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Chen S, Jiang Q, Huang P, Hu C, Shen H, Schachner M, Zhao W. The L1 cell adhesion molecule affects protein kinase D1 activity in the cerebral cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:141-150. [PMID: 32540419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive deficits resulting from neuronal cell death. In search for the molecular underpinnings of the disease, we were interested in the relationship between Aβ, L1 cell adhesion molecule and protein kinase D1 (PKD1), which are not only implicated in neural development and functional maintenance in the adult, but are also neuroprotective under pathological conditions. Based on our observations that L1 and phosphorylated, i.e. activated, protein kinase PKD1 (pPKD1) co-localize in cultured neurons, we investigated the functional relationship between L1 and pPKD1 in the frontal lobe of an AD human cortical tissue microarray, and found increased and positively correlating levels of both molecules when compared to a non-affected human brain. Also in the APPSWE mouse model of AD, L1 and pPKD1 levels were increased in the frontal lobe. To investigate whether L1 influences PKD1-based functions in AD, cultured cortical neurons were stressed with either H2O2 or oligomeric Aβ1-42, in the presence or absence of recombinant L1 extracellular domain, and PKD1 phosphorylation was measured. As indicated by the cell viability assay, L1 maintained neuronal survival under oxidative stress and under application of oligomeric Aβ1-42, when PKD1 activity was inhibited, suggesting that L1 ameliorates some aspects of Aβ1-42 pathology in parallel with reducing PKD1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China; The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhi Huang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Hu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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Cabral Pinto MMS, Marinho-Reis AP, Almeida A, Ordens CM, Silva MMVG, Freitas S, Simões MR, Moreira PI, Dinis PA, Diniz ML, Ferreira da Silva EA, Condesso de Melo MT. Human predisposition to cognitive impairment and its relation with environmental exposure to potentially toxic elements. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1767-1784. [PMID: 28281140 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
New lines of evidence suggest that less than 10% of neurodegenerative diseases have a strict genetic aetiology and other factors may be prevalent. Environmental exposures to potentially toxic elements appear to be a risk factor for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and sclerosis diseases. This study proposes a multidisciplinary approach combining neurosciences, psychology and environmental sciences while integrating socio-economic, neuropsychological, environmental and health data. We present the preliminary results of a neuropsychological assessment carried out in elderly residents of the industrial city of Estarreja. A battery of cognitive tests and a personal questionnaire were administered to the participants. Multivariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify potential relationships between the cognitive status of the participants and environmental exposure to potentially toxic elements. The results suggest a relationship between urinary PTEs levels and the incidence of cognitive disorders. They also point towards water consumption habits and profession as relevant factors of exposure. Linear regression models show that aluminium (R 2 = 38%), cadmium (R 2 = 11%) and zinc (R 2 = 6%) are good predictors of the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination cognitive test. Median contents (µg/l) in groundwater are above admissible levels for drinking water for aluminium (371), iron (860), manganese (250), and zinc (305). While the World Health Organization does not provide health-based reference values for aluminium, results obtained from this study suggest that it may have an important role in the cognitive status of the elderly. Urine proved to be a suitable biomarker of exposure both to elements with low and high excretion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M S Cabral Pinto
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3030-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Paula Marinho-Reis
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Ordens
- University College London Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Maria M V G Silva
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEMUC, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Freitas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3030-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo Comportamental (CINEICC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo Comportamental (CINEICC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra (FPCE-UC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3030-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Dinis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Coimbra, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Luísa Diniz
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Vaz FNC, Fermino BL, Haskel MVL, Wouk J, de Freitas GBL, Fabbri R, Montagna E, Rocha JBT, Bonini JS. The Relationship Between Copper, Iron, and Selenium Levels and Alzheimer Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:185-191. [PMID: 28500578 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of copper, iron, and selenium in elderly people with Alzheimer disease (AD), comparing the same parameters in a paired group of healthy people, in order to verify if the amount of these metals may influence the cognitive impairment progression. Patients' cognitive impairment was evaluated by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). The elementary quantification of erythrocytes was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. The statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS software 20.0 version, employing Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, Kruskall-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests, considering significant results of p < 0.05. The sample was composed of 34% (n = 11) of women and 66% (n = 21) of men in each group. The AD group was characterized by a higher concentration of copper (p < 0.0001) and iron (p < 0.0001); however, there is no significant difference in selenium level. The analyses of the metal levels in different stages of AD were not significant in CDR-1, however in CDR-2 and CDR-3, elevated levels of copper and iron were observed; in CDR-3 patients, the level of selenium was lower (p < 0.008) compared to that of healthy controls. Patients with Alzheimer disease studied present increase in biometal blood levels, especially of copper and iron, and such increase can be different according to the disease stage and can cause more impairment cognitive functions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Nathanael Coelho Vaz
- Campus CEDETEG, Pharmacy Department, Midwest State University, Simeão Camargo Varella de Sá, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Luisa Fermino
- Campus CEDETEG, Pharmacy Department, Midwest State University, Simeão Camargo Varella de Sá, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Maria Vaitsa Loch Haskel
- Campus CEDETEG, Pharmacy Department, Midwest State University, Simeão Camargo Varella de Sá, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Wouk
- Campus CEDETEG, Pharmacy Department, Midwest State University, Simeão Camargo Varella de Sá, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-080, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Fabbri
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Areadel Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezionedi Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitádi Firenze, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Erik Montagna
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo Andre, SP, 09060-870, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Toxicological Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Avenue, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Bonini
- Campus CEDETEG, Pharmacy Department, Midwest State University, Simeão Camargo Varella de Sá, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-080, Brazil
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Ferrero K, Silver M, Cocchetto A, Masliah E, Langford D. CNS findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and a neuropathological case report. J Investig Med 2017; 65:974-983. [PMID: 28386034 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized as a persistent, debilitating complex disorder of unknown etiology, whereby patients suffer from extreme fatigue, which often presents with symptoms that include chronic pain, depression, weakness, mood disturbances, and neuropsychological impairment. In this mini review and case report, we address central nervous system (CNS) involvement of CFS and present neuropathological autopsy findings from a patient who died with a prior diagnosis of CFS. Among the most remarkable pathological features of the case are focal areas of white matter loss, neurite beading, and neuritic pathology of axons in the white matter with axonal spheroids. Atypical neurons displaying aberrant sprouting processes in response to injury are observed throughout cortical gray and white matter. Abundant amyloid deposits identical to AD plaques with accompanying intracellular granular structures are observed as well. Neurofibrillary tangles are also present in the white matter of the frontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia. Taken together, these neuropathological findings warrant further studies into CNS disease associated with CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ferrero
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mitchell Silver
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- State University of New York at Alfred, Engineering Technologies, Alfred, New York, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Correia SC, Seiça RM, Moreira PI. Alzheimer's Disease: From Mitochondrial Perturbations to Mitochondrial Medicine. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:632-47. [PMID: 27327899 PMCID: PMC8028979 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are distressing conditions causing countless levels of suffering for which treatment is often insufficient or inexistent. Considered to be the most common cause of dementia and an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the intricate pathogenic mechanisms of AD continue to be revealed and, consequently, an effective treatment needs to be developed. Among the diverse hypothesis that have been proposed to explain AD pathogenesis, the one concerning mitochondrial dysfunction has raised as one of the most discussed with an actual acceptance in the field. It posits that manipulating mitochondrial function and understanding the deficits that result in mitochondrial injury may help to control and/or limit the development of AD. To achieve such goal, the concept of mitochondrial medicine places itself as a promising gathering of strategies to directly manage the major insidious disturbances of mitochondrial homeostasis as well as attempts to directly or indirectly manage its consequences in the context of AD. The aim of this review is to summarize the evolution that occurred from the establishment of mitochondrial homeostasis perturbation as masterpieces in AD pathogenesis up until the development of mitochondrial medicine. Following a brief glimpse in the past and current hypothesis regarding the triad of aging, mitochondria and AD, this manuscript will address the major mechanisms currently believed to participate in above mentioned events. Both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions will also be reviewed as AD-related mitochondrial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Sónia C. Correia
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Raquel M. Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- IBILI‐Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Koal T, Klavins K, Seppi D, Kemmler G, Humpel C. Sphingomyelin SM(d18:1/18:0) is significantly enhanced in cerebrospinal fluid samples dichotomized by pathological amyloid-β42, tau, and phospho-tau-181 levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 44:1193-201. [PMID: 25408209 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe and chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the brain. The laboratory diagnosis is limited to the analysis of three biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phospho-tau-181 (P-tau-181). However, there is a need to find more biomarkers in CSF that can improve the sensitivity and specificity. The aim of the present study was to analyze endogenous small metabolites (metabolome) in the CSF, which may provide potentially new insights into biochemical processes involved in AD. One hundred CSF samples were dichotomized by normal (n = 50) and pathological decreased Aβ42 and increased tau and P-tau-181 levels (n = 50; correlating to an AD-like pathology). These CSF samples were analyzed using the AbsoluteIDQ® p180 Kit (BIOCRATES Life Sciences), which included 40 acylcarnitines, 21 amino acids, 19 biogenic amines, 15 sphingolipids, and 90 glycerophospholipids. Our data show that two sphingomyelins (SM (d18:1/18:0) and SM (d18:1/18:1)), 5 glycerophospholipids (PC aa C32:0, PC aa C34:1, PC aa C36:1, PC aa C38:4 and PC aa C38:6), and 1 acylcarnitine (C3-DC-M/C5-OH) were significantly altered in the CSF with pathological "AD-like pathology". Sphingomyelin SM (d18:1/18:0) proved to be a specific (76%) and sensitive (66%) biomarker with a defined cut-off of 546 nM. Correct diagnoses for 21 out of 32 unknown samples could be achieved using this SM (d18:1/18:0) cut-off value. In conclusion, the sphingolipid SM (d18:1/18:0) is significantly increased in CSF of patients displaying pathological levels of Aβ42, tau, and P-tau-181.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Pinhel MADS, Sado CL, Longo GDS, Gregorio ML, Amorim GS, Florim GMDS, Mazeti CM, Martins DP, Oliveira FDN, Nakazone MA, Tognola WA, Souza DRS. Nullity of GSTT1/GSTM1 related to pesticides is associated with Parkinson's disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2013; 71:527-32. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20130076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic variants of the enzyme glutathione S-transferases (GST) may be related to the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic variants of GST (GSTT1/GSTM1) and their association with the exposure to environmental toxins in PD patients. We studied 254 patients with PD and 169 controls. The GSTM1/GSTT1 variants were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. We applied the Fisher's exact test and the χ2 test for statistical analysis (p<0.05). The present and absence for GSTT1 and GSTM1 were similar in patients and controls. The null for GSTT1 and GSTM1 (0/0) and exposure to pesticides prevailed in patients (18%) compared to controls (13%, p=0.014). This study suggests the association between PD and previous exposure to pesticides, whose effect may be enhanced in combination with null for GSTT1/GSTM1.
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín J. Alzheimer's disease: redox dysregulation as a common denominator for diverse pathogenic mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:974-1031. [PMID: 22122400 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a progressive neurodegeneration that appears to result from multiple pathogenic mechanisms (including protein misfolding/aggregation, involved in both amyloid β-dependent senile plaques and tau-dependent neurofibrillary tangles), metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitoxicity, calcium handling impairment, glial cell dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which could be secondary to several of the other pathophysiological mechanisms, appears to be a major determinant of the pathogenesis and progression of AD. The identification of oxidized proteins common for mild cognitive impairment and AD suggests that key oxidation pathways are triggered early and are involved in the initial progression of the neurodegenerative process. Abundant data support that oxidative stress, also considered as a main factor for aging, the major risk factor for AD, can be a common key element capable of articulating the divergent nature of the proposed pathogenic factors. Pathogenic mechanisms influence each other at different levels. Evidence suggests that it will be difficult to define a single-target therapy resulting in the arrest of progression or the improvement of AD deterioration. Since oxidative stress is present from early stages of disease, it appears as one of the main targets to be included in a clinical trial. Exploring the articulation of AD pathogenic mechanisms by oxidative stress will provide clues for better understanding the pathogenesis and progression of this dementing disorder and for the development of effective therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Asaithambi A, Kanthasamy A, Saminathan H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) activation mediates a compensatory protective response during early stages of oxidative stress-induced neuronal degeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:43. [PMID: 21696630 PMCID: PMC3145571 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is a key pathophysiological mechanism contributing to degenerative processes in many neurodegenerative diseases and therefore, unraveling molecular mechanisms underlying various stages of oxidative neuronal damage is critical to better understanding the diseases and developing new treatment modalities. We previously showed that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) proteolytic activation during the late stages of oxidative stress is a key proapoptotic signaling mechanism that contributes to oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. The time course studies revealed that PKCδ activation precedes apoptotic cell death and that cells resisted early insults of oxidative damage, suggesting that some intrinsic compensatory response protects neurons from early oxidative insult. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to characterize protective signaling pathways in dopaminergic neurons during early stages of oxidative stress. Results Herein, we identify that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) functions as a key anti-apoptotic kinase to protect neuronal cells against early stages of oxidative stress. Exposure of dopaminergic neuronal cells to H2O2 or 6-OHDA induced PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/748) phosphorylation long before induction of neuronal cell death. Blockade of PKCδ cleavage, PKCδ knockdown or overexpression of a cleavage-resistant PKCδ mutant effectively attenuated PKD1 activation, indicating that PKCδ proteolytic activation regulates PKD1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the PKCδ catalytic fragment, but not the regulatory fragment, increased PKD1 activation, confirming PKCδ activity modulates PKD1 activation. We also identified that phosphorylation of S916 at the C-terminal is a preceding event required for PKD1 activation loop phosphorylation. Importantly, negative modulation of PKD1 by the RNAi knockdown or overexpression of PKD1S916A phospho-defective mutants augmented oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, while positive modulation of PKD1 by the overexpression of full length PKD1 or constitutively active PKD1 plasmids attenuated oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic role for PKD1 during oxidative neuronal injury. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrate that PKCδ-dependent activation of PKD1 represents a novel intrinsic protective response in counteracting early stage oxidative damage in neuronal cells. Our results suggest that positive modulation of the PKD1-mediated compensatory protective mechanism against oxidative damage in dopaminergic neurons may provide novel neuroprotective strategies for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Asaithambi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Bldg, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Correia SC, Moreira PI. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: a new hope to counteract neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2010; 112:1-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Siedlak SL, Casadesus G, Webber KM, Pappolla MA, Atwood CS, Smith MA, Perry G. Chronic antioxidant therapy reduces oxidative stress in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:156-64. [PMID: 19160110 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802644694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications are a hallmark of oxidative imbalance in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases and their respective animal models. While the causes of oxidative stress are relatively well-documented, the effects of chronically reducing oxidative stress on cognition, pathology and biochemistry require further clarification. To address this, young and aged control and amyloid-beta protein precursor-over-expressing mice were fed a diet with added R-alpha lipoic acid for 10 months to determine the effect of chronic antioxidant administration on the cognition and neuropathology and biochemistry of the brain. Both wild type and transgenic mice treated with R-alpha lipoic acid displayed significant reductions in markers of oxidative modifications. On the other hand, R-alpha lipoic acid had little effect on Y-maze performance throughout the study and did not decrease end-point amyloid-beta load. These results suggest that, despite the clear role of oxidative stress in mediating amyloid pathology and cognitive decline in ageing and AbetaPP-transgenic mice, long-term antioxidant therapy, at levels within tolerable nutritional guidelines and which reduce oxidative modifications, have limited benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Shi C, Xu XW, Forster EL, Tang LF, Ge Z, Yew DT, Xu J. Possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in central neurodegeneration of ovariectomized rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:172-8. [PMID: 17562527 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were used to mimic the pathological changes of post-menopausal females with genistein and estradiol benzoate (EB) as substitutes for endogenous estradiol. Measurements of hippocampal ATP content, mitochondrial ATP content and the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in the hippocampus indicated that after ovariectomy, brain energy metabolism of the rats presented a transient change in hippocampal ATP content which was significant from the 6th to the 8th day after ovariectomy. The change on the 6th day was the most noteworthy. Mitochondrial ATP content and the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis of the hippocampus were also lowered. However, after using EB or genistein, the three indicators returned to normal. It is suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) of the post-menopausal female, and may serve as the target for endogenous estrogen and exogenous phytoestrogen. In addition, genistein, which possesses the properties of estrogen but not its side effects such as carcinogenicity, could reverse the bioenergetic defects of ovariectomized rats and perhaps be used as a substitute for estradiol to prevent or treat central neurodegeneration in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Lau FC, Bielinski DF, Joseph JA. Inhibitory effects of blueberry extract on the production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV2 microglia. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1010-7. [PMID: 17265471 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sustained microglial activation in the central nervous system (CNS) has been extensively investigated in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and has been postulated to lead to neuronal cell loss in these conditions. Recent studies have shown that antiinflammatory drugs may suppress microglial activation and thus protect against microglial overactivation and subsequent cell loss. Research also suggests that fruits such as berries may contain both antioxidant and antiinflammatory polyphenols that may be important in this regard. Our previous research showed that blueberry extract was effective in preventing oxidant-induced calcium response deficits in M1 (muscarinic receptor)-transfected COS-7 cells. Extrapolating from these findings, the current study investigated the effect of blueberry extract on preventing inflammation-induced activation of microglia. Results indicated that treatments with blueberry extract inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) as well as the cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in cell conditioned media from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia. Also, mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-activated BV2 cells were significantly reduced by treatments with blueberry extract. The results suggest that blueberry polyphenols attenuate inflammatory responses of brain microglia and could be potentially useful in modulation of inflammatory conditions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis C Lau
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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