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Langner M, Fröbel D, Helm J, Chavakis T, Peitzsch M, Bechmann N. Accurate redox state indication by in situ derivatization with N-ethylmaleimide - Profiling of transsulfuration and glutathione pathway metabolites by UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124062. [PMID: 38432191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced and oxidized glutathione play an important role for the intracellular detoxification of reactive oxygen species. The iron-dependent formation of such reactive oxygen species in conjunction with the inhibition of the redox-balancing enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 underlie an imbalance in the cellular redox state, thereby resulting in a non-apoptotic form of cell death, defined as ferroptosis, which is relevant in several pathologies. METHODS Here we present a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based method providing the accurate quantification of 12 glutathione pathway metabolites after in situ derivatization with N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM). The method was validated regards linearity, recovery and accuracy as well as precision. The assay includes glutathione and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide. Furthermore, the related precursors cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, γ-glutamylcysteine and cysteinylglycine, biomarkers of protein crosslinking such as cystathionine and lanthionine, as well as metabolites of the transsulfuration pathway, methionine, homocysteine and serine are simultaneously determined. RESULTS Twelve glutathione pathway metabolites were simultaneously analyzed in four different human cell line extracts within a total LC run time of 5.5 min. Interday coefficients of variation (1.7 % to 12.0 %), the mean observed accuracy (100.0 % ± 5.2 %), linear quantification ranges over three orders of magnitude for all analytes and sufficient metabolite stability after NEM-derivatization demonstrate method reliability. Immediate derivatization with NEM at cell harvesting prevents autooxidation of glutathione, ensures accurate results for the GSH/GSSG redox ratio and thereby allows interpretation of cellular redox state. CONCLUSION The described UPLC-MS/MS method provides a sensitive and selective tool for a fast and simultaneous analysis of glutathione pathway metabolites, its direct precursors and related compounds. Assay performance characteristics demonstrate the suitability of the method for applications in different cell cultures. Therefore, by providing glutathione related functional metabolic readouts, the method enables investigations in mechanisms of ferroptosis and alterations in oxidative stress levels in several pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Langner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dennis Fröbel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Helm
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. How to Increase Cellular Glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051094. [PMID: 37237960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has special antioxidant properties due to its high intracellular concentration, ubiquity, and high reactivity towards electrophiles of the sulfhydryl group of its cysteine moiety. In most diseases where oxidative stress is thought to play a pathogenic role, GSH concentration is significantly reduced, making cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. Therefore, there is a growing interest in determining the best method(s) to increase cellular glutathione for both disease prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the major strategies for successfully increasing cellular GSH stores. These include GSH itself, its derivatives, NRf-2 activators, cysteine prodrugs, foods, and special diets. The possible mechanisms by which these molecules can act as GSH boosters, their related pharmacokinetic issues, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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How Aging and Oxidative Stress Influence the Cytopathic and Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cellular Glutathione and Cysteine Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071366. [PMID: 35883857 PMCID: PMC9311797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory and thrombotic complications, the severity of which increases with patients’ age and presence of comorbidity. The reasons for an age-dependent increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 could be many. These include defects in the homeostatic processes that control the cellular redox and its pivotal role in sustaining the immuno-inflammatory response to the host and the protection against oxidative stress and tissue degeneration. Pathogens may take advantage of such age-dependent abnormalities. Alterations of the thiol redox balance in the lung tissue and lining fluids may influence the risk of infection, and the host capability to respond to pathogens and to avoid severe complications. SARS-CoV-2, likewise other viruses, such as HIV, influenza, and HSV, benefits in its replication cycle of pro-oxidant conditions that the same viral infection seems to induce in the host cell with mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the pro-oxidant effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism and transmembrane fluxes of Cys and GSH. These appear to be the consequence of an increased use of Cys in viral protein synthesis and to ER stress pathway activation that interfere with transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NFkB, important to coordinate the metabolism of GSH with other aspects of the stress response and with the pro-inflammatory effects of this virus in the host cell. This narrative review article describes these cellular and molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the role that antivirals and cytoprotective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine may have to limit the cytopathic effects of this virus and to recover tissue homeostasis after infection.
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4
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Komaki Y, Suganuma K, Ibuki Y. Protective role of electrophile-reactive glutathione for DNA damage repair inhibitory effect of dibromoacetonitrile. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:305-314. [PMID: 35725084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) and linked with cancer in rodents, but the mechanism of its carcinogenicity has not been fully elucidated. We recently reported that DBAN induced inhibition of nucleotide excision repair (NER). In this study, we investigated if glutathione (GSH) is involved in the DBAN-induced inhibition of NER. Human keratinocytes HaCaT were pretreated with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete intracellular GSH. BSO treatment markedly potentiated the DBAN-induced NER inhibition as well as intracellular oxidation. The recruitment of NER proteins (transcription factor IIH, and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G) to DNA damage sites was inhibited by DBAN, which was further exacerbated by BSO treatment. Our results suggest that intracellular GSH protects cells from DBAN-induced genotoxicity including inhibition of DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Komaki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Koki Suganuma
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Strilbytska O, Strutynska T, Semaniuk U, Burdyliyk N, Bubalo V, Lushchak O. Dietary Sucrose Determines Stress Resistance, Oxidative Damages, and Antioxidant Defense System in Drosophila. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:7262342. [PMID: 35547569 PMCID: PMC9085363 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7262342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Varied nutritional interventions affect lifespan and metabolic health. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that the carbohydrate restriction in the diet induces changes to support long-lived phenotypes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the main mechanisms that mediate the effect of nutrient consumption on the aging process. Here, we tested the influence of sucrose concentration in the diet on stress resistance, antioxidant defense systems, and oxidative stress markers in D. melanogaster. We found that high sucrose concentration in the fly medium leads to enhanced resistance to starvation, oxidative, heat, and cold stresses. However, flies that were raised on low sucrose food displayed increased levels of low-molecular-mass thiols, lipid peroxides in females, and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, indicating that the consumption of a low carbohydrate diet could induce oxidative stress in the fruit fly. We found that the consumption of sucrose-enriched diet increased protein carbonyl level, which may indicate about the activation of glycation processes. The results highlight a strong dependence of oxidative metabolism in D. melanogaster from dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Strutynska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Uliana Semaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Nadia Burdyliyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Bubalo
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology and Mutagenesis, L.I. Medved's Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety, MHU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
- Research and Development University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Plasma Free Thiol Levels during Early Sepsis Predict Future Renal Function Decline. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050800. [PMID: 35624664 PMCID: PMC9137477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by acute organ dysfunction due to infection. In particular, acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among patients with sepsis and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of sepsis-related AKI. Plasma free thiols (R-SH) reflect systemic oxidative stress since they are readily oxidized by reactive species and thereby serve as antioxidants. Here, we aimed to assess the concentrations of serum free thiols in sepsis and associate these with major adverse kidney events (MAKE). Adult non-trauma patients who presented at the emergency department (ED) with a suspected infection were included. Free thiol levels and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), a marker of oxidative stress, were measured in plasma at baseline, at the ward, and at three months, and one year after hospitalization. Plasma free thiol levels were lower at the ED visit and at the ward as compared to three months and one year after hospital admission (p < 0.01). On the contrary, plasma levels of IMA were higher at the ED and at the ward compared to three months and one year after hospital admission (p < 0.01). Furthermore, univariate logistic regression analyses showed that plasma free thiol levels at the ED were inversely associated with long-term renal function decline and survival at 90 days (MAKE90) and 365 days (MAKE365) (OR 0.43 per standard deviation [SD] [0.22−0.82, 95% CI], p = 0.011 and OR 0.58 per SD [0.34−0.96, 95% CI], p = 0.035, respectively). A multivariate regression analysis revealed an independent association of plasma free thiols at the ED (OR 0.52 per SD [0.29−0.93, 95% CI], p = 0.028) with MAKE365, even after adjustments for age, eGFR at the ED, SOFA score, and cardiovascular disease. These data indicate the clear role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sepsis-AKI, as reflected in the lower plasma free thiol levels and increased levels of IMA.
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The Role of Taurine in Skeletal Muscle Functioning and Its Potential as a Supportive Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020193. [PMID: 35208266 PMCID: PMC8879184 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is required for ensuring proper muscle functioning. Knockout of the taurine transporter in mice results in low taurine concentrations in the muscle and associates with myofiber necrosis and diminished exercise capacity. Interestingly, regulation of taurine and its transporter is altered in the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin from the muscle membrane, causing destabilization and contraction-induced muscle cell damage. This review explores the physiological role of taurine in skeletal muscle and the consequences of a disturbed balance in DMD. Its potential as a supportive treatment for DMD is also discussed. In addition to genetic correction, that is currently under development as a curative treatment, taurine supplementation has the potential to reduce muscle inflammation and improve muscle strength in patients.
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Kalinovic S, Stamm P, Oelze M, Daub S, Kröller-Schön S, Kvandova M, Steven S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Comparison of three methods for in vivo quantification of glutathione in tissues of hypertensive rats. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:1048-1061. [PMID: 34918601 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2016735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is a tripeptide that is part of the antioxidant defense system and contributes to numerous redox-regulatory processes. In vivo, reduced GSH and oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) are present in redox equilibrium and their ratio provides important information on the cellular redox state. Here, we compared three different methods for in vivo quantification of glutathione in tissues of hypertensive rats, an accepted animal model of oxidative stress. In the present study, we used hypertensive rats (infusion of 1 mg/kg/d angiotensin-II for 7 days) to determine the levels of reduced GSH and/or GSH/GSSG ratios in different tissue samples. We used an HPLC-based method with direct electrochemical detection (HPLC/ECD) and compared it with Ellman's reagent (DTNB) dependent derivatization of reduced GSH to the GS-NTB adduct and free NTB (UV/Vis HPLC) as well as with a commercial GSH/GSSG assay (Oxiselect). Whereas all three methods indicated overall a decreased redox state in hypertensive rats, the assays based on HPLC/ECD and DTNB derivatization provided the most significant differences. We applied a direct, fast and sensitive method for electrochemical GSH detection in tissues from hypertensive animals, and confirmed its reliability for in vivo measurements by head-to-head comparison with two other established assays. The HPLC/ECD but not DTNB and Oxiselect assays yielded quantitative GSH data but all three assays reflected nicely the qualitative redox changes and functional impairment in hypertensive rats. However, especially our GSH/GSSG values are lower than reported by others pointing to problems in the work-up protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Kalinovic
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- From Department of Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
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Erdivanli B, Ozdemir A, Sen A, Mercantepe T, Kazdal H, Uydu HA, Tumkaya L. Protective effect of thymoquinone in preventing trauma-related damage: an experimental study. Biomarkers 2021; 27:95-100. [PMID: 34890510 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2016972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary injury is a potentially modifiable factor of outcome in traumatic brain injury. This study aimed to investigate thymoquinone's effects on trauma-induced neuronal damage. METHODS Eighteen adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into three groups following ketamine and xylazine anaesthesia (n = 6): Control, Trauma, Trauma + Thymoquinone. First dose of thymoquinone was administered three hours after the trauma. RESULTS The trauma group showed significant oedema, vascular congestion, and ischaemia. Also, caspase-3 activity and malondialdehyde content of brain tissue was significantly increased, and Na,K-ATPase activity and glutathione levels were significantly reduced. Thymoquinone significantly reduced oedema, vascular congestion, ischaemia, and caspase-3 activity compared with the trauma group. While Na,K-ATPase activity and glutathione levels was similar to the Control group, malondialdehyde content was similar to the trauma group. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that low dose thymoquinone exhibited a neuroprotective effect following severe traumatic brain injury, if administered within three hours of injury. Similar levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde suggest no antioxidant effect. Significant reduction in oedema and ischaemia in the neuron cells and partially preserved activity of Na,K-ATPase suggest that thymoquinone protects mitochondrial functions and energy levels of the neuronal cells following severe traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Erdivanli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ozdemir
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun Education and Training Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hizir Kazdal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Oesch F, Fruth D, Hengstler JG, Fabian E, Berger FI, Landsiedel R. Enigmatic mechanism of the N-vinylpyrrolidone hepatocarcinogenicity in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3717-3744. [PMID: 34595563 PMCID: PMC8536644 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) is produced up to several thousand tons per year as starting material for the production of polymers to be used in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food technology. Upon inhalation NVP was carcinogenic in the rat, liver tumor formation is starting already at the rather low concentration of 5 ppm. Hence, differentiation whether NVP is a genotoxic carcinogen (presumed to generally have no dose threshold for the carcinogenic activity) or a non-genotoxic carcinogen (with a potentially definable threshold) is highly important. In the present study, therefore, the existing genotoxicity investigations on NVP (all showing consistently negative results) were extended and complemented with investigations on possible alternative mechanisms, which also all proved negative. All tests were performed in the same species (rat) using the same route of exposure (inhalation) and the same doses of NVP (5, 10 and 20 ppm) as had been used in the positive carcinogenicity test. Specifically, the tests included an ex vivo Comet assay (so far not available) and an ex vivo micronucleus test (in contrast to the already available micronucleus test in mice here in the same species and by the same route of application as in the bioassay which had shown the carcinogenicity), tests on oxidative stress (non-protein-bound sulfhydryls and glutathione recycling test), mechanisms mediated by hepatic receptors, the activation of which had been shown earlier to lead to carcinogenicity in some instances (Ah receptor, CAR, PXR, PPARα). No indications were obtained for any of the investigated mechanisms to be responsible for or to contribute to the observed carcinogenicity of NVP. The most important of these exclusions is genotoxicity. Thus, NVP can rightfully be regarded and treated as a non-genotoxic carcinogen and threshold approaches to the assessment of this chemical are supported. However, the mechanism underlying the carcinogenicity of NVP in rats remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&CoKG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Ingelheim, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.,Knoell Germany GmbH, Eastsite XII, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 25, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Franz Ingo Berger
- Regulatory Toxicology Chemicals, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
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11
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Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. Measurement of S-glutathionylated proteins by HPLC. Amino Acids 2021; 54:675-686. [PMID: 34129091 PMCID: PMC9117368 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-glutathionylated proteins (GSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH), are considered a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. In fact, they occur within cells at low level and their concentration increases markedly under pro-oxidant conditions. Plasma is something different, since it is physiologically rich in S-thiolated proteins (RSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with various types of low molecular mass thiols (LMM-SH). However, albumin, which is largely the most abundant plasma protein, possesses a cysteine residue at position 34 that is mostly reduced (about 60%) under physiological conditions, but easily involved in the formation of additional RSSP in the presence of oxidants. The quantification of GSSP requires special attention to sample handling, since their level can be overestimated as a result of artefactual oxidation of GSH. We have developed the present protocol to avoid this methodological problem. Samples should be treated as soon as possible after their collection with the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide that masks –SH groups and prevents their oxidation. The GSH released from mixed disulfides by reduction with dithiothreitol is then labeled with the fluorescent probe monobromobimane and quantified by HPLC. The method can be applied to many different biological samples, comprising blood components, red blood cell plasma membrane, cultured cells, and solid organs from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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12
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Giustarini D, Santucci A, Bartolini D, Galli F, Rossi R. The age-dependent decline of the extracellular thiol-disulfide balance and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101902. [PMID: 33662873 PMCID: PMC7889000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome. The risk of severe manifestations and mortality characteristically increase in the elderly and in the presence of non-COVID-19 comorbidity. We and others previously demonstrated that the low molecular weight (LMW) and protein thiol/disulfide ratio declines in human plasma with age and such decline is even more rapid in the case of inflammatory and premature aging diseases, which are also associated with the most severe complications of COVID-19 infection. The same decline with age of the LMW thiol/disulfide ratio observed in plasma appears to occur in the extracellular fluids of the respiratory tract and in association with many pulmonary diseases that characteristically reduce the concentrations and adaptive stress response of the lung glutathione. Early evidence in literature suggests that the thiol to disulfide balance of critical Cys residues of the COVID-19 spike protein and the ACE-2 receptor may influence the risk of infection and the severity of the disease, with a more oxidizing environment producing the worst prognosis. With this hypothesis paper we propose that the age-dependent decline of LMW thiol/disulfide ratio of the extracellular fluids, could play a role in promoting the physical (protein-protein) interaction of CoV-2 and the host cell in the airways. Therefore, this redox-dependent interaction is expected to affect the risk of severe infection in an age-dependent manner. The hypothesis can be verified in experimental models of in vitro CoV-2 infection and at the clinical level in that LMW thiols and protein thiolation can now be investigated with standardized, reliable and versatile laboratory protocols. Presenting the verification strategy of our hypothesis, we also discuss available nutritional and ancillary pharmacological strategies to intervene on the thiol/disulfide ratio of extracellular fluids of subjects at risk of infection and COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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13
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Spiga O, Cicaloni V, Dimitri GM, Pettini F, Braconi D, Bernini A, Santucci A. Machine learning application for patient stratification and phenotype/genotype investigation in a rare disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6127149. [PMID: 33538294 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU, OMIM: 203500) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene. A lack of standardized data, information and methodologies to assess disease severity and progression represents a common complication in ultra-rare disorders like AKU. This is the reason why we developed a comprehensive tool, called ApreciseKUre, able to collect AKU patients deriving data, to analyse the complex network among genotypic and phenotypic information and to get new insight in such multi-systemic disease. By taking advantage of the dataset, containing the highest number of AKU patient ever considered, it is possible to apply more sophisticated computational methods (such as machine learning) to achieve a first AKU patient stratification based on phenotypic and genotypic data in a typical precision medicine perspective. Thanks to our sufficiently populated and organized dataset, it is possible, for the first time, to extensively explore the phenotype-genotype relationships unknown so far. This proof of principle study for rare diseases confirms the importance of a dedicated database, allowing data management and analysis and can be used to tailor treatments for every patient in a more effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | | | - Giovanna Maria Dimitri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, ITALY
| | | | - Daniela Braconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, ITALY
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14
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Aksoy M, Kıranşan KD. The Construction and Testing of an Amperometric Biosensor for Oxidized Glutathione with Glutathione Reductase Immobilized on Reduced Graphene Oxide Paper Modified with Cobalt Sulphur. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mine Aksoy
- Atatürk University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Erzurum Turkey
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15
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Tsyvkin VN, Prudnikov IM, Smirnov AN, Pristash IV. Partial Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase from the Rat Cerebral Cortex by S-Nitrosoglutathione. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-020-09868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Yamashita R, Komaki Y, Yang G, Ibuki Y. Cell line-dependent difference in glutathione levels affects the cigarette sidestream smoke-induced inhibition of nucleotide excision repair. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503273. [PMID: 33198939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that cigarette sidestream smoke (CSS) induced inhibition of nucleotide excision repair (NER) and the cause was NER molecule degradation by aldehydes contained in CSS [Carcinogenesis39, 56-65, 2018; Mutat. Res.834, 42-50, 2018]. In this study, we examined the relationship between intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and CSS-induced NER inhibition. CSS treatment decreased the intracellular GSH level in human keratinocytes HaCaT, in which the repair of pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) after UVB irradiation was suppressed. We used l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) to artificially deplete intracellular GSH level. BSO treatment remarkably accelerated the CSS-induced NER inhibition. The NER inhibition by CSS was attributed to the delay of accumulation of NER molecules (TFIIH and XPG) to DNA damaged sites, which was further enhanced by BSO treatment. CSS degraded TFIIH, and BSO promoted it as expected. Formaldehyde (FA), a major constituent of CSS, showed similar intracellular GSH reduction and NER inhibition, and BSO promoted its inhibitory effect. Five cultured cell lines showed considerable variability in intrinsic GSH levels, and CSS-induced NER inhibitory effect was significantly correlated with the GSH levels. Chemicals like aldehydes are known to react not only with proteins but also with DNA, causing DNA lesions targeted by NER. Our results suggest that the tissues and cells with low intrinsic GSH levels are susceptible to treatment with CSS and electrophilic compounds like aldehydes through NER inhibition, thus leading to higher genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Yamashita
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukako Komaki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Guang Yang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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17
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Anethole Dithiolethione Increases Glutathione in Kidney by Inhibiting γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase: Biochemical Interpretation and Pharmacological Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3562972. [PMID: 33062138 PMCID: PMC7539083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3562972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims Anethole dithiolethione (ADT) is a marketed drug to treat xerostomia. Its mechanism of action is still unknown, but several preclinical studies indicate that it is able to increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) and protect against oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. Results Oral treatment of rats confirmed the GSH enhancing properties of ADT; among the different organs examined in this study, only the kidney showed a significant GSH increase that was already observed at low-dose treatments. The increase in GSH correlated with a decrease in γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activity of the different tissues. In vitro and ex vivo experiments with tubular renal cells and isolated perfused rat kidney showed that the cellular uptake of intact GSH was correlated with the extracellular concentrations of GSH. Conclusion s. The prominent in vivopharmacological effect of ADT was a marked increase of GSH concentration in the kidney and a decrease of some systemic and renal biomarkers of oxidative stress. In particular, by inhibition of γ-GT activity, it decreased the production cysteinylglycine, a thiol that has prooxidant effects as the consequence of its autooxidation. The activity of ADT as GSH enhancer in both the circulation and the kidney was long-lasting. All these characteristics make ADT a promising drug to protect the kidney, and in particular proximal tubule cells, from xenobiotic-induced damage.
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18
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Enomoto AC, Schneider E, McKinnon T, Goldfine H, Levy MA. Validation of a simplified procedure for convenient and rapid quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4854. [PMID: 32302415 PMCID: PMC7507186 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) status is highly sensitive to oxidative conditions and have broad application as a surrogate indicator of redox status in vivo. Established methods for GSH and GSSG quantification in whole blood display limited utility in human plasma, where GSH and GSSG levels are ~3-4 orders of magnitude below those observed in whole blood. This study presents simplified sample processing and analytical LC-MS/MS approaches exhibiting the sensitivity and accuracy required to measure GSH and GSSG concentrations in human plasma samples, which after 5-fold dilution to suppress matrix interferences range from 200 to 500 nm (GSH) and 5-30 nm (GSSG). The utility of the methods reported herein is demonstrated by assay performance and validation parameters which indicate good sensitivity [lower limits of quantitation of 4.99 nm (GSH) and 3.65 nm (GSSG), and high assay precision (intra-assay CVs 3.6 and 1.9%, and inter-assay CVs of 7.0 and 2.8% for GSH and GSSG, respectively). These methods also exhibited exceptional recovery of analyte-spiked plasma samples (98.0 ± 7.64% for GSH and 98.5 ± 12.7% for GSSG). Good sample stability at -80°C was evident for GSH for up to 55 weeks and GSSG for up to 46 weeks, with average CVs <15 and <10%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison C Enomoto
- Research and Development, USANA Health Sciences Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erik Schneider
- Research and Development, USANA Health Sciences Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Toni McKinnon
- Research and Development, USANA Health Sciences Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Research and Development, USANA Health Sciences Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark A Levy
- Research and Development, USANA Health Sciences Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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19
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da Silva WMB, de Oliveira Pinheiro S, Alves DR, de Menezes JESA, Magalhães FEA, Silva FCO, Silva J, Marinho ES, de Morais SM. Synthesis of Quercetin-Metal Complexes, In Vitro and In Silico Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Evaluation, and In Vivo Toxicological and Anxiolitic Activities. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:893-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Braconi D, Santucci A, Rossi R. Membrane Skeletal Protein S-Glutathionylation in Human Red Blood Cells as Index of Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1096-1102. [PMID: 30945548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most well-studied biomarkers of oxidative stress. Under oxidizing conditions, GSH is transformed into its disulfide forms, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), which are considered to be reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress. In red blood cells (RBCs), the main targets of S-glutathionylation are hemoglobin and membrane-associated skeletal proteins, but S-glutathionylated hemoglobin (HbSSG) has been more thoroughly studied as a biomarker of oxidative stress than S-glutahionylated RBC membrane skeletal proteins. Here, we have investigated whether and how all these biomarkers are altered in human RBCs treated with a slow and cyclically intermittent flux of the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide. To this aim, a new device for sample treatment and collection was developed. During and at the end of the treatment, GSH, GSSG, and PSSG (discriminating between HbSSG and membrane PSSG) were measured by the use of spectrophotometer (for GSSG) and HPLC (for GSH, HbSSG, and membrane PSSG). The main results of our study are as follows: (i) GSH decreased and GSSG increased, but only in the presence of the oxidant, and recovered their initial values at the end of the infusion; (ii) the increase in total PSSG concentration was lower than that of GSSG, but it kept on throughout the experiments; (iii) membrane skeletal proteins did not recover their initial values, whereas HbSSG levels recovered their initial values similarly to GSH and GSSG; (d) membrane skeletal PSSG were more stable and also more abundant than HbSSG. Western blot analysis indicated spectrin, ankyrin, and bands 3, 4.1, and 4.2 as the proteins most susceptible to S-glutathionylation in RBC membrane. These results suggest that S-glutathionylated membrane skeletal proteins can be considered as a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. Mostly when the oxidant insult is slight and intermittent, PSSG in RBC membranes are worth measuring in addition to GSSG by virtue of their greater stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) University of Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 , Siena , Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26 , I-20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26 , I-20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) University of Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 , Siena , Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) University of Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 , Siena , Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Department of Excellence 2018-2022) University of Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , I-53100 , Siena , Italy
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21
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Koike S, Ando C, Usui Y, Kibune Y, Nishimoto S, Suzuki T, Ogasawara Y. Age-related alteration in the distribution of methylglyoxal and its metabolic enzymes in the mouse brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:164-170. [PMID: 30508605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is an α-dicarbonyl compound that is naturally produced in vivo through glucose metabolism. In general, MG is metabolized by the glyoxalase 1(GLO1)/GLO2 system and aldose reductase (AR); however, excessive MG can react with proteins and nucleic acids to induce the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Recently, the accumulation of AGEs in the brain has been presumed to be related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. Research investigating the role of AGEs in such diseases is ongoing. However, the changes in MG concentration that occur in the brain during healthy ageing remain unclear. Therefore, we performed fractionation of the brains of aged and young mice, measured the MG concentration in each part of the brain, and then examined the distribution. We also investigated the expression levels of GLO1 and AR, the main metabolizing enzymes of MG, in various brain regions, across age groups. We show that MG concentration varies among different regions of the brain, and that MG concentration in aged mice is significantly lower than that in young mice across all regions of the brain, except the brain stem. In addition, although the expression level of the GLO1 protein in the brain did not change with ageing, the expression level of AR was higher in aged than in young mice. Moreover, although a significant positive correlation was observed between GLO1 expression and MG concentration in the brains of young mice, no significant correlations were observed in the brains of aged mice. Meanwhile, the production of protein carbonyls and the accumulation of AGEs were not observed in the brains of aged mice. These results suggest that the accumulation of MG in the brain, along with the carbonyl stress are suppressed and regionally controlled during healthy ageing. This finding is useful as the foundation for further studies to investigate the role and toxicity of MG in various age-related disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koike
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ando
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yosuke Usui
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kibune
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shoichi Nishimoto
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan.
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22
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Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Dalle Donne I, Milzani A, Severi FM, Santucci A, Rossi R. N-acetylcysteine ethyl ester as GSH enhancer in human primary endothelial cells: A comparative study with other drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:202-209. [PMID: 30114478 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several drugs are currently in use as glutathione (GSH) enhancers in clinical, pre-clinical and experimental research. Here we compare the ability of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-EE) and N-acetylcysteine ethyl ester (NACET) to increase the intracellular concentration of GSH using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as in vitro model. Our experiments highlighted that NACET is largely the most efficient molecule in increasing the intracellular levels of GSH, cysteine, and γ-glutamylcysteine. This is because NACET is lipophilic and can freely cross plasma membrane but, inside the cell, it is de-esterified to the more hydrophilic NAC, which, in turn, is trapped into the cell and slowly transformed into cysteine. The higher availability of cysteine is matched by an increase in GSH synthesis, cysteine availability being the rate limiting step for this reaction. Surprisingly, the increase in GSH concentration was not linear but peaked at 0.5 mM NACET and gradually decreased when cells were treated with higher concentrations of NACET. We demonstrated that this puzzling ceiling effect was due to the fact that NAC released from NACET turned out to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase, with a Ki value of 3.2 mM. By using a cell culture medium lacking of cysteine and methionine, we could demonstrate that the slight increase in intracellular levels of cysteine and GSH induced by NAC in HUVEC grown in standard medium was due to the reduction of the cystine present in the medium itself there rather than to the action of NAC as Cys pro-drug. This fact may explain why NAC works well as GSH enhancer at very high concentrations in pre-clinical and in vitro studies, whereas it failed in most clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Filiberto Maria Severi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Via delle Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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23
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Giustarini D, Tazzari V, Bassanini I, Rossi R, Sparatore A. The new H 2S-releasing compound ACS94 exerts protective effects through the modulation of thiol homoeostasis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1392-1404. [PMID: 30173573 PMCID: PMC6127811 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1509211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a new dithiolethione-cysteine ethyl ester hybrid, ACS94, its metabolites, and its effect on GSH levels in rat tissues and on the concentration of circulating H2S is described. ACS94 rapidly enters the cells, where it is metabolised to cysteine and the dithiolethione moiety ACS48. Experiments performed through the oral administration of ACS94 to healthy rats showed that it is capable of increasing the GSH levels in most of the analysed organs and the concentration of circulating H2S. Although the increase in GSH concentration was similar to that obtained by ACS48 and N-acetylcysteine ethyl ester, the H2S increase was long-lasting and more evident with respect to the parent molecules. Moreover, a decrease of homocysteine in several rat organs and in plasma was noted. This effect may represent a potential therapeutic use of ACS94, as hyperhomocysteinaemia is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lastly, ACS94 was more efficient than N-acetylcysteine in protecting the liver and kidneys against acute acetaminophen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Tazzari
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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24
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Braconi D, Giustarini D, Marzocchi B, Peruzzi L, Margollicci M, Rossi R, Bernardini G, Millucci L, Gallagher JA, Le Quan Sang KH, Imrich R, Rovensky J, Al-Sbou M, Ranganath LR, Santucci A. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in alkaptonuria: data from the DevelopAKUre project. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1078-1086. [PMID: 29852277 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to assess baseline serum levels of established biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress in samples from alkaptonuric subjects enrolled in SONIA1 (n = 40) and SONIA2 (n = 138) clinical trials (DevelopAKUre project). METHODS Baseline serum levels of Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, CRP, cathepsin D (CATD), IL-1ra, and MMP-3 were determined through commercial ELISA assays. Chitotriosidase activity was assessed through a fluorimetric method. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) were determined by spectrophotometry. Thiols, S-thiolated proteins and Protein Thiolation Index (PTI) were determined by spectrophotometry and HPLC. Patients' quality of life was assessed through validated questionnaires. RESULTS We found that SAA serum levels were significantly increased compared to reference threshold in 57.5% and 86% of SONIA1 and SONIA2 samples, respectively. Similarly, chitotriosidase activity was above the reference threshold in half of SONIA2 samples, whereas CRP levels were increased only in a minority of samples. CATD, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MMP-3, AOPP, thiols, S-thiolated protein and PTI showed no statistically significant differences from control population. We provided evidence that alkaptonuric patients presenting with significantly higher SAA, chitotriosidase activity and PTI reported more often a decreased quality of life. This suggests that worsening of symptoms in alkaptonuria (AKU) is paralleled by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which might play a role in disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of SAA may be suggested in AKU to evaluate inflammation. Though further evidence is needed, SAA, chitotriosidase activity and PTI might be proposed as disease activity markers in AKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - D Giustarini
- Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - B Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy; UOC Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - L Peruzzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy; UOC Medicina Molecolare e Genetica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - M Margollicci
- UOC Medicina Molecolare e Genetica, Azienda Ospedaliera Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - R Rossi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - G Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - L Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - J A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - R Imrich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Rovensky
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - M Al-Sbou
- Department of Pharmacology, Alkaptonuria Research Office, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah, Karak, Jordan.
| | - L R Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - A Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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25
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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26
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Lu W, Su X, Klein MS, Lewis IA, Fiehn O, Rabinowitz JD. Metabolite Measurement: Pitfalls to Avoid and Practices to Follow. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:277-304. [PMID: 28654323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are the small biological molecules involved in energy conversion and biosynthesis. Studying metabolism is inherently challenging due to metabolites' reactivity, structural diversity, and broad concentration range. Herein, we review the common pitfalls encountered in metabolomics and provide concrete guidelines for obtaining accurate metabolite measurements, focusing on water-soluble primary metabolites. We show how seemingly straightforward sample preparation methods can introduce systematic errors (e.g., owing to interconversion among metabolites) and how proper selection of quenching solvent (e.g., acidic acetonitrile:methanol:water) can mitigate such problems. We discuss the specific strengths, pitfalls, and best practices for each common analytical platform: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and enzyme assays. Together this information provides a pragmatic knowledge base for carrying out biologically informative metabolite measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Lu
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
| | - Matthias S Klein
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ian A Lewis
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616.,Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
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Yin F, Sancheti H, Patil I, Cadenas E. Energy metabolism and inflammation in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:108-122. [PMID: 27154981 PMCID: PMC5094909 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high energy demand of the brain renders it sensitive to changes in energy fuel supply and mitochondrial function. Deficits in glucose availability and mitochondrial function are well-known hallmarks of brain aging and are particularly accentuated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. As important cellular sources of H2O2, mitochondrial dysfunction is usually associated with altered redox status. Bioenergetic deficits and chronic oxidative stress are both major contributors to cognitive decline associated with brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroinflammatory changes, including microglial activation and production of inflammatory cytokines, are observed in neurodegenerative diseases and normal aging. The bioenergetic hypothesis advocates for sequential events from metabolic deficits to propagation of neuronal dysfunction, to aging, and to neurodegeneration, while the inflammatory hypothesis supports microglia activation as the driving force for neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, growing evidence suggests that these diverse mechanisms have redox dysregulation as a common denominator and connector. An independent view of the mechanisms underlying brain aging and neurodegeneration is being replaced by one that entails multiple mechanisms coordinating and interacting with each other. This review focuses on the alterations in energy metabolism and inflammatory responses and their connection via redox regulation in normal brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Interaction of these systems is reviewed based on basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90089 9121, USA.
| | - Harsh Sancheti
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90089 9121, USA
| | - Ishan Patil
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90089 9121, USA
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90089 9121, USA
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28
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Lee SG, Yim J, Lim Y, Kim JH. Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to measure oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione in whole blood and verification in a mouse model as an indicator of oxidative stress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Giustarini D, Tsikas D, Colombo G, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Fanti P, Rossi R. Pitfalls in the analysis of the physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and its disulfide (GSSG) in biological samples: An elephant in the room. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:21-8. [PMID: 26905452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-mass thiol within cells and one of the major antioxidant compounds in body fluids. Under pro-oxidant conditions, two GSH molecules donate one electron each and are converted into glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The GSH/GSSG molar ratio is considered a powerful index of oxidative stress and disease risk. Despite high interest in GSH/GSSG titration as measures of thiol redox balance, no broad agreement has yet been reached as to the best pre-analytical and analytical methods for the quantitation of these molecules in biological samples. Consequently, measured concentrations of GSH and GSSG and calculated GSH/GSSG molar ratios vary widely among laboratories. Here, we describe in detail the main analytical and pre-analytical problems related to the artificial oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) group of GSH that occur during sample manipulation. We underline how this aspect has been neglected for long time after its first description more than fifty years ago. Finally, selected reliable procedures and methods to measure GSH and GSSG in biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, and Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Rajagopal S, Deb I, Poddar R, Paul S. Aging is associated with dimerization and inactivation of the brain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase STEP. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:25-38. [PMID: 27103516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The STriatal-Enriched tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is involved in the etiology of several age-associated neurologic disorders linked to oxidative stress and is also known to play a role in neuroprotection by modulating glutamatergic transmission. However, the possible effect of aging on STEP level and activity in the brain is still unclear. In this study, using young (1 month), adult (4 months), and aged (18 months) rats, we show that aging is associated with increase in dimerization and loss of activity of STEP. Increased dimerization of STEP is primarily observed in the cortex and hippocampus and is associated with depletion of both reduced and total glutathione levels, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress. Consistent with this interpretation, studies in cell culture models of glutathione depletion and oxidative stress also demonstrate formation of dimers and higher order oligomers of STEP that involve intermolecular disulfide bond formation between multiple cysteine residues. Conversely, administration of N-acetyl cysteine, a major antioxidant that enhances glutathione biosynthesis, attenuates STEP dimerization both in the cortex and hippocampus. The findings indicate that loss of this intrinsic protective response pathway with age-dependent increase in oxidative stress may be a contributing factor for the susceptibility of the brain to age-associated neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishani Deb
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Immediate stabilization of human blood for delayed quantification of endogenous thiols and disulfides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:51-8. [PMID: 26896310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous thiols undergo rapid and reversible oxidation to disulfides when exposed to oxidants and are, therefore, suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, accurate analysis of thiols in blood is frequently compromised by their artifactual oxidation during sample manipulation, which spuriously elevates the disulfide levels. Here, we describe a validated pre-analytical procedure that prevents both artifactual oxidation of thiols during sample manipulation and their oxidative decay for months in biosamples that are stored at -80°C. Addition of N-ethylmaleimide to blood samples from healthy donors was used to stabilize whole blood, red blood cells, platelets and plasma disulfides, whereas addition of citrate buffer followed by dilution of plasma with H2O was used to stabilize plasma thiols. The concentrations of thiols and disulfides were stable in all biosamples for at least 6 months when analyzed by UV/Vis HPLC at regular intervals. Only 3 ml of blood were needed to perform the analyses of thiols and disulfides in the different blood fractions. This pre-analytical procedure is reliable for use in both animal and human prospective studies. Its ease of implementation makes the method suitable for application to multicenter studies where blood samples are collected by different sites and personnel and are shipped to specific specialized laboratories.
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32
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Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Tesei A, Farolfi A, Zanoni M, Pignatta S, Milzani A, Marone IM, Dalle-Donne I, Nassini R, Rossi R. Glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and S-glutathionylated proteins in cell cultures. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:972-81. [PMID: 26476010 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the global thiol-disulfide redox status in tissues and cells is a challenging task since thiols and disulfides can undergo artificial oxido-reductions during sample manipulation. Because of this, the measured values, in particular for disulfides, can have a significant bias. Whereas this methodological problem has already been addressed in samples of red blood cells and solid tissues, a reliable method to measure thiols and disulfides in cell cultures has not been previously reported. Here, we demonstrate that the major artifact occurring during thiol and disulfide analysis in cultured cells is represented by glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG) overestimation, due to artificial oxidation of glutathione (GSH) during sample manipulation, and that this methodological problem can be solved by the addition of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) immediately after culture medium removal. Basal levels of GSSG and PSSG in different lines of cultured cells were 3-5 and 10-20 folds higher, respectively, when the cells were processed without NEM. NEM pre-treatment also prevented the artificial reduction of disulfides that occurs during the pre-analytical phase when cells are exposed to an oxidant stimulus. In fact, in the absence of NEM, after medium removal, GSH, GSSG and PSSG levels restored their initial values within 15-30 min, due to the activity of reductases and the lack of the oxidant. The newly developed protocol was used to measure the thiol-disulfide redox status in 16 different line cells routinely used for biomedical research both under basal conditions and after treatment with disulfiram, a thiol-specific oxidant (0-200 μM concentration range). Our data indicate that, in most cell lines, treatment with disulfiram affected the levels of GSH and GSSG only at the highest concentration. On the other hand, PSSG levels increased significantly also at the lower concentrations of the drug, and the rise was remarkable (from 100 to 1000 folds at 200 μM concentration) and dose-dependent for almost all the cell lines. These data support the suitability of the analysis of PSSG in cultured cells as a biomarker of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Michele Zanoni
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria M Marone
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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33
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Fanti P, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Cunningham SED, Folli F, Khazim K, Cornell J, Matteucci E, Bansal S. Dietary Intake of Proteins and Calories Is Inversely Associated With The Oxidation State of Plasma Thiols in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. J Ren Nutr 2015; 25:494-503. [PMID: 26235932 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of protein-energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, but knowledge of specific effectors and mechanisms remains fragmented. Aim of the study was to define whether and how food intake is involved in the causal relationship between oxidative stress and protein-energy wasting. METHODS Seventy-one adult MHD patients and 24 healthy subjects (control) were studied cross-sectionally with analyses of diet record and of oxidative stress, as measured by a battery of plasma thiols including the protein sulfhydryl (-SH) group (PSH) levels (a marker of total protein-SH reducing capacity), the protein thiolation index (PTI, the ratio between disulfide, i.e., oxidized and reduced -SH groups in proteins), low molecular mass (LMM) thiols, LMM disulfides, and mixed LMM-protein disulfides. In addition, interleukin-6 (IL-6), albumin, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured as markers of inflammation. RESULTS The patients showed low energy (22.0 ± 8.4 kcal/kg/day) and adequate protein (1.0 ± 0.4 g/kg/day) intakes, high levels of cystine (CySS; patients vs. CONTROL 113.5 [90.9-132.8] vs. 68.2 [56.2-75.7] μM), cysteinylated proteins (CySSP; 216.0 [182.8-254.0] vs. 163.5 [150.0-195.5] μM), and high PTI (0.76 [0.61-0.88] vs. 0.43 [0.40-0.54]; P < .001 in all comparisons). In patients, variation of CySSP was explained by a standard regression model (R = 0.775; P = .00001) that included significant contributions of protein intake (β = -0.361), NGAL (β = 0.387), age (β = 0.295), and albumin (β = 0.457). In the same model, variation of PTI (R = 0.624; P = .01) was explained by protein intake (β = -0.384) and age (β = 0.326) and NGAL (β = 0.311). However, when PSH was entered as dependent variable (R = 0.730; P = .0001), only serum albumin (β = 0.495) and age (β = -0.280), but not dietary intake or NGAL, contributed to the model. CONCLUSIONS In MHD, markers of thiol oxidation including CySSP and PTI show independent association with dietary intake and NGAL, whereas PSH, a marker of thiol-reducing capacity, did not associate with these same variables. The mechanism(s) responsible for inverse association between oxidative stress and food intake in MHD remain undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Renal Section Medicine Service, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sue E D Cunningham
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Khaled Khazim
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel
| | - John Cornell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Shweta Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Margaritelis NV, Veskoukis AS, Paschalis V, Vrabas IS, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress: a systematic review. Biomarkers 2015; 20:97-108. [PMID: 25582635 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.1002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers measured in blood reflect the tissue redox status. Data from studies that measured redox biomarkers in blood, heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were analyzed. In seven out of nine investigated redox biomarkers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C and E) there was generally good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the blood and tissues. In contrast, oxidized glutathione and the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio showed poor agreement between the blood and tissues. This study suggests that most redox biomarkers measured in blood adequately reflect tissue redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Serres , Greece
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Quantitation of protein S-glutathionylation by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Correction for contaminating glutathione and glutathione disulfide. Anal Biochem 2015; 469:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Katkar GD, Sundaram MS, Hemshekhar M, Sharma DR, Santhosh MS, Sunitha K, Rangappa KS, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Melatonin alleviates Echis carinatus venom-induced toxicities by modulating inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:295-312. [PMID: 24499241 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Viper bites cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide and regarded as a neglected tropical disease affecting a large healthy population. Classical antivenom therapy has appreciably reduced the snakebite mortality rate; it apparently fails to tackle viper venom-induced local manifestations that persist even after the administration of antivenom. Recently, viper venom-induced oxidative stress and vital organ damage is deemed as yet another reason for concern; these are considered as postmedicated complications of viper bite. Thus, treating viper bite has become a challenge demanding new treatment strategies, auxiliary to antivenin therapy. In the last decade, several studies have reported the use of plant products and clinically approved drugs to neutralize venom-induced pharmacology. However, very few attempts were undertaken to study oxidative stress and vital organ damage. Based on this background, the present study evaluated the protective efficacy of melatonin in Echis carinatus (EC) venom-induced tissue necrosis, oxidative stress, and organ toxicity. The results demonstrated that melatonin efficiently alleviated EC venom-induced hemorrhage and myonecrosis. It also mitigated the altered levels of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers of blood components in liver and kidney homogenates, and documented renal and hepatoprotective action of melatonin. The histopathology of skin, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues further substantiated the overall protection offered by melatonin against viper bite toxicities. Besides the inability of antivenoms to block local effects and the fact that melatonin is already a widely used drug promulgating a multitude of therapeutic functionalities, its use in viper bite management is of high interest and should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Katkar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
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Giustarini D, Fanti P, Sparatore A, Matteucci E, Rossi R. Anethole dithiolethione lowers the homocysteine and raises the glutathione levels in solid tissues and plasma of rats: a novel non-vitamin homocysteine-lowering agent. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:246-54. [PMID: 24637238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High homocysteine (Hcys) levels are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and of other chronic conditions. Failure of B vitamins to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events while lowering the Hcys levels, has prompted the search for alternative treatments. We tested the ability of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) to lower the Hcys levels in rats and we explored possible underlying mechanisms. Parenteral administration of 10mg/kg ADT to normal rats for 3 days lowered the Hcys levels between 51.4% and 31.5% in kidneys, liver, testis and plasma. Concomitantly, glutathione (GSH) increased between 112% and 28% in kidneys, brain, liver and plasma whereas protein thiolation index decreased 30%. In hyperhomocysteinemic rats, the plasma Hcys levels dropped 70% following a single ip injection of 10mg/kg ADT, while they decreased 55% following oral administration of 2mg/kg/day ADT for one week. Significant additive effects occurred when sub-therapeutic doses of ADT and folic acid were used in combination. To test the possible mechanism(s) of these actions, we perfused isolated rat livers and kidneys with albumin-bound Hcys, the prevalent form of plasma Hcys, and physiological thiols and disulfides at different ratios. In both organ preparations, the elimination rate of albumin-bound Hcys was progressively faster as the amount of reduced thiols was increased in the perfusate. These findings indicate that ADT shifts the redox ratio of GSH and other thiols with their oxidized forms toward the reduced forms, thus favoring the dissociation of albumin-bound Hcys and its transfer to renal and hepatic cells for further processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Matteucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Sundaram MS, Hemshekhar M, Thushara RM, Santhosh MS, Naveen Kumar SK, Paul M, Devaraja S, Kemparaju K, Rangappa KS, Girish KS. Tamarind seed extract mitigates the liver oxidative stress in arthritic rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:587-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Currais A, Maher P. Functional consequences of age-dependent changes in glutathione status in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:813-22. [PMID: 23249101 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A decline in both cognitive and motor functions is one of the characteristics of aging. This results in changes in learning and memory, as well as deficits in balance and coordination that significantly impact the quality of life. Importantly, age is the greatest risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations in redox homeostasis, protein modification and processing, mitochondrial function, and the immune response have all been implicated in the decline of the aging brain. RECENT ADVANCES Brain glutathione (GSH) decreases with age in humans, and a loss of GSH can impact cognitive function. Decreases in GSH are also associated with microglial activation and endothelial dysfunction, both of which can contribute to impairments in brain function. Changes in redox homeostasis can also potentiate the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts, resulting in defects in protein processing and function as well as a further increase in inflammation. CRITICAL ISSUES We argue here that many of the changes in brain function associated with age are linked through GSH metabolism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further research focused on better understanding how age affects GSH homeostasis with a particular emphasis on the key transcription factors involved in GSH metabolism is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
This protocol describes a procedure for determining glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations in blood and other tissues. Artifactual oxidation to GSSG of 5-15% of the GSH found in a sample can occur during deproteination of biological samples with any of the commonly used acids, with consequent marked overestimation of GSSG. This can be prevented by derivatizing GSH with the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to form GS-NEM before acid deproteination, followed by back-extraction of excess NEM from the deproteinized samples with dichloromethane. GSSG concentration is then measured by spectrophotometry with the GSH recycling method, on the basis of conversion of GSSG to GSH by glutathione reductase and NADPH and reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). GSH concentration is instead measured by either of two methods: by analysis of GS-NEM conjugates by HPLC in the same sample that is used to measure GSSG or, alternatively, by analysis of GSH by spectrophotometry (GSH recycling method) on one additional sample aliquot that has not been derivatized with NEM. The procedure can assay GSH and GSSG in blood and other tissues in 30 min or less.
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Hemshekhar M, Sunitha K, Thushara R, Sebastin Santhosh M, Shanmuga Sundaram M, Kemparaju K, Girish K. Antiarthritic and antiinflammatory propensity of 4-methylesculetin, a coumarin derivative. Biochimie 2013; 95:1326-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Accurate quantification of the redox-sensitive GSH/GSSG ratios in the yeast Pichia pastoris by HILIC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2031-9. [PMID: 23263514 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of both glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-MS/MS has been developed and is critically discussed. Internal standardization based on isotopically labeled standards for both analytes is an absolute prerequisite for accurate quantification of this redox pair. Hence, a highly efficient and selective miniaturized procedure for the synthesis of isotopically labeled GSSG from commercially available glutathione-(glycine-(13)C(2),(15)N) was established using H(2)O(2) as oxidant and NaI as catalyst. Moreover, a tool is presented to monitor and hence uncover artifactual GSSG formation due to oxidation of GSH during sample preparation, which is the main source of systematic error in GSSG analysis. For this purpose, we propose to monitor the oxidation product formed by reaction of naturally occurring GSH with the isotopically labeled GSH used as internal standard. For the determination of GSH/GSSG ratios in yeast, different extraction methods based on (1) hot extraction with aqueous, acidic, or organic solvents, (2) mechanical cell lysis, and (3) extraction at subambient temperature were investigated in terms of recovery, extraction efficiency, and artifactual formation of GSSG. Total combined uncertainties of as low as 25-30 % (coverage factor=2) for the determination of GSH/GSSG ratios without derivatization were made possible by the addition of the internal standards early in the analytical procedure (before extraction) and immediate analysis of the analytes.
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N-Acetylcysteine ethyl ester (NACET): A novel lipophilic cell-permeable cysteine derivative with an unusual pharmacokinetic feature and remarkable antioxidant potential. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1522-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cappiello M, Peroni E, Lepore A, Moschini R, Del Corso A, Balestri F, Mura U. Rapid colorimetric determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione using an end point coupled enzymatic assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Lorenzini S, Selvi E, Colombo G, Milzani A, Fanti P, Rossi R. Protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:907-15. [PMID: 22732185 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several biomarkers of oxidative stress have been proposed and used in clinical research but so far unreliable or, at least, controversial results have been obtained. Given the high susceptibility of sulfhydryl groups to oxidation, we here suggest the use of a protein thiolation index (PTI), i.e., the molar ratio between the sum of all low molecular mass thiols bound to plasma proteins (forming, as a whole, S-thiolated proteins) and protein free cysteinyl residues, as a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. While titration of free thiols can be performed by a simple spectrophotometric procedure, accurate quantification of S-thiolated proteins is problematic and current methods require, in most cases, application of time-consuming chromatographic techniques, making their application to large-scale clinical studies difficult. Here we report a new spectrophotometric method which relies on the specific determination of low molecular mass thiols released from S-thiolated proteins after dithiothreitol reduction. These amino acids can be titrated by conjugation with ninhydrin which, reacting with primary and secondary amine groups, yields a deep blue-purple color, which can be spectrophotometrically revealed. PTI showed an age dependency with a near linear increase during aging in humans. In addition, PTI was significantly higher in patients suffering from alkaptonuria with respect to healthy controls, suggesting that increased prooxidant conditions occur in the blood of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Sambanis M, Grivas GV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Papadopoulos S, Spanou C, Vrabas IS. Exercise as a model to study redox homeostasis in blood: the effect of protocol and sampling point. Biomarkers 2012; 17:28-35. [PMID: 22288504 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.635805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty males ran either on a level treadmill (nonmuscle-damaging condition) or on a downhill treadmill (muscle-damaging condition). Blood and urine samples were collected before and after exercise (immediately after, 1h, 4h, 24h, 48h, and 96h). The following assays were performed: F(2)-isoprostanes in urine, protein carbonyls in plasma, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in erythrocytes. The main finding was that monophasic redox responses were detected after nonmuscle-damaging exercise compared to the biphasic responses detected after muscle-damaging exercise. Based on these findings, muscle-damaging exercise may be a more appropriate experimental model to induce physiological oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A, Spanou C, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Vrabas IS. Redox biology of exercise: an integrative and comparative consideration of some overlooked issues. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:1615-25. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.067470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The central aim of this review is to address the highly multidisciplinary topic of redox biology as related to exercise using an integrative and comparative approach rather than focusing on blood, skeletal muscle or humans. An attempt is also made to re-define ‘oxidative stress’ as well as to introduce the term ‘alterations in redox homeostasis’ to describe changes in redox homeostasis indicating oxidative stress, reductive stress or both. The literature analysis shows that the effects of non-muscle-damaging exercise and muscle-damaging exercise on redox homeostasis are completely different. Non-muscle-damaging exercise induces alterations in redox homeostasis that last a few hours post exercise, whereas muscle-damaging exercise causes alterations in redox homeostasis that may persist for and/or appear several days post exercise. Both exhaustive maximal exercise lasting only 30 s and isometric exercise lasting 1–3 min (the latter activating in addition a small muscle mass) induce systemic oxidative stress. With the necessary modifications, exercise is capable of inducing redox homeostasis alterations in all fluids, cells, tissues and organs studied so far, irrespective of strains and species. More importantly, ‘exercise-induced oxidative stress’ is not an ‘oddity’ associated with a particular type of exercise, tissue or species. Rather, oxidative stress constitutes a ubiquitous fundamental biological response to the alteration of redox homeostasis imposed by exercise. The hormesis concept could provide an interpretative framework to reconcile differences that emerge among studies in the field of exercise redox biology. Integrative and comparative approaches can help determine the interactions of key redox responses at multiple levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G. Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Spanou
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Anastasios A. Theodorou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Research Center, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis S. Vrabas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece
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48
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Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Orioli M, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Clerici M, Regazzoni L, Aldini G, Milzani A, Butterfield DA, Gagliano N. Oxidative damage in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1584-96. [PMID: 22387198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, a complex mixture of over 7000 chemicals, contains many components capable of eliciting oxidative stress, which may induce smoking-related disorders, including oral cavity diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of whole (mainstream) cigarette smoke on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Cells were exposed to various puffs (0.5-12) of whole cigarette smoke and oxidative stress was assessed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. The extent of protein carbonylation was determined by use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with both immunocytochemical and Western immunoblotting assays. Cigarette smoke-induced protein carbonylation exhibited a puff-dependent increase. The main carbonylated proteins were identified by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (redox proteomics). We demonstrated that exposure of HGFs to cigarette smoke decreased cellular protein thiols and rapidly depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH), with a minimal increase in the intracellular levels of glutathione disulfide and S-glutathionylated proteins, as well as total glutathione levels. Mass spectrometric analyses showed that total GSH consumption is due to the export by the cells of GSH-acrolein and GSH-crotonaldehyde adducts. GSH depletion could be a mechanism for cigarette smoke-induced cytotoxicity and could be correlated with the reduced reparative and regenerative activity of gingival and periodontal tissues previously reported in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Kendig EL, Chen Y, Krishan M, Johansson E, Schneider SN, Genter MB, Nebert DW, Shertzer HG. Lipid metabolism and body composition in Gclm(-/-) mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:338-48. [PMID: 21967773 PMCID: PMC3226854 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans and experimental animals, high fat diets (HFD) are associated with risk factors for metabolic diseases, such as excessive weight gain and adiposity, insulin resistance and fatty liver. Mice lacking the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit gene (Gclm(-/-)) and deficient in glutathione (GSH), are resistant to HFD-mediated weight gain. Herein, we evaluated Gclm-associated regulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. C57BL/6J Gclm(-/-) mice and littermate wild-type (WT) controls received a normal diet or an HFD for 11 weeks. HFD-fed Gclm(-/-) mice did not display a decreased respiratory quotient, suggesting that they are unable to process lipid for metabolism. Although dietary energy consumption and intestinal lipid absorption were unchanged in Gclm(-/-) mice, feeding these mice an HFD did not produce excess body weight nor fat storage. Gclm(-/-) mice displayed higher basal metabolic rates resulting from higher activities of liver mitochondrial NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase, thus elevating respiration. Although Gclm(-/-) mice exhibited strong systemic and hepatic oxidative stress responses, HFD did not promote glucose intolerance or insulin resistance. Furthermore, HFD-fed Gclm(-/-) mice did not develop fatty liver, likely resulting from very low expression levels of genes encoding lipid metabolizing enzymes. We conclude that Gclm is involved in the regulation of basal metabolic rate and the metabolism of dietary lipid. Although Gclm(-/-) mice display a strong oxidative stress response, they are protected from HFD-induced excessive weight gain and adipose deposition, insulin resistance and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Kendig
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mansi Krishan
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elisabet Johansson
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Scott N. Schneider
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel W. Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Howard G. Shertzer
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:467180. [PMID: 22191013 PMCID: PMC3236428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) increase with life expectancy. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress (OS) in ND and pharmacological attempts to fight against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neurodegeneration. Several mechanisms involved in ROS generation in neurodegeneration have been proposed. Recent articles about molecular pathways involved in ROS generation were reviewed. The progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies has been hampered because it is difficult to define targets for treatment and determine what should be considered as neuroprotective. Therefore, the attention was focused on researches about pharmacological targets that could protect neurons against OS. Since it is necessary to look for genes as the ultimate controllers of all biological processes, this paper also tried to identify gerontogenes involved in OS and neurodegeneration. Since neurons depend on glial cells to survive, recent articles about the functioning of these cells in aging and ND were also reviewed. Finally, clinical trials testing potential neuroprotective agents were critically reviewed. Although several potential drugs have been screened in in vitro and in vivo models of ND, these results were not translated in benefit of patients, and disappointing results were obtained in the majority of clinical trials.
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