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Huang G, Wang J, Liu K, Wang F, Zheng N, Zhao S, Qu X, Yu J, Zhang Y, Wang J. Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151898. [PMID: 35892548 PMCID: PMC9332015 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whole flaxseed and ground flaxseed supplementation on the composition of fatty acids in plasma and milk, particularly the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Thirty Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Cows were fed a total mixed ration without flaxseed (CK), 1500 g of whole flaxseed (WF), and 1500 g of ground flaxseed (GF) supplementation. There were no differences observed in dry matter intake, milk yield, energy-corrected milk, and 4% fat-corrected milk (p > 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid increased in the plasma and milk WF and GF groups, and the content of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 PUFA was higher in GF than the other groups (p < 0.001). The ALA yield increased to 232% and 360% in WF and GF, respectively, compared to the CK group. Compared with the WF group, GF supplementation resulted in an increased milk ALA/ALA intake ratio (p < 0.001). Flaxseed supplementation increased the activity of GSH-Px and decreased the concentration of MDA in milk (p < 0.001). Plasma parameters did not differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). This result indicated that compared with the WF group, GF supplementation in the diet showed higher efficiency in increasing the total n-3 PUFA levels and the milk ALA/ALA intake ratio, and decreased the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kaizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyin Qu
- China Excellent Milk Academy (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Beichen District, Tianjin 300400, China; (X.Q.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yu
- China Excellent Milk Academy (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Beichen District, Tianjin 300400, China; (X.Q.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (G.H.); (J.W.); (K.L.); (F.W.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
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Huang G, Guo L, Chang X, Liu K, Tang W, Zheng N, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Wang J. Effect of Whole or Ground Flaxseed Supplementation on Fatty Acid Profile, Fermentation, and Bacterial Composition in Rumen of Dairy Cows. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760528. [PMID: 34867889 PMCID: PMC8633392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and can increase omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the milk of dairy cows. However, the response of rumen fermentation to different forms of flaxseed supplementation is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different forms of flaxseed on the fatty acid profile, fermentation, and composition of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows. In total, 30 Holstein dairy cows were selected and randomly assigned into three groups (10/group). Cows were fed a basal diet (control check; CK) or basal diets supplemented with either 1,500 g per day whole flaxseed (WF) or 1,500 g per day ground flaxseed (GF). The WF group had the highest ALA content in rumen fluid, whereas no difference was found between the CK and GF groups. However, the molar proportion of acetate increased in the WF and GF groups and was the highest in the GF group, and a similar trend was shown by propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate (CK < WF < GF). The abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group also showed the same trend (CK < WF < GF). Different forms of flaxseed release ALA by different mechanisms in the rumen, and the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids and the bacterial composition were potentially influenced mainly by the amount of ALA released into the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Guo
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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