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Iván-Baragaño Y, Zarokanellos ND, Sureda A, Capa M. Under pressure: Assessing the ecological boundaries of the epipelagic goose barnacle Lepas anatifera using ocean gliders and laboratory experiments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116278. [PMID: 38518576 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Epipelagic barnacles have been considered good bioindicators since they are abundant and broadly distributed but with apparent tolerance restrictions to temperature and salinity, and also bioaccumulate pollutants. However, Lepas anatifera was found attached to the oceanic gliders, thriving through drastic and unreported environmental fluctuations. This study aimed to assess the resistance and oxidative stress responses of L. anatifera collected from gliders and attached to floating litter to temperature, salinity, and pressure. Barnacles withstood all tested pressure, temperature, and salinity ranges, except the extreme salt concentration. The activities of antioxidant enzymes - catalase and superoxide dismutase - were significantly increased under high temperature, high pressure, and low salinity. Malondialdehyde levels significantly increased only under high pressure. In conclusion, L. anatifera can be considered resistant organisms to extreme environmental changes. However, the instauration of oxidative stress under certain circumstances makes them vulnerable to predicted future trends in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Iván-Baragaño
- Balearic Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Capa
- Balearic Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
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Pereira Righi BD, Abujamara LD, Barcarolli IF, Jorge MB, Zebral YD, Costa PG, Dos Reis Martinez CB, Bianchini A. Response of biomarkers to metals, hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides contamination in crabs (Callinectes ornatus and C. bocourti) from two tropical estuaries (São José and São Marcos bays) of the Maranhão State (northeastern Brazil). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132649. [PMID: 34699884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Response of biomarkers to chemical contamination was evaluated in crabs of the Callinectes genus (Callinectes ornatus and C. bocourti) from two tropical estuaries (São José and São Marcos bays) of the Maranhão State (northeastern Brazil). Biomarkers evaluated included hepatopancreatic metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Tissue concentrations of metals (pereiopod muscle and hepatopancreas), hydrocarbons (hepatopancreas) and organochlorine pesticides (hepatopancreas) were also evaluated. Crab samples were collected in three sites of each estuary (São Marcos Bay and São José Bay). Sampling was performed in August/2012 (dry season), January/2013 (rainy season), August/2013 (dry season), and January/2014 (rainy season). Concentrations of chemical contaminants and responses of biomarkers showed significant spatial (São Marcos Bay and São José Bay) and/or seasonal (dry and rainy seasons) and annual (2012-2014) variability. However, a general higher Zn concentration was observed in hepatopancreas of crabs from São José Bay. In turn, a general higher Cd concentration paralleled by oxidative damage (LPO) was observed in hepatopancreas of crabs from São Marcos Bay. As expected, these findings support the idea that this bay is more intensively or chronically impacted by industrial activities while the São José Bay is likely more affected by domestic activities. Interestingly, LPO level in crab hepatopancreas showed to be the most reliable and adequate biomarker to distinguish the two bays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Duarte Pereira Righi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Donini Abujamara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Indianara Fernanda Barcarolli
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Yuri Dornelles Zebral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gomes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Campus Universitário - Jardim Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Oliveira MR, Braghirolli FM, Krause Lanés LE, Verrastro L, Oliveira GT. Evaluation of the Seasonal Variation of Parameters of Oxidative Status of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas and Skuk, 1983. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-18-00048.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Rodriguez Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250 CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Machado Braghirolli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250 CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Esteban Krause Lanés
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250 CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Verrastro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Zoology, Herpetology Laboratory. Campus do Vale Agronomia, Pd. 43435.1, Sala 107, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-90, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12, Bloco C, Sala 250 CP. 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
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Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals: The Unexplored Role of Marine Sessile Taxa. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coastal areas are known to receive significant anthropogenic inputs, mainly deriving from metropolitan areas, industries, and activities related to tourism. Among these inputs, some trace elements are listed as priority pollutants in the European Water Framework Directive, due to their ability to bioaccumulate in organisms. Many studies have been conducted on heavy metals (HMs) accumulation and on their possible effects on different edible marine species. While the most studied sessile organisms are bivalves, in the current review, we focus our attention on other sessile taxa (sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, polychaetes, cirripeds, and tunicates), proposed as bioindicators in coastal shallow waters. Although their potential as bioindicator tools has been repeatedly highlighted in the literature, these organisms are still poorly investigated and considered for monitoring. In this context, we analyze the available literature about this topic, in order to summarize the current knowledge and identify possible applications of these organisms in a bioremediation scenario.
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da Silva PR, Borges-Martins M, Oliveira GT. Melanophryniscus admirabilis tadpoles' responses to sulfentrazone and glyphosate-based herbicides: an approach on metabolism and antioxidant defenses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4156-4172. [PMID: 32935212 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Melanophryniscus admirabilis is a frog endemic to the southern Atlantic Forest (Brazil), with restricted distribution and considered as critically endangered. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible alterations in biomarkers of metabolism (glycogen, proteins, and uric acid) and oxidative balance (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and lipoperoxidation) of tadpoles of Melanophryniscus admirabilis exposed to commercial herbicide formulations containing sulfentrazone (Boral® 500 SC: 130 and 980 μg a.i./L) and glyphosate (Roundup® Original: 234 and 2340 μg a.i./L). Mortality was not observed in any of the groups studied. Our results show that a 96-h exposure to the herbicides decreased glycogen levels, indicating increased energy demand for xenobiotic metabolism. Protein levels increased in the Boral group but decreased in the higher concentration of Roundup, and uric acid levels did not change significantly between the experimental groups. Lipoperoxidation decreased in the Boral group and in the higher concentration of Roundup. Decreased levels of superoxide dismutase in both treatments and of catalase in the lowest concentration of the herbicides were observed. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased in the Roundup group; this enzyme seems to be crucial in the metabolization of the herbicides and in the survival of the tadpoles. Our results suggest that M. admirabilis has a high antioxidant capacity, which guaranteed the survival of tadpoles. Nevertheless, exposure to pesticides could impose a serious risk to this species, especially considering its restricted distribution, habitat specificity, and high physiological demand to metabolize xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Lacson CFZ, Lu MC, Huang YH. Fluoride network and circular economy as potential model for sustainable development-A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124662. [PMID: 31499305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine is the most reactive elements among the halogen group and commonly and ubiquitously occurs as fluoride in nature. The industrial processes produce fluoride by-products causing the increase of unwanted environmental levels and consequently posing risk on human and environmental health worldwide. This review gives a fundamental understanding of fluoride networks in the industrial processes, in the geological and hydrological transport, and in the biological sphere. Numerous biological pathways of fluoride also increase the risk of exposure. Literature shows that various environmental levels of fluoride due to its chemical characteristics cause bioaccumulation resulting in health deterioration among organisms. These problems are aggravated by emitted fluoride in the air and wastewater streams. Moreover, the current waste disposal dependent on incineration and landfilling superpose to the problem. In our analysis, the fluoride material flow model still follows a linear economy and reuse economy to some extent. This flow model spoils resources with high economic potential and worsens environmental problems. Thus, we intend a shift from the conventional linear economy to a circular economy with the revival of three-dimensional objectives of sustainable development. Linkages between key dimensions of the circular economy to stimulate momentum for perpetual sustainable development are proposed to gain economic, environmental and social benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Francis Z Lacson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Lu
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Martínez-Morcillo S, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Fernández-Rubio J, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Míguez-Santiyán MP, Valdes ME, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Presence of pharmaceutical compounds, levels of biochemical biomarkers in seafood tissues and risk assessment for human health: Results from a case study in North-Western Spain. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:10-21. [PMID: 31706926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the presence of 27 pharmaceutically active compounds belonging to common therapeutic groups (cardiovascular, antiashmatic, psychoactive, diuretic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic drugs) in the tissues of representative seafood species of bivalves, cephalopods, arthropods, and fish of high economic importance and consumption rates in North-Western Spain. Four pharmaceutical compounds, out of the 27 analyzed, were detected in the collected samples. The benzodiazepine citalopram was detected in the tissues of common octopus (14.1 ng g-1 dry weight) and pod razor (9.4 ng g-1 dw). The anxiolytic venlafaxine was detected in the tissues of common cockle (2.9 ng g-1 dw). The veterinary antiparasitic ronidazole was found in pod razor (2.3 ng g-1 dw) and, finally, the psychoactive compound alprazolam was also measured in common octopus (0.3 ng g-1 dw). Hazard quotients were calculated to assess the hazard posed by the consumption of the sampled seafoods. Octopus and pod razor tissues containing citalopram and alprazolam exceeded our chosen hazard limits (HQ > 0.1) for toddlers who are high consumers of seafood (HQ values between 0.18 and 0.27). A battery of biochemical biomarkers of effects (acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase; catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes activities and reduced/oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels) was applied to samples of the study species with the aim of characterizing their basal levels and evaluating their suitability as a tool in the monitoring chronic exposure to environmental contaminants such as those analyzed in this study. According to the measured biomarkers, pod razor and cockles have the potential to be good bioindicator species, based on the observed among-site differences detected on acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities; reduced/oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Gil
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Javier Fernández-Rubio
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | | | - María Eugenia Valdes
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia en Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Juan Filloy s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Wilkens ALL, Valgas AAN, Oliveira GT. Effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of Boral® 500 SC, Glifosato® Biocarb, and a blend of both herbicides on markers of metabolism, stress, and nutritional condition factors in bullfrog tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23242-23256. [PMID: 31190300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of the isolated forms of Boral® SC 500, Glifosato® Biocarb herbicides, and a blend of both herbicides on metabolism and oxidative balance markers of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and on their nutritional condition. Groups of tadpoles were divided into different treatments: control (no herbicides), Boral® 500 SC (sulfentrazone: 130 μg/L), Glifosato® Biocarb (glyphosate: 234 μg/L), and a blend of both herbicides. After 7 days, the liver, caudal muscle, and blood samples were taken to subsequently perform the biomarkers determination by spectrophotometry. The intestinal condition factor increased in animals exposed to glyphosate and herbicide blends, suggesting a hyperphagic effect. This hypothesis was confirmed by the rise of triglycerides and circulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). There was a significant increase in the levels of uric acid in tadpoles exposed to the herbicide blend. Corticosterone levels reduced significantly in animals exposed to glyphosate and the herbicide blend. Oxidative stress markers had a tissue-dependent response. In the liver, glutathione S-transferase increased, and superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased in animals exposed to sulfentrazone and glyphosate. Lipoperoxidation was reduced in the glyphosate treatment. In the caudal muscle, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were maintained, and there was a decline in the levels of glutathione S-transferase and TBARS only in the blend group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anike L L Wilkens
- School of Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- PPG-Ecology and Evolution of Biodiversity, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Artur A N Valgas
- School of Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guendalina T Oliveira
- School of Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- PPG-Ecology and Evolution of Biodiversity, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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dos Santos CCM, da Costa JFM, dos Santos CRM, Amado LL. Influence of seasonality on the natural modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers in mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Brachyura, Ucididae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ali AM, Rønning HT, Sydnes LK, Alarif WM, Kallenborn R, Al-Lihaibi SS. Detection of PPCPs in marine organisms from contaminated coastal waters of the Saudi Red Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:654-662. [PMID: 29197284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of PPCPs in macroalgae, barnacle and fish samples from contaminated coastal waters of the Saudi Red Sea is reported. Solvent extraction followed by solid phase extraction was applied to isolate the compounds, and their quantification was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Atenolol, ranitidine, chlorpheniramine, DEET, and atrazine were detected in one or more macroalgae at <LOQ concentration, whereas caffeine, methylparaben, and carbamazepine were present atmaximum concentrations of 41.3, 44.3, and 1.7ng/g (on a dry weight basis=dw), respectively. Eleven PPCPs were detected in the barnacle samples at concentrations between <LOQ and maximum concentration of 17.9ng/g dw for amitriptyline. Furthermore, 17 compounds were detected in several or all of the five fish species studied with a maximum concentration of 82.1ng/g dw for metronidazole in Silver Biddy. The bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for selected PPCPs were determined and compared. The occurrence and enrichment of PPCPs in macroalgae and barnacles might indicate that a new route for uptake of such chemicals by marine biota is available, specifically in contaminated waters where a continuous supply of non-persistent contaminants such as PPCPs is available for long-term exposure of local benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helene Thorsen Rønning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food safety and Infection Biology (MatInf), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv K Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Walied M Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Christian M. Falsen veg 1, NO-1432, ÅS, Norway.
| | - Sultan S Al-Lihaibi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Laitano MV, Díaz-Jaramillo M, Rodriguez YE, Ducós E, Panarello HO, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Linking stable isotopes and biochemical responses in Balanus glandula under sewage influence. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:505-511. [PMID: 29475690 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the influence of untreated sewage exposure on carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition and several biochemical responses in the barnacle Balanus glandula. The main objective was to evaluate whether changes in stable isotopes signature do reflect biochemical sub-lethal effects in a sewage influence gradient. Stable isotopes analysis showed differences in isotope signatures between close sewage influence and distant sites, being δ13C signatures stronger than that of δ15N. Regarding biochemical effects, although organisms close to the effluent would be clearly exposed to contaminants (increased GST activity) the oxidative stress would not be too evident (peroxidases and ACAP not affected). The most affected physiological aspect was the digestive one, reflected in increased alkaline proteases and lipases activities. A clear relation between δ15N and GST activity was found, showing to δ15N as an indicator of potential exposure to chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Laitano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Díaz-Jaramillo
- IIMyC, UNMdP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Y E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - E Ducós
- INGEIS, Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica, CONICET-UBA, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón INGEIS - Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H O Panarello
- INGEIS, Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica, CONICET-UBA, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón INGEIS - Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A V Fernández-Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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12
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Sardi AE, Renaud PE, da Cunha Lana P, Camus L. Baseline levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in species from a subtropical estuarine system (Paranaguá Bay, southern Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 113:496-508. [PMID: 27519757 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Offshore petroleum exploration has increased the risks of oil spills in coastal tropical and subtropical habitats. Monitoring tools are needed to assess and protect environmental health. We determined baseline values of antioxidant biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, MDA) for five ecologically relevant species in a subtropical system in southern Brazil. Regional baseline levels are compared with literature data as a basis to eventually test their efficacy as post-spill monitoring tools. Differences in the antioxidant response among species, contamination, and seasons were tested using univariate and multivariate analyses. The bivalves Anomalocardia flexuosa and Crassostrea rhizophorae and the catfish Genidens genidens emerge as suitable sentinel species. Seasonality is the main factor accounting for biomarkers variability, and not background contamination level. However, interactions between season and contamination level are also significant, indicating that biomarkers respond to complex environmental settings, a fact that needs to be fully understood for designing proper monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana E Sardi
- Fram Centre, Akvaplan-niva, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; University of Tromsø, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Science & Safety, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Paulo da Cunha Lana
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), PO Box 61, 83255-000, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lionel Camus
- Fram Centre, Akvaplan-niva, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; University of Tromsø, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Science & Safety, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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13
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Sandrini-Neto L, Pereira L, Martins CC, Silva de Assis HC, Camus L, Lana PC. Antioxidant responses in estuarine invertebrates exposed to repeated oil spills: Effects of frequency and dosage in a field manipulative experiment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:237-249. [PMID: 27309312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally investigated the effects of repeated diesel spills on the bivalve Anomalocardia brasiliana, the gastropod Neritina virginea and the polychaete Laeonereis culveri, by monitoring the responses of oxidative stress biomarkers in a subtropical estuary. Three frequencies of exposure events were compared against two dosages of oil in a factorial experiment with asymmetrical controls. Hypotheses were tested to distinguish between (i) the overall effect of oil spills, (ii) the effect of diesel dosage via different exposure regimes, and (iii) the effect of time since last spill. Antioxidant defense responses and oxidative damage in the bivalve A. brasiliana and the polychaete L. culveri were overall significantly affected by frequent oil spills compared to undisturbed controls. The main effects of diesel spills on both species were the induction of SOD and GST activities, a significant increase in LPO levels and a decrease in GSH concentration. N. virginea was particularly tolerant to oil exposure, with the exception of a significant GSH depletion. Overall, enzymatic activities and oxidative damage in A. brasiliana and L. culveri were induced by frequent low-dosage spills compared to infrequent high-dosage spills, although the opposite pattern was observed for N. virginea antioxidant responses. Antioxidant responses in A. brasiliana and L. culveri were not affected by timing of exposure events. However, our results revealed that N. virginea might have a delayed response to acute high-dosage exposure. Experimental in situ simulations of oil exposure events with varying frequencies and intensities provide a useful tool for detecting and quantifying environmental impacts. In general, antioxidant biomarkers were induced by frequent low-dosage exposures compared to infrequent high-dosage ones. The bivalve A. brasiliana and the polychaete L. culveri are more suitable sentinels due to their greater responsiveness to oil and also to their wider geographical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letícia Pereira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Paulo C Lana
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
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14
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Laitano MV, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Are Mussels Always the Best Bioindicators? Comparative Study on Biochemical Responses of Three Marine Invertebrate Species to Chronic Port Pollution. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:50-55. [PMID: 27221210 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves have traditionally been considered good bioindicators due to their sensitivity to pollution, among other features. This characteristic is shared by several other non-bivalve species as well, though studies in this respect remain scarce. This work aims to compare biomarker sensitivity to chronic port pollution among three intertidal invertebrate species with good bioindicator characteristics. Mussels' immunological (phenoloxidase and peroxidases) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase) responses were contrasted against those of limpets and barnacles. The three species under study evidenced activity of all the enzymes measured, although with differences. Barnacle Balanus glandula was the most sensitive species showing pollution modulation of the three enzymes, which suggests that mussels would not always be the best bioindicator species among marine invertebrates depending on the responses that are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Laitano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Analía V Fernández-Gimenez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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15
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Pinheiro LC, Oliveira GT. Oxidative Status Profile in Different Tissues of Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae) over a Seasonal Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 325:318-28. [PMID: 27256498 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess annual redox balance by quantifying activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as measuring lipid peroxidation levels by determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, in different tissues of male and female crayfish collected from an area little affected by anthropogenic impacts. A total of 37 male and 32 female of Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis were collected over an annual cycle, and gill, muscle, hepatopancreas, and gonad samples were harvested and subjected to the aforementioned analyses via spectrophotometry. Comparison of the annual oxidative status response profile in gill and in hepatopancreas between males and females revealed differences only in SOD activity. In abdominal muscle, this comparison revealed a distinct profile of SOD and GST activity, as well as of lipid peroxidation. SOD activity in gonads of females increased in the summer when compared to autumn; conversely, CAT and GST levels did not differ over the year. During reproduction, a possible increase of the energy requirements led to an increase in lipid peroxidation in all tested tissues, in males and females alike. It was least evident in female gonad tissue, which suggests this tissue type is relatively protected; within this context, one may establish a tissue-specific grading of Lipid Peroxidation intensity in females of the species during the spring: gonads < muscle < gills < hepatopancreas. Our results show that the responses of the defenses analyzed antioxidants, as well as lipid peroxidation levels, were sex and tissue dependent and a clear pattern of seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludimila Carneiro Pinheiro
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Lab, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Lab, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Ramos AS, Antunes SC, Nunes B. Biomonitoring of environmental stress in Pollicipes pollicipes from the northern coast of Portugal: a non-destructive approach using haemolymph. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 126:1-13. [PMID: 26707183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the intertidal area, the interactions between anthropogenic contaminants and natural variations (biotic and abiotic factors) are poorly understood. Consequently, there is a great need for new assessment procedures to characterize the biological responses occurring in organisms from this extreme environment. Considering the intrinsic inter-individual variations among organisms from a single population, it is important to propose new methods that address this variability, by validating a sampling strategy in target groups of organisms, encompassing seasonal fluctuations. This strategy must however be less invasive than traditional methods, avoiding the mandatory sacrifice of the sampled organisms. By doing so, it is also possible to increase the ecological relevance of obtainable data, and contribute to minimize damage to endangered species. The main purpose of the present study was to assess the influence of seasonal variations in the responses elicited by anthropogenic compounds on a marine crustacean species, by using a biomarker-based approach. According to this purpose, the seasonal variations in key physiological responses (biomarkers) were investigated in the crustacean Pollicipes pollicipes from the Northern coast of Portugal. Biomarkers used for this purpose were the activity of the phase II biotransformation isoenzymes glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), the activity of cholinesterases (ChEs), and the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS). All biomarkers were quantified in distinct tissues (such as cirri, and peduncle) and haemolymph (a non-destructive source of biological samples). The glycogen content in peduncle tissue, and the variation in haemocyte number in haemolymph were also analyzed. Samples were collected monthly, during a year, in Lavadores, located in the proximity of an estuarine area (Douro River). The results showed a seasonal pattern in all tested biomarkers. The results also showed a significant increase in GSTs activities, and in peroxidative damage, especially during warmer months. The lowest ChEs values were recorded during the rainy season. The results also showed a similar pattern among all tested tissues, validating the proposed use of the haemolymph as a source tissue for non-lethal sampling strategy for biomarker determinations. Glycogen content was apparently related to the reproductive cycle, with lower values being observed in spring and summer. Total haemocyte count (THC) increased during summer months. The results pointed to an influence of natural variations in the levels of biomarkers in P. pollicipes, highly dependent upon abiotic factors, a factor that must be considered when interpreting biological responses elicited by anthropogenic contaminants from the marine coastal environment. The validation of haemolymph as a non-lethal source tissue for the quantification of biomarkers was successfully attained, opening the possibility of less invasive and almost unlimited sampling in a small number of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ramos
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - S C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas 289, 450-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - B Nunes
- CESAM-Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ricevuto E, Benedetti M, Regoli F, Spicer JI, Gambi MC. Antioxidant capacity of polychaetes occurring at a natural CO2 vent system: Results of an in situ reciprocal transplant experiment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:44-51. [PMID: 26392350 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is occurring at a fast rate, resulting in changes of carbonate chemistry in the oceans and in lowering of the pH. Previous studies have documented significant changes in the antioxidant defenses of marine species in response to OA. Here, selected polychaete species, Platynereis dumerilii, Polyophthalmus pictus and Syllis prolifera, were sampled from a natural CO2 vent system (pH = 7.3) and from a non-venting 'control' site (pH = 8.1), and reciprocally transplanted in these areas for 30 days. Total antioxidant capacity toward different forms of oxyradicals was compared in native and transplanted polychaetes: the aim was to assess whether the environmental conditions at the vent site would act as a prooxidant stressor, and the capability of polychaetes to modulate their antioxidant capacity to counteract a varied oxyradicals formation. None of the investigated species enhanced the antioxidant potential during the experiment. A significant reduction of the capability to neutralize different forms of oxyradicals was observed in P. pictus and, partially, in S. prolifera when transplanted from control to naturally-acidified conditions. On the other hand, populations of P. dumerilii originating from the vent and of S. prolifera from both control and acidified sites, showed higher constitutive antioxidant efficiency toward peroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite, which may allow them to cope with short-term and chronic exposure to higher oxidative pressure without further enhancement of antioxidant defenses. Since low pH - high pCO2 is the greatest environmental difference between the control and the vent sites, we suggest that the pro-oxidant challenge due to such peculiarities may have different biological consequences in different polychaete species. Some appear more susceptible to oxidative effects, while others acquire a long term acclimatization to vent conditions through the enhancement of their basal antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ricevuto
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Dept. of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology, Punta S. Pietro, 80077 Ischia, Napoli, Italy.
| | - M Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - J I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - M C Gambi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Dept. of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology, Punta S. Pietro, 80077 Ischia, Napoli, Italy
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18
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Chen L, Lam JCW, Zhang X, Pan K, Guo C, Lam PKS, Wang W, Liu H, Qian PY. Relationship between metal and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burden and health risks in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:383-392. [PMID: 26320980 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we employed the widespread and gregarious barnacle species Balanus amphitrite in a biomonitoring program to evaluate coastal pollution around three piers (i.e., Tso Wo Hang, Sai Kung and Hebe Haven) in Hong Kong. An integrated approach was used herein, combining both the chemical determination of contaminant concentrations, including metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and a suite of biological responses across the entire barnacle lifecycle (i.e., adult, nauplius, cyprid and juvenile). The analytical results revealed a distinct geographical distribution of metals and PBDEs. Adult physiological processes and larval behaviors varied significantly among the three piers. Furthermore, a correlation analysis demonstrated a specific suite of biological responses towards metal and PBDE exposure, likely resulting from their distinct modes of action. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the combination of chemical and biological tests provided an integrated measure for the comprehensive assessment of marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianguo Chen
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cui Guo
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxiong Wang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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