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Yan Y, Zhang K, Zhou G, Hu W. MicroRNAs Responding to Space Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186603. [PMID: 32917057 PMCID: PMC7555309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-energy and high-atom-number (HZE) space radiation poses an inevitable potential threat to astronauts on deep space exploration missions. Compared with low-LET radiation, high-energy and high-LET radiation in space is more efficient in inducing clustered DNA damage with more serious biological consequences, such as carcinogenesis, central nervous system injury and degenerative disease. Space radiation also causes epigenetic changes in addition to inducing damage at the DNA level. Considering the important roles of microRNAs in the regulation of biological responses of radiation, we systematically reviewed both expression profiling and functional studies relating to microRNAs responding to space radiation as well as to space compound environment. Finally, the directions for improvement of the research related to microRNAs responding to space radiation are proposed. A better understanding of the functions and underlying mechanisms of the microRNAs responding to space radiation is of significance to both space radiation risk assessment and therapy development for lesions caused by space radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guangming Zhou
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (W.H.); Tel.: +86-512-65884829 (G.Z.); +86-512-65882451 (W.H.)
| | - Wentao Hu
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (W.H.); Tel.: +86-512-65884829 (G.Z.); +86-512-65882451 (W.H.)
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MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082111. [PMID: 32751207 PMCID: PMC7464294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
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Luitel K, Kim SB, Barron S, Richardson JA, Shay JW. Lung cancer progression using fast switching multiple ion beam radiation and countermeasure prevention. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 24:108-115. [PMID: 31987474 PMCID: PMC6991460 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most of the research in understanding space radiation-induced cancer progression and risk assessment has been performed using mono-energetic single-ion beams. However, the space radiation environment consists of a wide variety of ion species with a various range of energies. Using the fast beam switching technology developed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), ion species can be switched rapidly allowing investigators to use multiple ions with different energies to simulate more closely the radiation environment found in space. Here, we exposed a lung cancer susceptible mouse model (K-rasLA-1) to three sequential ion beams: Proton (H) (120 MeV/n) 20 cGy, Helium (He) (250 MeV/n) 5.0 cGy, and Silicon (Si) (300 MeV/n) 5.0 cGy with a dose rate of 0.5 cGy/min. Using three ion beams we performed whole body irradiation with a total dose of 30 cGy in two different orders: 3B-1 (H→He→Si) and 3B-2 (Si→He→H) and used 30 cGy H single-ion beam as a reference. In this study we show that whole-body irradiation with H→He→Si increases the incidence of premalignant lesions and systemic oxidative stress in mice 100 days post-irradiation more than (Si→He→H) and H only irradiation. Additionally, we observed an increase in adenomas with atypia and adenocarcinomas in H→He→Si irradiated mice but not in (Si→He→H) or H (30 cGy) only irradiated mice. When we used the H→He→Si irradiation sequence but skipped a day before exposing the mice to Si, we did not observe the increased incidence of cancer initiation and progression. We also found that a non-toxic anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative radioprotector (CDDO-EA) reduced H→He→Si induced oxidative stress and cancer initiation almost back to baseline. Thus, exposure to H→He→Si elicits significant changes in lung cancer initiation that can be mitigated using CDDO-EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Luitel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Sevrance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Summer Barron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James A Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Tang S, Liu B, Liu J, Wang J, Wang Y. A protein-mRNA feedback exists in miR-21-associated E-selectin expression. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:580-584. [PMID: 30633612 PMCID: PMC7500700 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1564082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study whether miR-21, an oncogene associated with lung tumorigenesis, affects immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cancer immune-related 786 mRNA expression was compared in lung tissue from wild-type and miR-21 knock-in mice using NanoString technology. The significantly changed genes were verified using real-time PCR. E-Selectin (Sele) was subsequently identified for further examination using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot in the same lung tissue. The mouse Sele 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) was searched to identify a miR-21 matching sequence. The Sele level in miR-21 mimic transfected mouse lung bronchial epithelial (LBE) cells was examined. RESULTS We unexpectedly found that the Sele mRNA level significantly increased but the protein level significantly decreased in the lung tissue of miR-21 knock-in mice compared to the mRNA/protein levels in the lung tissue of wild-type mice. The mouse Sele 3'-UTR contains the key sequence that can be targeted by miR-21. The Sele levels decreased in mouse LBE cells after miR-21 mimic transfection. CONCLUSION Sele is a potential miR-21 target. The opposing Sele levels at mRNA and protein suggest a feedback-regulation from protein to mRNA. The feedback-regulation in miR-21-suppressed gene expression indicates that we should carefully evaluate any data from mRNA array since they may not reflect real protein expression status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Tang S, Liu B, Liu M, Li Z, Liu J, Wang H, Wang J, Oh YT, Shen L, Wang Y. Ionizing radiation-induced growth in soft agar is associated with miR-21 upregulation in wild-type and DNA double strand break repair deficient cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:37-44. [PMID: 30954901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are a severe threat to genome integrity and a potential cause of tumorigenesis, which is a multi-stage process and involves many factors including the mutation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, some of which are transcribed microRNAs (miRNAs). Among more than 2000 known miRNAs, miR-21 is a unique onco-miRNA that is highly expressed in almost all types of human tumors and is associated with tumorigenesis through its multiple targets. However, it remains unclear whether there is any functional link between DSBs and miR-21 expression and, if so, does the link contribute to DSB-induced genomic instability/tumorigenesis. To address this question, we used DNA-PKcs-/- (deficient in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)) and Rad54-/- (deficient in homologous recombination repair (HRR)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) since NHEJ and HRR are the major pathways for DSB repair in mammalian cells. Our results indicate that levels of miR-21 are elevated in these DSB repair (DSBR) deficient cells, and ionizing radiation (IR) further increases these levels in both wild-type (WT) and DSBR-deficient cells. Interestingly, IR stimulated growth in soft agar and this effect was greatly reduced by blocking miR-21 expression in both WT and DSBR-deficient cells. Taken together, our results suggest that either IR or DSBR-deficient can lead to an upregulation of miR-21 levels and that miR-21 is associated with IR-induced cell growth in soft agar. These results may help our understanding of DSB-induced tumorigenesis and provide information that could facilitate the development of new strategies to prevent DSB-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Oncology, The First Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Oncology, The First Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - You-Take Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Long S, Zhao N, Ge L, Wang G, Ran X, Wang J, Su Y, Wang T. MiR-21 ameliorates age-associated skin wound healing defects in mice. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3022. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Long
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Lan Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital; Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Guojian Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xinze Ran
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Junping Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Yongping Su
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Military Medical University; Chongqing China
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Hu B, Wang X, Hu S, Ying X, Wang P, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y. miR-21-mediated Radioresistance Occurs via Promoting Repair of DNA Double Strand Breaks. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3531-3540. [PMID: 28096467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-21, as an oncogene that overexpresses in most human tumors, is involved in radioresistance; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR-21-mediated radioresistance occurs through promoting repair of DNA double strand breaks, which includes facilitating both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). The miR-21-promoted NHEJ occurs through targeting GSK3B (a novel target of miR-21), which affects the CRY2/PP5 pathway and in turn increases DNA-PKcs activity. The miR-21-promoted HRR occurs through targeting both GSK3B and CDC25A (a known target of miR-21), which neutralizes the effects of targeting GSK3B-induced CDC25A increase because GSK3B promotes degradation of both CDC25A and cyclin D1, but CDC25A and cyclin D1 have an opposite effect on HRR. A negative correlation of expression levels between miR-21 and GSK3β exists in a subset of human tumors. Our results not only elucidate miR-21-mediated radioresistance, but also provide potential new targets for improving radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shuofeng Hu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaomin Ying
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiangming Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
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