1
|
Kim M, Kang JH. Effects of benzalkonium chloride as a cationic surfactant on the physicochemical properties of adlay millet starch films. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:355-362. [PMID: 38222905 PMCID: PMC10786757 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of benzalkonium chloride (BC) as a cationic surfactant on the mechanical, water barrier, microstructural, and thermal properties of adlay millet starch (AS) films were investigated in this study. With increasing BC concentration, tensile strength (from 5.93 to 6.15 MPa) and elongation at break (from 41.39 to 45.48%) of AS-BC films significantly increased, whereas their moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were reduced, indicating water resistance improvement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that BC at concentrations below 1% did not cause noticeable changes in the microstructure of AS-BC films. In addition, the thermal stability of AS-BC films was not affected by BC, indicating good miscibility between AS and BC. Therefore, BC could improve the physicochemical properties of starch films, and AS-BC films developed in this study can be applied as novel biodegradable packaging materials in the food packaging industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01383-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castro VS, Fang Y, Yang X, Stanford K. Association of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds and organic acids with genetic markers and their relationship to Escherichia coli serogroup. Food Microbiol 2023; 113:104267. [PMID: 37098428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Sanitizer resistance is being extensively investigated due to the potential for bacterial survival and cross-resistance with other antimicrobials. Similarly, organic acids are being used due to their microbial inactivation potential as well as being generally recognized as safe (GRAS). However, little is known about associations of genetic and phenotypic factors in Escherichia coli related to resistance to sanitizers and organic acids as well as differences between "Top 7" serogroups. Therefore, we investigated 746 E. coli isolates for resistance to lactic acid and two commercial sanitizers based on quaternary ammonium and peracetic acid. Furthermore, we correlated resistance to several genetic markers and investigated 44 isolates using Whole Genome Sequencing. Results indicate that factors related to motility, biofilm formation, and Locus of Heat Resistance played a role in resistance to sanitizers and lactic acid. In addition, Top 7 serogroups significantly differed in sanitizer and acid resistance, with O157 being the most consistently resistant to all treatments. Finally, mutations in rpoA, rpoC, and rpoS genes were observed, in addition to presence of a Gad gene with alpha-toxin formation in all O121 and O145 isolates, which may be related to increased resistance of these serogroups to the acids used in the present study.
Collapse
|
3
|
Muniz NO, Gabut S, Maton M, Odou P, Vialette M, Pinon A, Neut C, Tabary N, Blanchemain N, Martel B. Electrospun Filtering Membrane Designed as Component of Self-Decontaminating Protective Masks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:9. [PMID: 36615926 PMCID: PMC9823851 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus outbreak and worsening air pollution have triggered the search for manufacturing effective protective masks preventing both particulate matter and biohazard absorption through the respiratory tract. Therefore, the design of advanced filtering textiles combining efficient physical barrier properties with antimicrobial properties is more newsworthy than ever. The objective of this work was to produce a filtering electrospun membrane incorporating a biocidal agent that would offer both optimal filtration efficiency and fast deactivation of entrapped viruses and bacteria. After the eco-friendly electrospinning process, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were stabilized by crosslinking with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). To compensate their low mechanical properties, nanofiber membranes with variable grammages were directly electrospun on a meltblown polypropylene (PP) support of 30 g/m2. The results demonstrated that nanofibers supported on PP with a grammage of around only 2 g/m2 presented the best compromise between filtration efficiencies of PM0.3, PM0.5, and PM3.0 and the pressure drop. The filtering electrospun membranes loaded with benzalkonium chloride (ADBAC) as a biocidal agent were successfully tested against E. coli and S. aureus and against human coronavirus strain HCoV-229E. This new biocidal filter based on electrospun nanofibers supported on PP nonwoven fabric could be a promising solution for personal and collective protection in a pandemic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Oderich Muniz
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Sarah Gabut
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Mickael Maton
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascal Odou
- ULR 7365—GRITA—Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, University of Lille, CHU Lille F-59000, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Michèle Vialette
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité de Sécurité Microbiologique, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Pinon
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité de Sécurité Microbiologique, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christel Neut
- Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Tabary
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchemain
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernard Martel
- UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang JH. Understanding inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on romaine lettuce by emulsified thyme essential oil. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104013. [PMID: 35473974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effects of thyme essential oil (TEO) emulsion (TEE) with cationic charge formulated using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on attachment strength and inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on romaine lettuce surface were examined in this study. Regardless of the inoculation time (2 h and 24 h), pathogen attachment was stronger on the adaxial surface of the romaine lettuce than on the abaxial surface because of the lower roughness of the former. Moreover, attachment strength increased with increasing inoculation time. TEE washing had the strongest inhibitory effect on pathogen attachment at 2 h when compared with that of TEO, CPC, and sodium hypochlorite (SH), demonstrating a 3.32 and 2.53 log-reduction in the size of the L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 populations, respectively, compared to the control samples. Additionally, the TEE washing effects were maintained even after inoculation for 24 h, and it decreased attachment to adaxial surface of the samples. These results indicate that TEE could be a good alternative to SH in improving the microbiological safety of romaine lettuce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mendoza IC, Luna EO, Pozo MD, Vásquez MV, Montoya DC, Moran GC, Romero LG, Yépez X, Salazar R, Romero-Peña M, León JC. Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 165:113714. [PMID: 35783661 PMCID: PMC9239846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic COVID-19 warned the importance of preparing the immune system to prevent diseases. Therefore, consuming fresh fruits and vegetables is essential for a healthy and balanced diet due to their diverse compositions of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive compounds. However, these fresh products grew close to manure and irrigation water and are harvested with equipment or by hand, representing a high risk of microbial, physical, and chemical contamination. The handling of fruits and vegetables exposed them to various wet surfaces of equipment and utensils, an ideal environment for biofilm formation and a potential risk for microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses. In this sense, this review presents an overview of the main problems associated with microbial contamination and the several chemicals, physical, and biological disinfection methods concerning their ability to avoid food contamination. This work has discussed using chemical products such as chlorine compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Moreover, newer techniques including ozone, electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma technology, and microbial surfactants have also been illustrated here. Finally, future trends in disinfection with a sustainable approach such as combined methods were also described. Therefore, the fruit and vegetable industries can be informed about their main microbial risks to establish optimal and efficient procedures to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iana Cruz Mendoza
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Esther Ortiz Luna
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Dreher Pozo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Mirian Villavicencio Vásquez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Diana Coello Montoya
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Galo Chuchuca Moran
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza Romero
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Yépez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Romero-Peña
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Coronel León
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Z, Qi Z, Ding X, Liu C. N-chlorosuccinimide enhancing the antimicrobial effect of benzalkonium chloride on biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its interaction mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:1-8. [PMID: 35852222 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2095176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) pretreatment on the antimicrobial effect of benzalkonium chloride (BZC, representative of QACs) against biofilm bacteria and its mechanisms. Results show that 0.04 - 0.07 mmol/L NCS pretreatment significantly increased the antimicrobial efficacy of 0.03 mmol/L BZC on biofilm cells by 30% - 70%. The main mechanisms involved membrane permeability, oxidative damage, and metabolic disorder. More precisely, NCS pretreatment increased the permeability of bacteria and reduced the activity of the electron transport system (ETS) and dehydrogenase (DHA). At the same time, the oxidative damage of both endogenous and exogenous ROS and the disorder of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) further improved their combined antibacterial ability. Moreover, NCS pretreatment greatly reduced the resistance of biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa to BZC. The findings of the study provide a new method to effectively enhance the antimicrobial efficiency of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants (e.g., BZC) and reduce bacterial resistance, as well as a scientific guidance for the development of new antimicrobial products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohu Ding
- Weifang Ecological Environmental Protection Bureau, Weifang City, P.R. China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang T, Wu Y, Xie Y, Sun L, Qin X, Liu Y, Li H, Dong Q, Wang X. Inactivation and Subsequent Growth Kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes After Various Mild Bactericidal Treatments. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646735. [PMID: 33815335 PMCID: PMC8017141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of mild heat, lactic acid, benzalkonium chloride and nisin treatments on the inactivation, sublethal injury, and subsequent growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Results showed that the Bigelow model successfully described the thermal inactivation kinetics, while the Log-linear model with tail consistently offered the most accurate fit to LA, BC, and nisin inactivation curves of cells. Differential plating indicated that percentage of sublethal injury for nisin treated cells was significantly higher than that for the other three treatments. Compared to non-treated cells, significant extension of lag time was observed for all treated cells. The longer exposures to heat treatment contributed to the extended lag time of the survivors. While for LA, BC and nisin treated cells, the longest lag time was not observed at the most severe treatment conditions. The correlation analysis of sublethal injury percentage on the duration of lag time revealed that only heat treatment showed the significant correlation. Overall, the lag time analysis could evaluate a wide range of bacterial injury. Lag time of treated cells was significantly influenced by stress treatments and temperatures of recovery, however, there were not any significant changes in the maximum specific growth rate between treated and non-treated cells under isothermal recovery conditions. The information generated from this study is valuable for utilizing intervention strategies in the elimination or growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisong Fang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- Research Centre of Analysis and Test, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Xie
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjun Sun
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Qin
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on fresh-cut romaine lettuce by peanut skin extract/benzethonium chloride emulsion washing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
9
|
Kang J, Song KB. Combined washing effect of noni extract and oregano essential oil on the decontamination of
Listeria monocytogenes
on romaine lettuce. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Hoon Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Pre-existing Bacteria on Spinach by Combined Treatment of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf Extract Washing and Ultraviolet-C Irradiation. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Jeong YJ, Ha JW. Combined treatment of UV-A radiation and acetic acid to control foodborne pathogens on spinach and characterization of their synergistic bactericidal mechanisms. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
12
|
Kang JH, Song KB. Antibacterial activity of the noni fruit extract against Listeria monocytogenes and its applicability as a natural sanitizer for the washing of fresh-cut produce. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103260. [PMID: 31421758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of the noni fruit extract (NFE) against Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC, 19111 and 19115) and assess its applicability for the washing of fresh-cut produce. Based on the results of the disc diffusion test, L. monocytogenes (ATCC, 19111 and 19115) was susceptible to the activity of NFE than other pathogens studied. Additionally, results of the time-kill assay indicated that NFE at a concentration of 0.5-0.7% effectively killed L. monocytogenes within 7 h. Furthermore, analysis of the intracellular components such as nucleic acids and proteins released from the bacterial cells and their SEM imaging revealed that NFE could increase the membrane permeability of cells resulting in their death. Compared to their unwashed samples, washing of romaine lettuce, spinach, and kale with 0.5% NFE gave a reduction of 1.47, 2.28, and 3.38 log CFU/g, respectively against L. monocytogenes (ATCC, 19111 and 19115), which is significantly different to that of NaOCl. A significant correlation was observed between the antibacterial effect induced due to NFE washing with the surface roughness of the fresh-cut produce than its surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, washing with NFE was not found to affect the color of the samples. These results indicated that NFE demonstrates good antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and can be used as a natural sanitizer to ensure the microbiological safety of fresh-cut produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|