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Sun Y, Men X, Lin T, Deng B, Zhong S, Huo J, Qin K, Lv Z, Xu Z, Li Y. Mulberry leaf supplementation inhibits skatole deposition by regulating gut microbiota and upregulating liver cytochrome P450 1A1 expression in finishing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:34-44. [PMID: 38131029 PMCID: PMC10730352 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Skatole, a strong fecal odor substance, is generated through microbial degradation of tryptophan in the animal hindgut. It easily accumulates in adipose tissue and affects meat quality. In this study, the effect of mulberry leaf supplementation on skatole in finishing pigs was studied. In a 35-day trial, 20 finishing pigs (barrows and gilts) were fed with a basal diet or basal diet with 6% mulberry leaves. Growth performance of the pigs (n = 10) was automatically recorded by a performance-testing feeder system and 8 pigs in each treatment were slaughtered and sampled for the remaining tests. Skatole and short-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC and gas chromatography, respectively. Fecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The metabolomics analysis of feces and serum was performed with UHPLC-MS/MS. The major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that catalyze skatole degradation in the liver were tested by using RT-PCR and Western blot. Effects of major bioactive compounds in mulberry leaves on the CYP genes were verified in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in an in vitro test (n = 3). In finishing pigs, mulberry leaf supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05), but reduced skatole levels in feces, serum, and backfat (P < 0.05), and increased acetic acid levels in feces (P = 0.027). Mulberry leaf supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the skatole-producing bacteria Megasphaera and Olsenella (P < 0.05). Indole-3-acetic acid, the intermediate that is essential for skatole production, was significantly reduced in feces by mulberry leaf supplementation (P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with skatole content in feces (P = 0.004). In pigs treated with mulberry leaves, liver CYP1A1 expression was increased (P < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with skatole content in backfat (P = 0.045). The in vitro test demonstrated that mulberry leaf polyphenols and polysaccharides could directly stimulate CYP1A1 expression in hepatic cells. These findings suggest that mulberry leaf supplementation reduces skatole production and deposition in finishing pigs by regulating the gut microbiota and promoting skatole degradation in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoming Men
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tianbao Lin
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shi Zhong
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jinxi Huo
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kaipeng Qin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yougui Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Rasmussen MK, Theil PK, Oksbjerg N. Constitutive expression of cytochrome P450 in foetal and adult porcine livers-Effects of body weight. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:87-92. [PMID: 27320961 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver hosts a great number of enzymatically driven processes, including detoxification. The super-family of enzymes named cytochrome P450 (CYP) is the major participant in that process. The expression of CYPs is affected by several factors including life-stage (foetal vs. adult). In the present study we investigated the impact of birth-weight (high or low birth weight) and life-stage on constitutive expression of porcine hepatic CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2B22, CYP2C33, CYP2D25, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29, as well as the transcription factors controlling their expression; aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, C/EBP and hepatocyte nuclear factors 1 and 4. Both RT-PCR and western blotting showed a marked increase in the expression of the adult pigs compared with prenatal pigs. Moreover, CYP2E1 mRNA expression was 7.5 fold higher in foetuses with low birth weight compared with foetuses with high birth weight. Gender did not affect the mRNA expression within the different life-stages. These results indicate a similarity to what is observed in humans and porcine foetuses may therefore be a model for humans when studying expression of CYPs.
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Gerlach C, Elsinghorst PW, Schmarr HG, Wüst M. 2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1158-1163. [PMID: 26804051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid type boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerlach
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, University of Bonn , Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul W Elsinghorst
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- ELFI Analytik GbR, Massenhausener Straße 18a, D-85375 Neufahrn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schmarr
- Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum (DLR) Rheinpfalz, Competence Centre for Wine Research , Breitenweg 71, D-67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, University of Bonn , Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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