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Li J, Shan E, Zhao J, Teng J, Wang Q. The factors influencing the vertical transport of microplastics in marine environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161893. [PMID: 36731545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous studies that have identified the presence of low-density microplastics (MPs) in the water column and sediments. The focus of current MPs research has shifted towards the interaction of MPs with marine organisms and their potential hazards, including the uptake characteristics, biological transport and toxicological effects of MPs, but the processes involved in the deposition behavior of MPs are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the vertical transport of MPs influenced by their physicochemical properties and marine organisms, and discuss their potential impact on MPs deposition. The physicochemical properties of MPs determine their initial distribution. The density, shape, and size of MPs influence their settling state in the marine environment. Marine biota play a key role in the transport of MPs to deep marine environment, mainly by changing the density and adsorption of MPs. Biofouling can alter the surface properties of MPs and increase the overall density, thus affecting the vertical flux of the plastic. Macroalgae may trap MPs particles by producing chemicals or by using electrostatic interactions. Marine swimming organisms ingest MPs and excrete them encapsulated in fecal particles, while the activity of marine benthic organisms may contribute to the transfer of MPs from surface sediments to deeper layers. In addition, MPs may be incorporated into organic particles produced by marine organisms such as marine snow or marine aggregates, increasing the vertical flux of MPs. However, due to the complexity of different sea areas and MPs properties, the deposition behavior of MPs may be the result of the interaction of multiple factors. Thus, the effects of MPs properties, marine organisms and the natural environment on MPs deposition in marine environment needs further research to fill this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasen Li
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Encui Shan
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jia Teng
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Cao J, Liu J, Zhao S, Tong Y, Li S, Xia Z, Hu M, Sun Y, Zhang J, He P. Advances in the research on micropropagules and their role in green tide outbreaks in the Southern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114710. [PMID: 36860024 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The green tide event that occurred in the Southern Yellow Sea in 2007 lasted for 16 years, causing serious economic losses and ecological damage to coastal cities. To address this problem, a series of studies were conducted. However, the contribution of micropropagules to green tide outbreaks remains poorly understood, and the relationship between micropropagules and green algae that are settled nearshore or floating at sea also needs to be further explored. The present study focuses on the identification of these micropropagules in the Southern Yellow Sea and uses the Citespace tool to quantitatively analyze current research hotspots, frontier trends, and development trends. In addition, it examines the micropropagules' life cycle and how it directly affects the green algal biomass and clarifies the temporal and spatial distribution of micropropagules in the entire Southern Yellow Sea. The study also discusses unresolved scientific problems and limitations in the current research on algal micropropagules and provides an outlook on future research directions. We expect to further analyze the contribution of micropropagules to green tide outbreaks and provide data to support comprehensive green tide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Cao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yichao Tong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhangyi Xia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Xia Z, Yuan H, Liu J, Zhao S, Tong Y, Sun Y, Li S, Li A, Cao J, Xia J, Dai W, Zhang J, He P. Biomass and species composition of green macroalgae in the Binhai Harbor intertidal zone of the Southern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114407. [PMID: 36470097 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Green tides have occurred in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) for 16 consecutive years, causing widespread concern. Attached and floating green macroalgae have been observed in Binhai Harbor, Jiangsu Province, China, in the SYS. This study used morphological analysis, and internal transcribed spacers and rps2-trnL molecular identification methods, to analyze the species composition and biomass of green macroalgae along the Binhai Harbor coast. Six species of green tide algae (Ulva prolifera, Ulva meridionalis, Ulva linza, Ulva flexuosa, Ulva californica, and Ulva intestinalis) were identified, in addition to Blidingia sp. The discovery of U. californica is the first report of this species off the coast of Jiangsu Province. The floating green macroalgae along the Binhai Harbor coast originated from attached green macroalgae in Binhai Harbor, and a small number of the attached algae were closely related to the large-scale floating U. prolifera in the SYS. Moreover, in December 2021, February 2022, and April 2022, the total biomass of attached green macroalgae in Binhai Harbor was 25.600, 10.767, and 25.867 t, respectively, of which the U. prolifera biomass was 10.697, 8.709, and 4.185 t, respectively. This study proved Binhai Harbor may not be an important source of green tide in the SYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Xia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huanqing Yuan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yichao Tong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Aiqin Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiaxing Cao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Dai
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Xia Z, Yuan H, Liu J, Sun Y, Tong Y, Zhao S, Xia J, Li S, Hu M, Cao J, Zhang J, He P. A review of physical, chemical, and biological green tide prevention methods in the Southern Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113772. [PMID: 35623218 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Green tides dominated by Ulva prolifera have be present in the Southern Yellow Sea for 15 consecutive years. They not only damage the marine environment, but also cause economic losses to coastal cities. However, there is still no fully effective approach for preventing green tides. In this article, approaches for the prevention of U. prolifera taken over recent years are reviewed. They can be generally divided into physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical approaches have been used to control the overwhelming green macroalgae bloom and inhibit the germination of U. prolifera, including physical salvage approach, refrigeration net technology, improved farming methods and raft technology, and modified clay method. These approaches require significant labor and material resources. Many chemical reagents have been used to eliminate U. prolifera early germination and growth, such as oxidative algaecide, acid treatment, heavy metal compounds, antifouling coating, and alkaloids. Chemical approaches have high efficiency, high economic benefit, and simple operation. Presently, biological control approaches remain in the exploratory stage. The verification of pilot and large-scale experiment results in sea areas is lacking, including the application of large organisms and microorganisms to control U. prolifera, and some of the mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. This article introduces the three types of approaches, and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of different methods to facilitate the reduction of the green tide bloom scale in the Southern Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Xia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huanqing Yuan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yuqing Sun
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yichao Tong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiaxing Cao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Zhao JY, Geng HX, Zhang QC, Li YF, Kong FZ, Yan T, Zhou MJ, Yang D, Yuan Y, Yu RC. Green Tides in the Yellow Sea Promoted the Proliferation of Pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3056-3064. [PMID: 35133807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms formed by fast-growing, ephemeral macroalgae have expanded worldwide, yet there is limited knowledge of their potential ecological consequences. Here, we select intense green tides formed by Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea, China, to examine the ecological consequences of these blooms. Using 28-isofucosterol in the surface sediment as a biomarker of green algae, we identified the settlement region of massive floating green algae in the area southeast of the Shandong Peninsula in the southern Yellow Sea. The responses of the phytoplankton assemblage from the deep chlorophyll-a maximum layer were then resolved using high-throughput sequencing. We found striking changes in the phytoplankton community in the settlement region after an intensive green tide in 2016, characterized by a remarkable increase in the abundance of the pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens, the causative species of ecosystem disruptive brown tides. Our study strongly suggests that the occurrence of massive macroalgal blooms may promote blooms of specific groups of microalgae through alteration of the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Xia Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dezhou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongquan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Easy Removal of Epiphytic Bacteria on Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) by Vortex with Silica Sands. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020476. [PMID: 35208930 PMCID: PMC8878427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae-associated bacteria play an important role in their algal hosts’ biological processes. They are localized on surfaces of the host thalli, as well as between and even within algal cells. To examine the differences in community structures and functions between epi- and endo- bacteria, an effective approach for maximizing epiphyte removal from delicate seaweeds while retaining endophyte fidelity must be developed. In this study, a variety of surface sterilization methods for Ulva prolifera were compared, including mechanical, chemical, and enzymatical treatments. According to the results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, almost complete removal of epiphytic bacteria on Ulva was obtained simply by co-vortex of seaweeds with silica sands, causing minimal disturbance to endosymbionts when compared to previous published methods. In addition, the adaptability was also confirmed in additional U. prolifera strains and Ulva species with blade-like or narrow tubular thallus shapes. This easy mechanical method would enable the analysis of community composition and host specificity for Ulva-associated epi- and endo-bacteria separately.
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Han H, Li Y, Ma X, Song W, Wang Z, Zhang X. Factors influencing the spatial and temporal distributions of green algae micro-propagules in the coastal waters of Jinmenghaiwan, Qinhuangdao, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113328. [PMID: 35063758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, green tides have impacted the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, particularly at Jinmenghaiwan bath. Micro-propagules are considered the "seed bank" of algal blooms and play an important role in the formation of green tides. To investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of micro-propagules of green algae and associated environmental factors, a field survey was carried out in the coastal waters of Jinmenghaiwan, Qinhuangdao, China. The results showed that the NO3-N concentration was the most important impact factor of the abundance of micro-propagules and explained 42.9% of the total variance. Furthermore, the number of micro-propagules was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of attached and floating macroalgae. Therefore, reducing the NO3-N concentration by controlling the NO3-N input from Tang River is expected to be an effective measure to prevent and control green tides in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China(1)
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China(1)
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China(1).
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China(1)
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Guan C, Zhao X, Qu T, Zhong Y, Hou C, Lin Z, Xu J, Tang X, Wang Y. Physiological functional traits explain morphological variation of Ulva prolifera during the drifting of green tides. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8504. [PMID: 35136557 PMCID: PMC8809434 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulva prolifera green tides, one of the greatest marine ecological disasters, originate in the southern Yellow Sea of China and obtain the highest biomass in Haizhou Bay (latitude around 35° N) during northward drift. U. prolifera shows different morphologies from southern Haizhou Bay (SH) to northern Haizhou Bay (NH). Owing to the distinct nutrient environments between SH and NH, we hypothesized that thalli in NH with poor nutrients increased the surface area to volume ratio (SA:VOL) to better absorb nutrients. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the SA:VOL of thalli in SH and NH. The results showed that the thalli in NH had a lower SA:VOL than those in SH, and SA:VOL had positive relationships with temperature and nutrients, contrary to the general hypothesis. The novel results suggested that morphological differences of U. prolifera were the result of developmental state rather than environmental acclimation. Indicators of reproduction (reproductive allocation ratio) were negatively related to variation in tissue contents of C, N, P, and crude protein, whereas indicators of growth (tissue contents of C, N, P, and crude protein) showed significant positive influences on SA:VOL. The results indicated that a trade-off relationship between reproduction and growth existed in the northward drift. All the results suggested that physiological functional traits affected morphological variation of U. prolifera in different environmental conditions during the drifting of green tides. This study presents new insights into the opportunist species nature of U. prolifera through morphological variation and associated functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guan
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Tongfei Qu
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Chengzong Hou
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Zhihao Lin
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jinhui Xu
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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Xiao J, Wang Z, Liu D, Fu M, Yuan C, Yan T. Harmful macroalgal blooms (HMBs) in China's coastal water: Green and golden tides. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102061. [PMID: 34456020 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful macroalgal blooms (HMBs) have been increasing along China's coasts, causing significant social impacts and economic losses. Besides extensive eutrophication sustaining coastal seaweed tides, the stimuli and dynamics of macroalgal blooms in China are quite complex and require comprehensive studies. This review summarizes the distinct genesis, development and drifting patterns of three HMBs that have persistently occurred in China's coastal waters during recent years: transregional green tides of drifting Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea (YS), local green tides of multiple suspended seaweeds in the Bohai Sea and large-scale golden tides of pelagic Sargassum horneri in the YS and East China Sea. While specific containment measures have been developed and implemented to effectively suppress large-scale green tides in the YS, the origin and blooming mechanism of golden tides remain unclear due to lack of field research. With the broad occurrence of HMBs and their increased accumulation on beaches and coastal waters, it is necessary to investigate the blooming mechanism and ecological impacts of these HMBs, especially with the growing stresses of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Dongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mingzhu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Tian Yan
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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10
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Miao X, Xiao J, Xu Q, Fan S, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang X. Distribution and species diversity of the floating green macroalgae and micro-propagules in the Subei Shoal, southwestern Yellow Sea. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10538. [PMID: 33362976 PMCID: PMC7749999 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive floating green macroalgae have formed harmful green tides in the Yellow Sea since 2007. To study the early development and the associated environmental factors for the green tide, a field survey was carried out in the Subei Shoal, southwestern Yellow Sea. Multiple species were identified in both floating green macroalgae and micro-propagules , while their abundances showed distinct spatial variations. The floating macroalgal biomass was widespread in the northern Subei Shoal and most abundant at 34°N. Ulva prolifera dominated (91.2% in average) the floating macroalgae, and the majority (88.5%) of U. prolifera was the ‘floating type’. In comparison, the micro-propagules were most abundant around the aquaculture rafts, and decreased significantly with the distance to the rafts. The dominant species of micro-propagules was U. linza (48.5%), followed by U. prolifera (35.1%). Their distinct distribution patterns and species diversity suggested little direct contribution of micro-propagules for the floating macroalgae. The spatial variation of the floating macroalgae was probably a combined result from the biomass source and environmental factors, while the abundance of micro-propagules was closely associated with the rafts. A positive correlation between the floating macroalgae and DO was observed and suggested active photosynthesis of the initial biomass in Subei Shoal. This study revealed specific distributional pattern and relationships among the floating macroalgae, micro-propagules and the environmental factors in the source region, which helps understanding the early blooming dynamics of the green tides in Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Miao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Shiliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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11
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Drift path of green tide and the impact of typhoon “Chan-hom” in the Chinese Yellow Sea based on GOCI images in 2015. ECOL INFORM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Feng Z, Zhang T, Shi H, Gao K, Huang W, Xu J, Wang J, Wang R, Li J, Gao G. Microplastics in bloom-forming macroalgae: Distribution, characteristics and impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122752. [PMID: 32361243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal blooms and marine microplastics (MPs), as global challenges for oceans, are both showing a rising trend. However, none is known regarding the interaction of these two important issues. The Yellow Sea suffers the world's largest green tides and severe MPs pollution as well. Therefore, we tracked the trapping of MPs by drifting Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea during the green-tide period. The abundance of MPs in drifting U. prolifera was 595-3917 times higher than that in seawater and increased along the drifting path from south to north in the Yellow Sea. In addition, four mechanisms of trapping plastics (twining, attachment, embedment, and wrapping) on or in U. prolifera were unmasked, which explains why the plant has such strong capacity to trap MPs. Laboratory incubation experiments showed that MPs (0.025-25 mg L-1) did not affect relative growth rate, effective photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), or saturating irradiance of U. prolifera until reaching an extremely high concentration (100 mg L-1), indicating a high tolerance to MPs. Due to tremendous biomass and coverage of the green tide and increased frequency as well, the plastics trap in drifting macroalgae can alter the spatio-temporal distribution of MPs in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guang Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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13
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Li D, Gao Z, Zheng X, Wang N. Analysis of the interannual variation characteristics of the northernmost drift position of the green tide in the Yellow Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35137-35147. [PMID: 32583112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The green tide in the Yellow Sea is the world's largest macroalgal bloom. The maximum area affected by green tide can reach tens of thousands of square kilometers. Previous studies have shown that green tide drifts northward during the outbreak, yet the location of its northernmost drift and the characteristics of interannual variations have not been explored in detail. In this paper, we use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data, GaoFen-1 (GF-1) satellite data, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial data, and field trips for extraction and monitoring of green tide and then analyze the emergence, development, and dissipation of the green tide in Rongcheng coastal waters and the change of the northernmost drift position and its related factors from the year of 2013 to 2018. The results show that green tide have drifted to the Rongcheng coastal area over the years and the northernmost drift position can reach 37.662° N in 2014. Interannual difference of the northernmost position of the drift of the green tide is obvious, it is mainly affected by the wind, and there is no certain connection with the maximum coverage area, the coverage area when reaching the northernmost position, and the existence days of the green tide. These results can help to understand the drift range and dissipation process of green tide in the Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zheng
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Nanyu Wang
- Yantai Meteorological Bureau, Yantai, 264003, China
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14
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Zhang H, Wang G, Zhang C, Su R, Shi X, Wang X. Characterization of the development stages and roles of nutrients and other environmental factors in green tides in the Southern Yellow Sea, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101893. [PMID: 33129451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale floating green tides in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) caused by the macroalgal species Ulva prolifera have been recurring for 13 years and have become one of the greatest marine ecological disasters in the world. In this study, we attempt to explore the development pattern of green tides and find its key environmental influencing factors. The satellite remote sensing data of the development process of green tides fit the logistic growth curve (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.01) well, showing three distinct growth phases (lag, exponential growth, and short plateau phases). Correspondingly, the green tide-drifting area from the coast of Jiangsu to the nearshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula was divided into three sections: the lag phase zone (A), the exponential growth phase zone (B), and the plateau phase zone (C). Zone A in the south of Jiangsu coastal waters had abundant inorganic nutrients that were indispensable to the green tide initiation. Zone B was mainly located out of Haizhou Bay, south of 34.5° N and north of 35.5° N, where approximately 80% of the green tide biomass was generated. The rich bioavailable nutrient sources, suitable temperature, and irradiance in this area were the main promotion factors for the rapid growth and scale expansion of green tides. Wet precipitation in zone B in May and June also played an important role in the final scale of green tides. Zone C had poor nutrients, increasing temperature, and irradiance (high transparency), which limited the continued expansion of green tides, and organic nutrients might be an important support to green tides development in this region. The study based on the growth phases of green tides could help us further understand the eutrophication mechanism in the green tide outbreaks in SYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Guoshan Wang
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Chuansong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Rongguo Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Shi
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing, 100194, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Xiulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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15
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Zhang H, Su R, Shi X, Zhang C, Yin H, Zhou Y, Wang G. Role of nutrients in the development of floating green tides in the Southern Yellow Sea, China, in 2017. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111197. [PMID: 32510359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The largest-scale green tides in the world caused by Ulva prolifera have been recurring annually in the Southern Yellow Sea since 2007. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of green tides and nutrients were investigated in the spring and summer of 2017, and the roles of different nutrients in the development of green tides are discussed. The results showed that the development of green tides could be divided into two parts according to the distinct growth phases of green tides: (1) the development area (DA), which was located south of 35°N and characterised by the quick expansion of green tide and high-content nutrient; (2) the accumulation area (AA), which was located north of 35°N and characterised by high U. prolifera coverage area and low-content inorganic nutrients. Through calculation of nutrient reductions, we found that DA provided 96% of nitrogen and 87% of phosphorus for the development of green tides in 2017, and the dominant nutrient species were dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorus. Regarding AA, the dominant nitrogen component was dissolved organic nitrogen. Thus, we conclude that reducing the level of nutrient input in order to alleviate the eutrophication of seawater in the Jiangsu coastal area may be an important measure for reducing the scale of green tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Rongguo Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaoyong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chuansong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11790, USA
| | - Yanlei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guoshan Wang
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing 100194, China
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16
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Park J. Photosynthetic and biochemical traits change in the green-tide-forming macroalga Ulva pertusa during sporulation 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:549-557. [PMID: 31953851 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and biochemical changes in the green macroalga Ulva pertusa during the progression of sporulation have been characterized. The transition from the vegetative to the sporulation stage was accompanied by an increase in chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoid content, as well as an increase in DPPH scavenging and responsiveness to diphenylamine. However, oxygen evolution and maximum electron transport rate decreased. The discrepancy between photosynthetic performance and pigment content might relate to the self-shading of spores within a sporangium. Spore-forming U. pertusa thalli were low-light-adapted, due to an increase in the number of photosynthetic units. Decreased electron transport during sporulation might trigger sporulation, as for some cyanobacteria and other Ulva spp., via oxidization of the plastoquinone pool and cyclic phosphorylation, thus producing ATP to generate carbon and nitrogen skeletons required for spores. It is thus concluded that carotenoids function both in spore initiation and/or maturation and in their photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Park
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Korea
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17
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Xiao J, Wang Z, Song H, Fan S, Yuan C, Fu M, Miao X, Zhang X, Su R, Hu C. An anomalous bi-macroalgal bloom caused by Ulva and Sargassum seaweeds during spring to summer of 2017 in the western Yellow Sea, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 93:101760. [PMID: 32307078 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented bi-macroalgal bloom caused by Ulva prolifera and Sargassum horneri occurred from spring to summer of 2017 in the western Yellow Sea (YS) of China, where annual large-scale green tides have prevailed for a decade. The distinct genesis and blooming dynamics of the two seaweed species were detected and described. Unlike the consistent raft-origin of the floating Ulva biomass, the massive pelagic S. horneri was derived from multiple sources (residual seaweeds from the previous winter bloom and those drifting from offshore water in the south). The scale of the green tide in 2017 was found smaller than the previous four years. We then discussed a number of hypotheses attributing to this reduction, including reduced epiphytic green algae from aquaculture rafts and the influences of the massive pelagic S. horneri. However, further research is needed to identify the origin of the pelagic S. horneri in the western YS and any affiliations with the benthic populations, and to elucidate the interactions of this species with the annual green tides and the ensuing consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Shiliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Mingzhu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Rongguo Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chuanmin Hu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong, 226007, China
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18
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Fort A, Mannion C, Fariñas-Franco JM, Sulpice R. Green tides select for fast expanding Ulva strains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134337. [PMID: 31518784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Green tides, the phenomenon whereby large volume of marine environment is taken over by the sea lettuce Ulva spp, are a seasonal occurrence thought to be caused mainly by anthropogenic eutrophication. The aggravation of green tide occurrence since the 1970s could however be due to the amplification of fast-growing strains within these areas. In this study, we compared the growth and metabolite content of 28 green tide Ulva strains against 100 non-green tide strains, under conditions close to those encountered in green tides areas. The aim was to determine whether the presence of specific characteristics intrinsic to green tide strains could in itself be a major factor for their reoccurrence. We confirmed that green tide strains have specific characteristics, with faster tissue expansion, higher protein and pigments, and lower starch content compared to non-green tide ones, thus highlighting a genetic component specific to green tide strains. Dry biomass accumulation, however, was not different between the two types of Ulva strains. Hence, we hypothesise that the selective pressure in green tide areas leads to the amplification of Ulva genotypes best adapted for this environment. Such selection of fast-growing strains would indicate that green tides are likely to become more prevalent and of higher magnitude over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fort
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Conor Mannion
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jose M Fariñas-Franco
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
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19
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Wu H, Feng J, Li X, Zhao C, Liu Y, Yu J, Xu J. Effects of increased CO 2 and temperature on the physiological characteristics of the golden tide blooming macroalgae Sargassum horneri in the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:639-644. [PMID: 31426203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The golden tide, caused by the brown algae Sargassum horneri, exerts severe influences on the Pyropia aquaculture of Jiangsu coast, China. To study the outbreak of the golden tide in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, S. horneri was cultured under four conditions: ambient condition (10 °C, 400 μatm), elevated temperature condition (14 °C, 400 μatm), elevated CO2 level (10 °C, 1000 μatm), and potential greenhouse condition (14 °C, 1000 μatm). The growth, photosynthetic performances, and inorganic carbon affinity of S. horneri were studied. The results showed that elevated temperature exerted a more pronounced positive influence on S. horneri growth, photosynthesis, and carbon assimilation than CO2 enrichment. The growth of S. horneri was significantly improved by moderately elevated temperatures, especially under concurrently elevated CO2 levels. This suggests that the greenhouse effect will benefit growth and carbon sequestration of S. horneri, which may enhance the frequency and scale of golden tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jingchi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xinshu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jintao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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20
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Zhao X, Cui J, Zhang J, Shi J, Kang X, Liu J, Wen Q, He P. Reproductive strategy of the floating alga Ulva prolifera in blooms in the Yellow Sea based on a combination of zoid and chromosome analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:584-590. [PMID: 31426196 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green algal blooms have occurred in the Yellow Sea for 13 consecutive years since 2007. However, little is known about the reproductive strategy of the dominant species Ulva prolifera in the field. In particular, it is not clear whether the floating Ulva species are sporophytes or gametophytes, and if their life history is sexual or asexual. In this study, the life history type was determined based on the size, phototactic response, and flagella number for the zoids in at least two successive generations. In addition, chromosome observations were conducted to distinguish the gametophytes and sporophytes in the floating Ulva species. The results showed that the floating Ulva species were all sporophytes with sexual reproductive patterns, thereby indicating that this Ulva species always maintains vegetative growth from April to June during the early stage of the blooms. In addition, we found that the chromosome numbers were 18 for the diploid sporophytes and nine for the haploid male and female gametophytes. These results provide useful information to help understand the explosive growth of these green algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianjun Cui
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan; College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524008, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Marine Sciences, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
| | - Jinting Shi
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Xinyu Kang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qinlin Wen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Marine Sciences, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Lu J, Wu J. Adsorptive removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by detritus of green tide algae deposited in coastal sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:320-327. [PMID: 30904645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rare information is available on the adsorptive removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the presence of algal detritus deposited in the coastal sediment during the outbreak of the green tide. The adsorptive removal of typical PAHs by Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera) detritus was firstly investigated since the algal detritus was of great importance for the biogeochemical cycle of coastal contaminants. The results showed that equilibrium adsorptive capacities of naphthalene, phenanthrene and benzo[a] pyrene on the U. prolifera detritus were 1.27, 1.97, and 2.49 mg kg-1, respectively, at the initial concentration of 10 μg L-1. The in situ monitoring using laser confocal scanning microscopy confirmed the adsorptive removal of PAHs by U. prolifera detritus. The adsorption of these PAHs was highly pH-dependent. The increase in salinity led to the increase in naphthalene removal rate, while the salinity showed scarce influence on the removal of phenanthrene and benzo[a] pyrene. There was a good linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.9892) between the removal efficiency of PAHs and the initial concentration of PAHs. Slow desorption kinetics and low desorption rate (<16%) indicated that the adsorptive removal of PAHs could be benign to the environment. These findings demonstrated that the occurrence of green tide could provide a new natural remediation approach for contamination of PAHs through the adsorptive removal by the detritus of green tidal algae deposited in the coastal sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, PR China
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Mei X, Wu C, Zhao J, Yan T, Jiang P. Community Structure of Bacteria Associated With Drifting Sargassum horneri, the Causative Species of Golden Tide in the Yellow Sea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1192. [PMID: 31191503 PMCID: PMC6546727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Golden tides dominated by Sargassum spp. are occurring at an accelerated rate worldwide. In China, Sargassum has started to bloom in the Yellow Sea and led to tremendous economic losses, but the underlying biological causes and mechanisms are still unclear. Although algae-associated bacteria were suggested to play crucial roles in algal blooms, the profiles of bacteria associated with drifting Sargassum remain unexplored. In this study, the community structures and functions of Sargassum-associated bacteria were analyzed using the high-throughput sequencing data of the V5–V7 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Molecular identification revealed that the golden tide analyzed in the Yellow Sea was dominated by a single species, Sargassum horneri. They were a healthy brown color nearshore but were yellow offshore with significantly decreased chlorophyll contents (P < 0.01), which indicates that yellow S. horneri was under physiological stress. The structural and functional analyses of bacterial communities indicated that the drifting S. horneri had an obvious selectivity on their associated bacteria against surrounding seawater. Although the bacterial communities phylogenetically differed between brown and yellow S. horneri (P < 0.01), their dominant functions were all nitrogen and iron transporters, which strongly indicates microbial contribution to blooming of the algal host. For the first time, potential epiphytic and endophytic bacteria associated with Sargassum were independently analyzed by a modified co-vortex method with silica sand. We showed that the composition of dominant endophytes, mainly Bacillus and Propionibacterium, was relatively consistent regardless of host status, whereas the epiphytic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) greatly varied in response to weakness of host status; however, dominant functions were consistent at elevated intensities, which might protect the host from stress related to nitrogen or iron deficiency. Thus, we propose that host physiological status at different intensities of functional demands, which were related to variable environmental conditions, may be a critical factor that influences the assembly of epiphytic bacterial communities. This study provided new insight into the structure and potential functions of associated bacteria with golden tide blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tian Yan
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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23
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Fu M, Fan S, Wang Z, Song W, Sun K, Han H, Xiao J, Shen S. Buoyancy potential of dominant green macroalgal species in the Yellow Sea's green tides, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 140:301-307. [PMID: 30803648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale green tides caused by Ulva prolifera, occurred for 12 consecutive years in the Yellow Sea of China. To resolve the abrupt shift in species composition between attached and floating macroalgal assemblages, field experiments were conducted from May to July 2017 to quantify the net buoyancy force and compare the floating potential of the common green macroalgae from the red algal seaweed Pyropia yezoensis rafts. At the same time, U. prolifera from different sampling locations were tested to study variable buoyancy of this species and the associated influencing factors. Our results illustrated a stronger positive buoyant force and a proportionally greater buoyancy capacity of U. prolifera, compared to the other co-occurring species. Buoyancy is a dynamic trait and is closely correlated with light intensity, morphology and physiological status. The positive buoyancy of U. prolifera is an important factor that helps explain its predominance in the Yellow Sea's large-scale green tides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Kaiming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Marine Ecological Environment, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Songdong Shen
- Life Science School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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24
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Spatiotemporal Patterns and Morphological Characteristics of Ulva prolifera Distribution in the Yellow Sea, China in 2016–2018. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world’s largest macroalgal blooms, Ulva prolifera, have appeared in the Yellow Sea every summer on different scales since 2007, causing great harm to the regional marine economy. In this study, the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) index was used to extract the green tide of Ulva prolifera from MODIS images in the Yellow Sea in 2016–2018, to investigate its spatiotemporal patterns and to calculate its occurrence probability. Using the standard deviational ellipse (SDE), the morphological characteristics of the green tide, including directionality and regularity, were analyzed. The results showed that the largest distribution and coverage areas occurred in 2016, with 57,384 km2 and 2906 km2, respectively and that the total affected region during three years was 163,162 km2. The green tide drifted northward and died out near Qingdao, Shandong Province, which was found to be a high-risk region. The coast of Jiangsu Province was believed to be the source of Ulva prolifera, but it was probably not the only one. The regularity of the boundary shape of the distribution showed a change that was opposite to the variation of scale. Several sharp increases were found in the parameters of the SDE in all three years. In conclusion, the overall situation of Ulva prolifera was still severe in recent years, and the sea area near Qingdao became the worst hit area of the green tide event. It was also shown that the sea surface wind played an important part in its migration and morphological changes.
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25
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Annual patterns of macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea during 2007-2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210460. [PMID: 30640934 PMCID: PMC6331115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world’s largest macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva prolifera have occurred in the Yellow Sea for 11 consecutive years. The area covered by blooms has been approximately 500 km2 in previous years, while in 2017, the maximum area decreased significantly to 312 km2. In this study, we concluded that species competition between Ulva and Sargassum (fast rise of the golden tides), extreme high sea surface temperature and harvest for floating Ulva macroalgae were the three critical factors influencing the sharp reduction in covered area for blooms in 2017. In addition, analysis of annual variations of Pyropia aquaculture area in the Southern Yellow Sea over the past two decades revealed that a great expansion in “Sansha” regions was mainly responsible for the initial blooms in 2007, and that this expansion supported the great biomass of the blooms in following years. Based on these findings, we suggest comprehensive utilization of the macroalgal blooms is a feasible way to control them.
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26
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Jin S, Liu Y, Sun C, Wei X, Li H, Han Z. A study of the environmental factors influencing the growth phases of Ulva prolifera in the southern Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:1016-1025. [PMID: 30300995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal blooms of U. prolifera in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) have become an ecological disaster. In this study, we attempt to explore the influence of environmental factors and human activity on the annual development of U. prolifera during 2011-2016, combining geostationary ocean color imager images and monitored environmental factors. Blooms of U. prolifera were mainly distributed in the central SYS, drifting from the southern Yellow Sea Radial Sand Ridges. Three growth phases were defined (initial phase, outbreak phase and dissipation phase) to facilitate analysis of the relationship between the environmental factors and growth conditions of U. prolifera. Seaweed cultivation, sea surface temperature (SST) and available radiation influenced the algal biomass during the initial phase; the seawater transparency, precipitation and wind activity affected the algae during the outbreak phase; and SST, intense radiation and cleanup operations increased the rate of algal extinction in the dissipation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jin
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resource, Nanjing 210024, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Yongxue Liu
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resource, Nanjing 210024, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, PR China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China; Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Xianglin Wei
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China
| | - Huiting Li
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China
| | - Zhen Han
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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27
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Wang S, Huo Y, Zhang J, Cui J, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhou Q, Lu Y, Yu K, He P. Variations of dominant free-floating Ulva species in the source area for the world's largest macroalgal blooms, China: Differences of ecological tolerance. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 74:58-66. [PMID: 29724343 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Species composition and seasonal variations of free-floating Ulva species were investigated in the source area of the world's largest macroalgal blooms during 2009-2015. Based on a combination of a morphological analysis and sequences of nuclear-encoded ITS and 5S rDNA spacer regions, the dominant species in the free-floating Ulva community at the early stage of green tides were Ulva compressa, Ulva flexuosa, and Ulva linza. The first appearance of Ulva prolifera on the sea surface was in mid-May and it dominated the floating Ulva community in June from 2009 to 2011. From 2012-2015, U. prolifera was not only the first species to appear on the sea surface but also the dominant species during the whole early stage of green tides. To explain the successional mechanism, the effects of environmental factors on the growth of four Ulva species were examined in the laboratory under different combinations of light intensity and temperature. It was found that the highest growth rate of U. prolifera was 44.9%/d, which was much higher than the other three Ulva species. The strong tolerance of U. prolifera to extreme conditions also helps it survive and bloom in the Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yuanzi Huo
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Jianjun Cui
- Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Usa, Tosa, Kochi 781-1164, Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhou
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yuwei Lu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Kefeng Yu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Marine Scientific Research Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Water Environment & Ecology Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Institution of Higher Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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28
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Miao X, Xiao J, Pang M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Miao J, Li Y. Effect of the large-scale green tide on the species succession of green macroalgal micro-propagules in the coastal waters of Qingdao, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:549-556. [PMID: 28978407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of the large-scale green tide on micro-propagule community in the coastal waters of Qingdao, a year-round survey was conducted to investigate the abundance and species succession of the green macroalgal micro-propagules. Five Ulva and one Blidingia species were detected and an evident shift on species composition was observed in summer when the large-scale floating biomass of Ulva prolifera approached the coasts of Qingdao. Propagules of U. prolifera were only dominant in summer. Detection of the 'floating' type of U. prolifera in summer, a unique strain responsible for the green tide in Yellow Sea, supported that large-scale floating U. prolifera biomass could affect local micro-propagule community. There were, however, no 'floating' U. prolifera propagules were detected in the following winter, indicating that influence from the large-scale green tide was transient, and it has not leave prolonged seeds in Qingdao coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Min Pang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Junwei Miao
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
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29
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Rybak AS, Gąbka M. The influence of abiotic factors on the bloom-forming alga Ulva flexuosa (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta): possibilities for the control of the green tides in freshwater ecosystems. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 30:1405-1416. [PMID: 29755209 PMCID: PMC5928185 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulva species are characterised by the capacity to achieve rapid biomass increase, which results in the formation of "green tides", particularly in nutrient-rich seawaters. Over the last decade, formation of large-scale Ulva mats has been increasingly observed in freshwater systems in Central Europe. Mass development of Ulva in freshwater ecosystems presents a growing burden in spite of its economic benefits. This study explores the formation dynamics of Ulva flexuosa mats with respect to habitat conditions, using the examples of a number of water systems located in Poland. Elevated water temperature, pH and high concentration of sulphates are among the most important factors affecting biometric parameters of Ulva blooms. An evident disparity was observed between lotic water ecosystems and lentic water ecosystems, which differed in terms of chemical characteristics of the habitat and mat structure properties. In flowing water, U. flexuosa displays a definitely higher potential for blooms. On the other hand, mass occurrence of U. flexuosa in freshwaters is caused by the inflow of fecund waters, especially following intense precipitation in summertime, as well as by periodic increases in salinity, pH and sulphate levels. The study suggests that potential U. flexuosa blooms in landlocked ecosystems may be controlled by means of reducing the inflow of particularly sulphate-rich waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Stanisław Rybak
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Umultowska st. 89, PL 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Gąbka
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Umultowska st. 89, PL 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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30
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Li J, Song X, Zhang Y, Pan J, Yu Z. An investigation of the space distribution of Ulva microscopic propagules and ship-based experiment of mitigation using modified clay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:247-254. [PMID: 28187967 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the removal of Ulva microscopic propagules (UMP) from cradle water might restrict the formation and expansion of green tides in the Yellow Sea, China. In this study, the distribution characteristics of UMP in the southern Yellow Sea was investigated, and then a flocculation experiment of UMP using modified clay (MC) was conducted at a selected station of the research cruise. The results indicated that the distribution of green algae thalli is one of the main factors that directly influence UMP distribution. UMP density was strongly negatively correlated with the distance between the sampling station and the centre of the area containing floating Ulva (r=-0.618***, n=83). >80% of the UMP was removed from the water column after MC application at a concentration of 0.1g/L, and MC applied at a concentration of 0.5g/L reduced the germination rate to 0.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Pan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Research & Development Centre of Marine Environment Engineering and Technology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Gao G, Zhong Z, Zhou X, Xu J. Changes in morphological plasticity of Ulva prolifera under different environmental conditions: A laboratory experiment. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:51-58. [PMID: 28073506 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale green tides, consisting mainly of Ulva prolifera, have invaded the coastal zones of western Yellow Sea each year since 2008, resulting in tremendous impacts on the local environment and economy. A large number of studies have been conducted to investigate the physiological traits of U. prolifera to explain its dominance in the green tides. However, little has been reported regarding the response of U. prolifera to changing environmental factors via morphological variation. In our experiments, we found remarkable morphological acclimation of U. prolifera to various temperature (20 and 25°C) and salinity (10, 20, and 30) conditions. U. prolifera had more, but shorter branches when they were cultured at lower temperature and salinity conditions. To investigate the significance of these morphological variations in its acclimation to changes of environmental factors, physiological and biochemical traits of U. prolifera grown under different conditions were measured. Higher temperature increased the relative growth rate while salinity did not affect it. On the other hand, higher temperature did not enhance the net photosynthetic rate whilst lower salinity did. The increased net photosynthetic rate at lower salinity conditions could be attributed to more photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids-in thalli due to there being more branches at lower salinity conditions. Increased numbers of branches and thus an increased intensity of thalli may be helpful to protect thalli from increased osmotic pressure caused by lower salinity, but it led to more shading. In order to capture enough light when being shaded, thalli of U. prolifera synthesized more photosynthetic pigments at lower salinity levels. In addition, higher temperature increased nitrate reductase activity and soluble protein content but variations in salinity did not impose any effect on them. Our results demonstrate conclusively that U. prolifera can acclimatize in the laboratory to the changes of environmental factors (salinity and temperature) by morphology-driven physiological and biochemical variation. We suggest that the morphological plasticity of U. prolifera may be an important factor for it to outcompete other algal species in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhihai Zhong
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xianghong Zhou
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Juntian Xu
- Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Wang Y, Qu T, Zhao X, Tang X, Xiao H, Tang X. A comparative study of the photosynthetic capacity in two green tide macroalgae using chlorophyll fluorescence. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:775. [PMID: 27386261 PMCID: PMC4912542 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green tides have occurred in the Yellow Sea, China, every year from 2007 to 2015. The free-floating Ulva prolifera (Müller) J. Agardh was the causative macroalgal species. The co-occurring, attached U. intestinalis was also observed. Photosynthetic capacities were determined using chlorophyll fluorescence in situ and after 7 days lab acclimation, and a significant differences were noted. Pigment composition showed no obvious differences, but concentrations varied significantly, especially chlorophyll b in U. prolifera two times increase was observed after acclimation. The optimal photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) was significantly higher in U. prolifera. Photosynthetic rate (α), maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), and minimum saturating irradiance (Ek), obtained from rapid light response curves (RLCs), showed almost the same photosynthetic physiological status as Fv/Fm. Quenching coefficients and low temperature (77 K) chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoid membranes analysis showed U. prolifera has a better recovery activity and plasticity of PSII than U. intestinalis. Furthermore, energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and state transitions showed efficacious photoprotection solution especially in U. prolifera suffered from the severe stresses. Results in the present study suggested that U. prolifera’s higher photosynthetic capacity would contribute to its free-floating proliferation, and efficacious photoprotection in addition to favorable oceanographic conditions and high nutrient levels support its growth and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Tongfei Qu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xianghai Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Zhang J, Huo Y, Wu H, Yu K, Kim JK, Yarish C, Qin Y, Liu C, Xu R, He P. The origin of the Ulva macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea in 2013. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:276-283. [PMID: 25444626 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Green algal blooms have occurred in the Yellow Sea for seven consecutive years from 2007 to 2013. In this study, satellite image analysis and field shipboard observations indicated that the Ulva blooms in 2013 originated in the Rudong coast. The spatial distribution of Ulva microscopic propagules in the Southern Yellow Sea also supported that the blooms originated in the Rudong coast. In addition, multi-source satellite data were used to evaluate the biomass of green algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts. The results showed that approximately 2784 tons of Ulva prolifera were attached to the rafts and possessed the same internal transcribed spacer and 5S rDNA sequence as the dominant species in the 2013 blooms. We conclude that the significant biomass of Ulva species on the Pyropia rafts during the harvesting season in radial tidal sand ridges played an important role in the rapid development of blooms in the Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
| | - Yuanzi Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kefeng Yu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jang Kyun Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 1 University Place, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
| | - Yutao Qin
- East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Caicai Liu
- East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Ren Xu
- East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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