1
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Liu S, Wang F, Yang J, Su G, Cao Z, Shan M, Zhai X. Identification of highly potent 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine analogs of a typical piperidinyl-4-ol moiety as promising antitumor ALK inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300416. [PMID: 37737557 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In light of the cocrystal structure of ceritinib with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)WT protein, a series of novel 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine analogs (L1-L25) bearing a typical piperidinyl-4-ol moiety were designed and synthesized with improved biological and physicochemical properties. Satisfyingly, most compounds demonstrated moderate to excellent antitumor effects with IC50 values below 5 μM on ALK-positive Karpas299 and H2228 cells. In particular, L6 bearing the 1-(6-methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-4-(morpholinomethyl)piperidinyl-4-ol moiety was detected as the optimal compound against ALK-dependent cell lines of Karpas299 (0.017 μM) and H2228 cells (0.052 μM), in company with encouraging ALK enzyme inhibition (ALKWT , IC50 = 1.8 nM). In addition, L6 was also capable of inhibiting ALK-resistant mutations, including ALKL1196M (3.9 nM) and ALKG1202R (5.2 nM). Remarkably, L6 typically repressed colony formation and migration of H2228 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining analysis indicated that the proapoptotic effect of L6 was better than that of ceritinib at the same concentration (50 nM). Ultimately, the binding patterns of L6 to ALKWT and ALKG1202R were ideally established, which further confirmed the structural basis in accordance with the structure-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyue Su
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengya Shan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Hu X, Tan C, Zhu G. Clinical Characteristics of Molecularly Defined Renal Cell Carcinomas. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4763-4777. [PMID: 37367052 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney tumors comprise a broad spectrum of different histopathological entities, with more than 0.4 million newly diagnosed cases each year, mostly in middle-aged and older men. Based on the description of the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), some new categories of tumor types have been added according to their specific molecular typing. However, studies on these types of RCC are still superficial, many types of these RCC currently lack accurate diagnostic standards in the clinic, and treatment protocols are largely consistent with the treatment guidelines for clear cell RCC (ccRCC), which might result in worse treatment outcomes for patients with these types of molecularly defined RCC. In this article, we conduct a narrative review of the literature published in the last 15 years on molecularly defined RCC. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical features and the current status of research on the detection and treatment of molecularly defined RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Congzhu Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Wang XT, Fang R, Ye SB, Zhang RS, Li R, Wang X, Ji RH, Lu ZF, Ma HH, Zhou XJ, Xia QY, Rao Q. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed distinct clinicopathologic and molecular features of VCL-ALK RCC: A unique case from an older patient without clinical evidence of sickle cell trait. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152651. [PMID: 31563285 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a novel entity of rare tumors with only 10 cases reported in the literature. Three RCC cases bearing VCL-ALK gene fusion were all young African American patients and associated with sickle cell trait notably. In contrast to the 3 reported cases, this neoplasm occurred in a middle-age woman (57 years old) without any evidence of sickle cell trait and demonstrated an infiltrating growth pattern with tubular, tubulopapillary, and tubulocystic structures, overlapping with collecting duct carcinoma and renal medullary carcinoma. Abundant intraluminal mucin was also noted significantly in the histologic sections. Immunostaining showed strong membranous labeling for ALK protein. We applied a large panel-targeted next-generation sequencing to explore the molecular alterations in the current case, revealing a driver oncogene VCL-ALK gene fusion co-occurring with pathogenic mutations in EP300 and TRRAP genes. Thereafter, fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was used to detect the ALK gene rearrangement. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of a VCL-ALK gene fusion, a fusion of VCL exon 16 to ALK exon 20. Our report draws the attention to the possibility that VCL-ALK genotype can be involved in older patients unassociated with sickle cell trait, also expanding the spectrum to ALK-rearranged RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru Fang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Hao Ji
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng-Hui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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Chang X, Liu Z, Man S, Roys A, Li Z, Zuo D, Wu Y. Metastasis manners and the underlying mechanisms of ALK and ROS1 rearrangement lung cancer and current possible therapeutic strategies. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17921-17932. [PMID: 35520562 PMCID: PMC9064669 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rearrangements of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) have both been important driving factors in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They have already been defined in 3-5% of NSCLC patients. ALK and ROS1 rearrangements are associated with unique clinical and pathological features, especially patients are usually younger, with milder or never smoking history, and adenocarcinoma histology. Also, they have both been found to contribute to the metastasis of NSCLC by cell migration and invasion. It has recently been recognized that the brain can be considered as a primary site for metastasis in cancers with ALK or ROS1 rearrangements. The present review summarizes the current status of NSCLC metastasis and possible mechanisms based on available evidence, and then we list possible therapeutic strategies so that an increase in control of ALK and ROS1 rearrangement of NSCLC metastases by combination therapy can be translated in an increase in overall survival and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Shuai Man
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Annie Roys
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 China
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Yu W, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Li Y. Genetic analysis and clinicopathological features of ALK-rearranged renal cell carcinoma in a large series of resected Chinese renal cell carcinoma patients and literature review. Histopathology 2017; 71:53-62. [PMID: 28199742 DOI: 10.1111/his.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare subtype of RCC reported in recent years, with eight cases so far. The aims of the present study were to screen ALK-rearranged cases from a large cohort of RCCs in China to determine the frequency of ALK rearrangement and investigate the clinicopathological features and outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Tissues from a total of 477 RCC patients in China were embedded into tissue microarrays for immunostaining. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied to identify and confirm the rearrangement of ALK, and to identify the genes fused with ALK. ALK expression was identified in two of 477 RCCs. By FISH analysis, the two tumours showed either a 1R1G1F or a 2R2G signal pattern, indicating rearrangement involving ALK. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR detected the TPM3-ALK fusion and EML4-ALK fusion transcripts in the two tumours, respectively. Follow-up data were analyzed for the two cases and eight other ALK-rearranged RCCs reported in the literature. Two patients died from RCCs, on the 16th month and 48th month after surgery, respectively. The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of patients with the 10 ALK-rearranged RCCs was lower than that of patients with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) G1, G2 and G3 clear cell RCC (CCRCC) and papillary RCC (PRCC), but higher than that of patients with G4 CCRCC and PRCC. CONCLUSIONS ALK-rearranged RCC is a rare subtype of adult RCC and is associated with distinct histological features and a poor prognosis. Identification of ALK-rearranged RCC has important clinical significance, because patients might benefit from ALK inhibitor therapy as used in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxia Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, 401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Kumar-Sinha C, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Chinnaiyan AM. Landscape of gene fusions in epithelial cancers: seq and ye shall find. Genome Med 2015; 7:129. [PMID: 26684754 PMCID: PMC4683719 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enabled by high-throughput sequencing approaches, epithelial cancers across a range of tissue types are seen to harbor gene fusions as integral to their landscape of somatic aberrations. Although many gene fusions are found at high frequency in several rare solid cancers, apart from fusions involving the ETS family of transcription factors which have been seen in approximately 50% of prostate cancers, several other common solid cancers have been shown to harbor recurrent gene fusions at low frequencies. On the other hand, many gene fusions involving oncogenes, such as those encoding ALK, RAF or FGFR kinase families, have been detected across multiple different epithelial carcinomas. Tumor-specific gene fusions can serve as diagnostic biomarkers or help define molecular subtypes of tumors; for example, gene fusions involving oncogenes such as ERG, ETV1, TFE3, NUT, POU5F1, NFIB, PLAG1, and PAX8 are diagnostically useful. Tumors with fusions involving therapeutically targetable genes such as ALK, RET, BRAF, RAF1, FGFR1-4, and NOTCH1-3 have immediate implications for precision medicine across tissue types. Thus, ongoing cancer genomic and transcriptomic analyses for clinical sequencing need to delineate the landscape of gene fusions. Prioritization of potential oncogenic "drivers" from "passenger" fusions, and functional characterization of potentially actionable gene fusions across diverse tissue types, will help translate these findings into clinical applications. Here, we review recent advances in gene fusion discovery and the prospects for medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Shanker Kalyana-Sundaram
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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7
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Domvri K, Darwiche K, Zarogoulidis P, Zarogoulidis K. Following the crumbs: from tissue samples, to pharmacogenomics, to NSCLC therapy. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 2:256-8. [PMID: 25806240 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Domvri
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kaid Darwiche
- University Pulmonary Department-Interventional Unit, "Ruhrland Klink", University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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8
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Wu H, Sun Y, Ye H, Yang S, Lee SL, de las Morenas A. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: outcome and the mutation/expression profiles of potential targets. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:695-701. [PMID: 25588542 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy of the thyroid. No effective treatment modalities are currently available. Targeted therapy against protein kinases showed promising results in preclinical studies. Our goal was to assess the mutational status of potential therapeutic targets, as well as the biomarker for immunotherapy in the clinical context. Using allele specific PCR, Sanger sequencing, fragment analysis and immunohistochemistry, we assessed BRAF, KRAS, EGFR mutations and protein overexpression of C-KIT and PDL1 in anaplastic thyroid cancer specimens. Results were compared to clinical information and patient outcome to assess the utility of these biomarkers. There were 13 patients in our study with a median overall survival of 19 weeks. Of the 13 ATC patients, 3 (23 %) had BRAF V600E mutation. C-KIT overexpression was found in 1 (8 %) patient who responded well to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. PDL1 expression was seen in 3 (23 %) patients, none of them were surgical candidates due to unresectability and poor performance status. KRAS codon 12/13 and EGFR exon 18, 19, 20 and 21 were all wild type in our patients. Protein kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy may be useful adjuvant therapies for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, AB190.11, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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Abstract
Recent advances in whole-genome technologies have supplied the field of cancer research with an overwhelming amount of molecular data. Improvements in massively parallel sequencing approaches have led to logarithmic decreases in costs, and so these methods are becoming almost commonplace in the analysis of clinical trials and other cohorts of interest. Furthermore, whole-transcriptome quantification by RNA sequencing is quickly replacing microarrays. However, older chip-based methodologies such as comparative genomic hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays have benefited from this technological explosion and are now so accessible that they can be employed in increasingly larger cohorts of patients. The study of breast cancer lends itself particularly well to these technologies. It is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in women, giving rise to nearly 230,000 new cases each year. Many patients are given a diagnosis of early-stage disease, for which surgery is the standard of care. These attributes result in excellent availability of tissues for whole-genome/transcriptome analysis. The Cancer Genome Atlas project has generated comprehensive catalogs of publically available genomic breast cancer data. In addition, other studies employing the power of genomic technologies in medium to large cohorts were recently published. These data are now publically available for the generation of novel hypotheses. However, these studies differed in the methods, patient cohorts, and analytical techniques employed and represent complementary snapshots of the molecular underpinnings of breast cancer. Here, we will discuss the convergences and divergences of these reports as well as the scientific and clinical implications of their findings.
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Inage T, Nakajima T, Yoshino I. Staging lung cancer: role of endobronchial ultrasound. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 5:67-72. [PMID: 28210144 PMCID: PMC5217511 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s46195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate staging is the first step in the management of lung cancer. Nodal staging is quite important for physicians to be able to judge the primary operability of patients harboring no distant metastasis. For many years, mediastinoscopy has been considered a "gold standard" modality for nodal staging. Mediastinoscopy is known to be a highly sensitive procedure for mediastinal staging and has been performed worldwide, but is invasive. Because of this, clinicians have sought a less invasive modality for nodal staging. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive modality for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. EBUS-TBNA is a needle biopsy procedure that has accessibility compatible with the reach of the convex-probe EBUS scope, so N1 nodes are also assessable. The diagnostic yield is similar to that of mediastinoscopy, and the core obtained by the dedicated needle biopsy can be used for histological assessment to determine the subtypes of lung cancer. The samples can also be used to test for various biomarkers using immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction for DNA/complementary DNA, and in situ hybridization, and the technique is useful for selecting candidates for specific molecular-targeted therapeutic agents. According to the newly published American College of Chest Physicians guideline, EBUS-TBNA is now considered "the best first test" for nodal staging in patients with radiologically suspicious nodes. Appropriate training and thorough clinical experience is required to be able to perform correct nodal staging using this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terunaga Inage
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yoshino
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Steuer CE, Ramalingam SS. ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: Mechanisms of resistance and emerging treatment options. Cancer 2014; 120:2392-402. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor E. Steuer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
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12
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Proietti A, Alì G, Pelliccioni S, Lupi C, Sensi E, Boldrini L, Servadio A, Chella A, Ribechini A, Cappuzzo F, Miccoli M, Fontanini G. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements in cytological samples of non-small cell lung cancer: Comparison with histological assessment. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:445-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Proietti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Greta Alì
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy; Santa Chiara Hospital; Pisa Italy
| | | | - Cristiana Lupi
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy; Santa Chiara Hospital; Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Sensi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Laura Boldrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Adele Servadio
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | | | | | - Federico Cappuzzo
- Department of Oncology; Tuscany Tumor Institute, Civil Hospital of Livorno; Livorno Italy
| | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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13
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Domvri K, Zarogoulidis P, Darwiche K, Browning RF, Li Q, Turner JF, Kioumis I, Spyratos D, Porpodis K, Papaiwannou A, Tsiouda T, Freitag L, Zarogoulidis K. Molecular Targeted Drugs and Biomarkers in NSCLC, the Evolving Role of Individualized Therapy. J Cancer 2013; 4:736-54. [PMID: 24312144 PMCID: PMC3842443 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer first line treatment has been directed from the non-specific cytotoxic doublet chemotherapy to the molecular targeted. The major limitation of the targeted therapies still remains the small number of patients positive to gene mutations. Furthermore, the differentiation between second line and maintenance therapy has not been fully clarified and differs in the clinical practice between cancer centers. The authors present a segregation between maintenance treatment and second line and present a possible definition for the term “maintenance” treatment. In addition, cancer cell evolution induces mutations and therefore either targeted therapies or non-specific chemotherapy drugs in many patients become ineffective. In the present work pathways such as epidermal growth factor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, met proto-oncogene and PI3K are extensively presented and correlated with current chemotherapy treatment. Future, perspectives for targeted treatment are presented based on the current publications and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Domvri
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hardavella
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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15
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Das K, Tan P. Molecular cytogenetics: recent developments and applications in cancer. Clin Genet 2013; 84:315-25. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Das
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore Singapore
| | - P Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Singapore Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Cellular and Molecular Research; National Cancer Centre of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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16
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Neves I, Mota PC, Hespanhol VP. Lung cancer during pregnancy: an unusual case. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2013; 20:46-9. [PMID: 23910397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppneu.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of pregnancy-associated cancer is relatively low, complicating only 0.02-0.1% of all pregnancies. The authors describe a case of a 36-year-old woman, a light smoker, who was admitted to the hospital at 27 weeks of pregnancy, with respiratory symptoms since second trimester. Chest-X ray showed total left lung opacity with contralateral mediastinal deviation, suggestive of pleural effusion, and the pleural biopsy revealed invasion by lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR mutation test was negative. After a multidisciplinary meeting, it was decided to start fetal lung maturation and cesarean section at 29 weeks gestation. The patient received two lines of chemotherapy and bone metastasis radiotherapy, but there was progression of the disease. An EML4-ALK translocation was identified in an additional genetic test. Crizotinib 250mg BID was started. The patient showed a progression-free survival of 9 months and died 19 months after lung adenocarcinoma was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Neves
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE - Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P C Mota
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE - Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - V P Hespanhol
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE - Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Koudelakova V, Kneblova M, Trojanec R, Drabek J, Hajduch M. Non-small cell lung cancer - genetic predictors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2013; 157:125-36. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Sechler M, Cizmic AD, Avasarala S, Van Scoyk M, Brzezinski C, Kelley N, Bikkavilli RK, Winn RA. Non-small-cell lung cancer: molecular targeted therapy and personalized medicine - drug resistance, mechanisms, and strategies. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2013; 6:25-36. [PMID: 23690695 PMCID: PMC3656464 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies for cancer bring the hope of specific treatment, providing high efficacy and in some cases lower toxicity than conventional treatment. Although targeted therapeutics have helped immensely in the treatment of several cancers, like chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer, and breast cancer, the benefit of these agents in the treatment of lung cancer remains limited, in part due to the development of drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of drug resistance and the current strategies used to treat lung cancer. A better understanding of these drug-resistance mechanisms could potentially benefit from the development of a more robust personalized medicine approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Sechler
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA ; Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Neat MJ, Foot NJ, Hicks A, Breen R, Wilkins B, McLean E, Santis G. ALKrearrangements in EBUS-derived transbronchial needle aspiration cytology in lung cancer. Cytopathology 2013; 24:356-64. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Neat
- Cytogenetics Unit; GSTS Pathology; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - N. J. Foot
- Cytogenetics Unit; GSTS Pathology; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - A. Hicks
- Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; London UK
| | - R. Breen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - B. Wilkins
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - E. McLean
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - G. Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; London UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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21
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Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), regulate multiple cellular processes that stimulate cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. This review provides an overview of the evidence to support c-MET or the HGF/c-MET signaling pathway as relevant targets for personalized cancer treatment based on high frequencies of c-MET and/or HGF overexpression, activation, amplification in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), gastric, ovarian, pancreatic, thyroid, breast, head and neck, colon and kidney carcinomas. Additionally, the current knowledge of small molecule inhibitors (tivantinib [ARQ 197]), c-MET/HGF antibodies (rilotumumab and MetMAb) and mechanisms of resistance to c-MET-targeted therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Sierra
- Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Eifert C, Powers RS. From cancer genomes to oncogenic drivers, tumour dependencies and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:572-8. [PMID: 22739505 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of human cancer by genome sequencing and various types of arrays has proved that many tumours harbour hundreds of genes that are mutated or substantially altered by copy number changes. But how many of these changes are meaningful? And how can we exploit these massive data sets to yield new targets for cancer treatment? In this Opinion article, we describe emerging approaches that aim to determine which altered genes are actually contributing to cancer, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Eifert
- Cancer Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York 11797, USA
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Pearson JD, Mohammed Z, Bacani JTC, Lai R, Ingham RJ. The heat shock protein-90 co-chaperone, Cyclophilin 40, promotes ALK-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma viability and its expression is regulated by the NPM-ALK oncoprotein. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:229. [PMID: 22681779 PMCID: PMC3407532 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is a T cell lymphoma defined by the presence of chromosomal translocations involving the ALK tyrosine kinase gene. These translocations generate fusion proteins (e.g. NPM-ALK) with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, which activate numerous signalling pathways important for ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) plays a critical role in allowing NPM-ALK and other signalling proteins to function in this lymphoma. Co-chaperone proteins are important for helping Hsp90 fold proteins and for directing Hsp90 to specific clients; however the importance of co-chaperone proteins in ALK+ ALCL has not been investigated. Our preliminary findings suggested that expression of the immunophilin co-chaperone, Cyclophilin 40 (Cyp40), is up-regulated in ALK+ ALCL by JunB, a transcription factor activated by NPM-ALK signalling. In this study we examined the regulation of the immunophilin family of co-chaperones by NPM-ALK and JunB, and investigated whether the immunophilin co-chaperones promote the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines. METHODS NPM-ALK and JunB were knocked-down in ALK+ ALCL cell lines with siRNA, and the effect on the expression of the three immunophilin co-chaperones: Cyp40, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 51, and FKBP52 examined. Furthermore, the effect of knock-down of the immunophilin co-chaperones, either individually or in combination, on the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines and NPM-ALK levels and activity was also examined. RESULTS We found that NPM-ALK promoted the transcription of Cyp40 and FKBP52, but only Cyp40 transcription was promoted by JunB. We also observed reduced viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines treated with Cyp40 siRNA, but not with siRNAs directed against FKBP52 or FKBP51. Finally, we demonstrate that the decrease in the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines treated with Cyp40 siRNA does not appear to be due to a decrease in NPM-ALK levels or the ability of this oncoprotein to signal. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating that the expression of immunophilin family co-chaperones is promoted by an oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Moreover, this is the first report establishing an important role for Cyp40 in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Pearson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Zubair Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Julinor T C Bacani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Robert J Ingham
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
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Togashi Y, Soda M, Sakata S, Sugawara E, Hatano S, Asaka R, Nakajima T, Mano H, Takeuchi K. KLC1-ALK: a novel fusion in lung cancer identified using a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue only. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31323. [PMID: 22347464 PMCID: PMC3275577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The promising results of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have changed the significance of ALK fusions in several types of cancer. These fusions are no longer mere research targets or diagnostic markers, but they are now directly linked to the therapeutic benefit of patients. However, most available tumor tissues in clinical settings are formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE), and this significantly limits detailed genetic studies in many clinical cases. Although recent technical improvements have allowed the analysis of some known mutations in FFPE tissues, identifying unknown fusion genes by using only FFPE tissues remains difficult. We developed a 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends-based system optimized for FFPE tissues and evaluated this system on a lung cancer tissue with ALK rearrangement and without the 2 known ALK fusions EML4-ALK and KIF5B-ALK. With this system, we successfully identified a novel ALK fusion, KLC1-ALK. The result was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Then, we synthesized the putative full-length cDNA of KLC1-ALK and demonstrated the transforming potential of the fusion kinase with assays using mouse 3T3 cells. To the best of our knowledge, KLC1-ALK is the first novel oncogenic fusion identified using only FFPE tissues. This finding will broaden the potential value of archival FFPE tissues and provide further biological and clinical insights into ALK-positive lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Togashi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Soda
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Sugawara
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Hatano
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reimi Asaka
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sugawara E, Togashi Y, Kuroda N, Sakata S, Hatano S, Asaka R, Yuasa T, Yonese J, Kitagawa M, Mano H, Ishikawa Y, Takeuchi K. Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusions in renal cancer: large-scale immunohistochemical screening by the intercalated antibody-enhanced polymer method. Cancer 2012; 118:4427-36. [PMID: 22252991 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several promising molecular-targeted drugs are used for advanced renal cancers. However, complete remission is rarely achieved, because none of the drugs targets a key molecule that is specific to the cancer, or is associated with "oncogene addiction" (dependence on one or a few oncogenes for cell survival) of renal cancer. Recently, an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion, vinculin-ALK, has been reported in pediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases who have a history of sickle cell trait. In this context, ALK inhibitor therapy would constitute a therapeutic advance, as has previously been demonstrated with lung cancer, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, and anaplastic large cell lymphomas. METHODS Anti-ALK immunohistochemistry was used to screen 355 tumor tissues, using the intercalated antibody-enhanced polymer (iAEP) method. The cohort consisted of 255 clear cell RCCs, 32 papillary RCCs, 34 chromophobe RCCs, 6 collecting duct carcinomas, 10 unclassified RCCs, 6 sarcomatoid RCCs, and 12 other tumors. RESULTS Two patients (36- and 53-year-old females) were positive for ALK as determined by iAEP immunohistochemistry. Using 5'- rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends, we detected TPM3-ALK and EML4-ALK in these tumors. The results of this study were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization assays. The 2 ALK-positive RCCs were unclassified (mixed features of papillary, mucinous cribriform, and solid patterns with rhabdoid cells) and papillary subtype. They comprised 2.3% of non-clear cell RCCs (2 of 88) and 3.7% of non-clear cell and nonchromophobe RCCs (2 of 54). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that ALK fusions also exist in adult RCC cases without uncommon backgrounds. These findings confirm the potential of ALK inhibitor therapy for selected cases of RCC.
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