F, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Nejati-Koshki K, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Safaei S, Baghbani E, Baradaran B. STA-21, a small molecule STAT3 inhibitor, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by altering Th-17/Treg balance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110160. [PMID: 37080068 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of T helper (Th) 17 and T regulatory (reg) cells and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines related to these cells in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). STAT3 is one of the downstream signaling proteins of IL-23, IL-6, and IL-21 that are required for Th17 cells differentiation. STA-21 is a STAT3 inhibitor that functions by inhibiting STAT3 dimerization and binding to DNA impairing the expression of STAT3 target genes including, RORγt, IL-21 and IL-23R that are also required for Th17 cell differentiation. AIM In this study, we evaluated the effect of STA-21 on EAE Model and investigated how this small molecule can change Th17/Treg balance leading to amelioration of disease. METHODS After EAE induction and treatment with STA-21, its effects were assessed. Major assays were H&E and LFB staining, Flow cytometric analysis, Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and ELISA. RESULTS STA-21 ameliorated the EAE severity and decreased the EAE inflammation and demyelination. It also decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, the proportion of Th17 cells and the protein level of IL-17. In contrast, the balance of Tregs and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 increased in STA-21-treated mice. Moreover, STA-21 significantly decreased the expression of Th17 related transcription factors, RORɣt and IL-23R while FOXP3 expression associated with Treg differentiation was increased. CONCLUSION This study showed that STA-21 has therapeutic effects in EAE by reducing inflammation and shifting inflammatory immune responses to anti-inflammatory and can be used as a suitable treatment strategy for the treatment of EAE. The effectiveness of inhibiting or strengthening the functional cells of the immune system by these small molecules in terms of easy to access, simple construction and inexpensive expansion make them as a suitable tool for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nesa Barpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Dhawan M, Rabaan AA, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Halwani MA, Alshengeti A, Najim MA, Alwashmi ASS, Alshehri AA, Alshamrani SA, AlShehail BM, Garout M, Al-Abdulhadi S, Al-Ahmed SH, Thakur N, Verma G. Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030699. [PMID: 36992283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs' phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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9
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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10
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Breast cancer tumor microenvironment affects Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis: Molecular and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:132-157. [PMID: 36816749 PMCID: PMC9922830 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a variety of immune cells, among which T cells exert a prominent axial role in tumor development or anti-tumor responses in patients with breast cancer (BC). High or low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β, in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), delineate the fate of T cells toward either regulatory T (Treg) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells, respectively. The transitional state of RORγt+Foxp3+ Treg (IL-17-producing Treg) resides in the middle of this reciprocal polarization, which is known as Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis. TME secretome, including microRNAs, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles, can significantly affect this axis. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors may be used to reconstruct immune cells; however, some of these novel therapies may favor tumor development. Therefore, understanding secretory and cell-associated factors involved in their differentiation or polarization and functions may be targeted for BC management. This review discusses microRNAs, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles (as secretome), as well as transcription factors and immune checkpoints (as cell-associated factors), which influence the Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis in BC. Furthermore, approved or ongoing clinical trials related to the modulation of this axis in the TME of BC are described to broaden new horizons of promising therapeutic approaches.
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11
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FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121546. [PMID: 36558997 PMCID: PMC9784968 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers and neurological disorders are two major types of diseases. We previously developed a new concept termed "Aberrant Cell Cycle Diseases" (ACCD), revealing that these two diseases share a common mechanism of aberrant cell cycle re-entry. The aberrant cell cycle re-entry is manifested as kinase/oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inactivation, which are hallmarks of both tumor growth in cancers and neuronal death in neurological disorders. Therefore, some cancer therapies (e.g., kinase inhibition, tumor suppressor elevation) can be leveraged for neurological treatments. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has so far approved 74 kinase inhibitors, with numerous other kinase inhibitors in clinical trials, mostly for the treatment of cancers. In contrast, there are dire unmet needs of FDA-approved drugs for neurological treatments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke (IS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and others. In this review, we list these 74 FDA-approved kinase-targeted drugs and identify those that have been reported in preclinical and/or clinical trials for neurological disorders, with a purpose of discussing the feasibility and applicability of leveraging these cancer drugs (FDA-approved kinase inhibitors) for neurological treatments.
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12
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Alahdal M, Elkord E. Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109177. [PMID: 36356848 PMCID: PMC9640209 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustion of immune cells in COVID-19 remains a serious concern for infection management and therapeutic interventions. As reported, immune cells such as T effector cells (Teff), T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells (NKs), and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exhibit uncontrolled functions in COVID-19. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that orchestrate immune cell functionality and virus interaction are still unknown. Recent studies linked adaptive immune cell exhaustion to underlying epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the epigenetic transcription of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors (ICs). Further to that, the over-activation of T cells accompanied by the dysfunctionality of DCs and Tregs may enhance uncontrollable alveoli inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19. This might explain the reasons behind the failure of DC-based vaccines in inducing sufficient anti-viral responses. This review explains the processes behind the over-activation and exhaustion of innate and adaptive immune cells in COVID-19, which may contribute to developing novel immune intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33 Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman; Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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13
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Valori M, Lehikoinen J, Jansson L, Clancy J, Lundgren SA, Mustjoki S, Tienari P. High prevalence of low-allele-fraction somatic mutations in STAT3 in peripheral blood CD8+ cells in multiple sclerosis patients and controls. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278245. [PMID: 36441748 PMCID: PMC9704626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations have a central role in cancer, but there are also a few rare autoimmune diseases in which somatic mutations play a major role. We have recently shown that nonsynonymous somatic mutations with low allele fractions are preferentially detectable in CD8+ cells and that the STAT3 gene is a promising target for screening. Here, we analyzed somatic mutations in the STAT3 SH2 domain in peripheral blood CD8+ cells in a set of 94 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 99 matched controls. PCR amplicons targeting the exons 20 and 21 of STAT3 were prepared and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq instrument with 2x300bp reads. We designed a novel variant calling method, optimized for large number of samples, high sequencing depth (>25,000x) and small target genomic area. Overall, we discovered 64 STAT3 somatic mutations in the 193 donors, of which 63 were non-synonymous and 77% have been previously reported in cancer or lymphoproliferative disease. The overall median variant allele fraction was 0.065% (range 0.007-1.2%), without significant difference between MS and controls (p = 0.82). There were 26 (28%) MS patients vs. 24 (24%) controls with mutations (p = 0.62). Two or more mutations were found in 9 MS patients vs. 2 controls (p = 0.03, pcorr = 0.12). Carriership of mutations associated with older age and lower neutrophil counts. These results demonstrate that STAT3 SH2 domain is a hotspot for somatic mutations in CD8+ cells with a prevalence of 26% among the participants. There were no significant differences in the mutation prevalences between MS patients and controls. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of antigenic stimuli in the expansion of the mutant clones. Furthermore, the high discovered prevalence of STAT3 somatic mutations makes it feasible to analyze these mutations directly in tissue-infiltrating CD8+ cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miko Valori
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Joonas Lehikoinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lilja Jansson
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Clancy
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofie A. Lundgren
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Xu Z, Jiang X, Dai X, Li B. The Dynamic Role of FOXP3+ Tregs and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:916411. [PMID: 35874688 PMCID: PMC9305488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been raging all around the world since the beginning of 2020, and leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with strong cytokine storm which contributes to widespread tissue damage and even death in severe patients. Over-activated immune response becomes one of the characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an essential role in maintaining the immune homeostasis, which restrain excessive inflammation response. So FOXP3+ Tregs might participate in the suppression of inflammation caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Besides suppressive function, tissue resident Tregs are also responsible for tissue repair. In this review, we mainly summarize the latest research focusing on the change of FOXP3+ Tregs in the COVID-19 patients, discuss the relationship between disease severity and number change of Tregs and speculate the potential role of FOXP3+ Tregs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we introduce some potential Treg-based therapies to improve patients’ outcomes, which include small molecular drugs, antibody drugs, CAR-Treg and cytokine treatment. We hope to reduce tissue damage of severe COVID-19 patients and offer better prognosis through Treg-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyu Dai
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Dai, ; Bin Li,
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Dai, ; Bin Li,
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15
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Wang W, Li S, Li X, Chen S, Pang S, Zhang Y. CCL21 contributes to Th17 cell migration in neuroinflammation in obese mice following lead exposure. Toxicol Lett 2022; 366:7-16. [PMID: 35752368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and lead exposure can independently cause neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Although Th17 cells play critical roles in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, few studies have evaluated their role in neuroinflammation in the background of obesity and lead exposure. In this study, the mechanism underlying inflammatory injury was evaluated in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity following lead exposure. Neuroinflammation was aggravated in mice with obesity following lead exposure, and this was accompanied by increases in Th17 cells in the brain and IL-17A and IL-22 secretion. An antibody array using Z310, a choroid plexus epithelium cell line, revealed that CCL21 was the most highly altered chemokine. CCL21 expression was higher in the choroid plexus of obese mice treated with lead than in mice with obesity or lead treatment alone and was higher in Z310 cells treated with lead and palmitic acid. CCL21 knockout reduced chemotaxis. Our findings suggest that lead exposure can aggravate inflammation in brain tissues of obese mice, possibly by the CCL21-mediated regulation of the passage of Th17 cells through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the combined effects of lead and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xinying Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
| | - Song Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
| | - Shulang Pang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China; Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei 063210, China
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16
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Hong X, Wang X, Rang X, Yin X, Zhang X, Wang R, Wang D, Zhao T, Fu J. The Shared Mechanism and Candidate Drugs of Multiple Sclerosis and Sjögren's Syndrome Analyzed by Bioinformatics Based on GWAS and Transcriptome Data. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857014. [PMID: 35356004 PMCID: PMC8959321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the shared mechanism and candidate drugs of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Methods MS- and SS-related susceptibility genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by bioinformatics analysis based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptome data from GWAS catalog and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Pathway enrichment, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and protein-protein interaction analysis for susceptibility genes and DEGs were performed. The drugs targeting common pathways/genes were obtained through Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), DrugBank database, and Drug-Gene Interaction (DGI) Database. The target genes of approved/investigational drugs for MS and SS were obtained through DrugBank and compared with the common susceptibility genes. Results Based on GWAS data, we found 14 hub common susceptibility genes (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRA, STAT3, JAK1, HLA-B, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB5, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, TYK2, IL2RA, and MAPK1), with 8 drugs targeting two or more than two genes, and 28 common susceptibility pathways, with 15 drugs targeting three or more than three pathways. Based on transcriptome data, we found 3 hub common DEGs (STAT1, GATA3, PIK3CA) with 3 drugs and 10 common risk pathways with 435 drugs. "JAK-STAT signaling pathway" was included in common susceptibility pathways and common risk pathways at the same time. There were 133 overlaps including JAK-STAT inhibitors between agents from GWAS and transcriptome data. Besides, we found that IL2RA and HLA-DRB1, identified as hub common susceptibility genes, were the targets of daclizumab and glatiramer that were used for MS, indicating that daclizumab and glatiramer may be therapeutic for SS. Conclusion We observed the shared mechanism of MS and SS, in which JAK-STAT signaling pathway played a vital role, which may be the genetic and molecular bases of comorbidity of MS with SS. Moreover, JAK-STAT inhibitors were potential therapies for MS and SS, especially for their comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Hong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinming Rang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyue Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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17
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Therapeutic opportunities for targeting cellular senescence in progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Eroğlu FE, Sanlier N. Effect of fermented foods on some neurological diseases, microbiota, behaviors: mini review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8066-8082. [PMID: 35317694 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2053060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fermented foods are among the traditional foods consumed for centuries. In recent years, awareness of fermented foods has been increasing due to their positive health benefits. Fermented foods contain beneficial microorganisms. Fermented foods, such as kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, and yoghurt, contain Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and their primary metabolites (lactic acid). Although studies on the effect of consumption of fermented foods on diabetes, cardiovascular, obesity, gastrointestinal diseases on chronic diseases have been conducted, more studies are needed regarding the relationship between neurological diseases and microbiota. There are still unexplored mechanisms in the relationship between the brain and intestine. In this review, we answer how the consumption of fermented foods affects the brain and behavior of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis disease, stroke, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elif Eroğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Medipol University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Wei W, Ma D, Li L, Zhang L. Progress in the Application of Drugs for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724718. [PMID: 34326775 PMCID: PMC8313804 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which gives rise to focal lesion in CNS and cause physical disorders. Although environmental factors and susceptibility genes are reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS, its etiology still remains unclear. At present, there is no complete cure, but there are drugs that decelerate the progression of MS. Traditional therapies are disease-modifying drugs that control disease severity. MS drugs that are currently marketed mainly aim at the immune system; however, increasing attention is being paid to the development of new treatment strategies targeting the CNS. Further, the number of neuroprotective drugs is presently undergoing clinical trials and may prove useful for the improvement of neuronal function and survival. In this review, we have summarized the recent application of drugs used in MS treatment, mainly introducing new drugs with immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, or regenerative properties and their possible treatment strategies for MS. Additionally, we have presented Food and Drug Administration-approved MS treatment drugs and their administration methods, mechanisms of action, safety, and effectiveness, thereby evaluating their treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Denglei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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