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De Benedetto GE, Fraissinet S, Tardio N, Rossi S, Malitesta C. Microplastics determination and quantification in two benthic filter feeders Sabella spallanzanii, Polychaeta and Paraleucilla magna, Porifera. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31796. [PMID: 38845917 PMCID: PMC11153181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a worldwide problem especially in the marine environment. Plastic items once fragmented into microplastics (MPs), can be captured by different marine species. Benthic filter feeders like sponges and polychaetas, due to their trophic strategy, are highly exposed to MPs pollution. Herein a simple but effective method to digest the fan worm Sabella spallanzanii and the calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna is presented: a solution with KOH and H2O2 was able to remove quantitatively (more than 98 %) the organic matter in 3 h while an acid treatment dissolved most of spicules and chaetes in less than 30 min. MPs were easily identified both microscopically and spectroscopically on filters. Quantification in animals collected from the same environment showed that, on average, sponges accumulate fewer MPs than polychaetes (66 ± 31 and 117 ± 46 particles/g dry weight, respectively). The plastic recovery of the method was validated using three different approaches (spiking of standard PS microspheres, of common-use plastic objects, and of microplastics already weathered in marine environment). This procedure can make it easier and cost-effective to process biota in monitoring studies, providing information about bioindicator/bioremediation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe E. De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica e Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Universita' del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Fraissinet
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Universita' del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Tardio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Universita' del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Universita' del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Marine Sciences (LABOMAR), Federal University of Ceará, Av, Abolicao 230, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Universita' del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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2
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Lim J, Shin G, Shin D. Fast Detection and Classification of Microplastics below 10 μm Using CNN with Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6819-6825. [PMID: 38625095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In light of the growing awareness regarding the ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in our environment, recent efforts have been made to integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology into MP detection. Among spectroscopic techniques, Raman spectroscopy is preferred for the detection of MP particles measuring less than 10 μm, as it overcomes the diffraction limitations encountered in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). However, Raman spectroscopy's inherent limitation is its low scattering cross section, which often results in prolonged data collection times during practical sample measurements. In this study, we implemented a convolutional neural network (CNN) model alongside a tailored data interpolation strategy to expedite data collection for MP particles within the 1-10 μm range. Remarkably, we achieved the classification of plastic types for individual particles with a mere 0.4 s of exposure time, reaching an approximate confidence level of 85.47(±5.00)%. We postulate that the result significantly accelerates the aggregation of microplastic distribution data in diverse scenarios, contributing to the development of a comprehensive global microplastic map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Gogyun Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongha Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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3
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Saad D, Ramaremisa G, Ndlovu M, Chauke P, Nikiema J, Chimuka L. Microplastic Abundance and Sources in Surface Water Samples of the Vaal River, South Africa. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:23. [PMID: 38180521 PMCID: PMC10769928 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a global environmental concern due to their persistent nature. In South Africa, microplastic research has primarily focused on marine systems. However, recent years have seen a shift in focus to studying MPs in South African freshwaters. In this study, MPs with a minimum size of 0.055 mm in surface water of the Vaal River, South Africa, were reported. MPs were 100% prevalent, with a mean numerical abundance of 0.68 ± 0.64 particles/m3. Small-sized MPs of < 1 mm accounted for the largest proportion. MPs were chemically identified as high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polypropylene according to their Raman spectra. The prevalence of fragments (41.6%) and fibers (38.5%) over pellets (8.1%) indicates that microplastics are from secondary sources. The prevalence of polyethylene and polypropylene is consistent with microplastics being from secondary sources. These polymers are commonly used in single-use plastics, packing bags, textiles, and containers. These characteristics are of great concern due to their implications on the bioavailability and toxicological impacts of MPs. Consequently, these properties may pose more hazards to aquatic biota inhabiting the Vaal River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Saad
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Gibbon Ramaremisa
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Ndlovu
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patricia Chauke
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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4
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Jacob O, Ramírez-Piñero A, Elsner M, Ivleva NP. TUM-ParticleTyper 2: automated quantitative analysis of (microplastic) particles and fibers down to 1 [Formula: see text]m by Raman microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04712-9. [PMID: 37286906 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of small microplastics in environmental and food samples is a prerequisite for studying their potential hazard. Knowledge of numbers, size distributions and polymer type for particles and fibers is particularly relevant in this respect. Raman microspectroscopy can identify particles down to 1 [Formula: see text]m in diameter. Here, a fully automated procedure for quantifying microplastics across the entire defined size range is presented as the core of the new software TUM-ParticleTyper 2. This software implements the theoretical approaches of random window sampling and on-the-fly confidence interval estimation during ongoing measurements. It also includes improvements to image processing and fiber recognition (when compared to the previous software TUM-ParticleTyper for analysis of particles/fibers [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m), and a new approach to adaptive de-agglomeration. Repeated measurements of internally produced secondary reference microplastics were evaluated to assess the precision of the whole procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jacob
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Piñero
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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5
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Cocciaro B, Merlino S, Bianucci M, Casani C, Palleschi V. Feasibility Study for the Development of a Low-Cost, Compact, and Fast Sensor for the Detection and Classification of Microplastics in the Marine Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4097. [PMID: 37112438 PMCID: PMC10143223 DOI: 10.3390/s23084097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The detection and classification of microplastics in the marine environment is a complex task that implies the use of delicate and expensive instrumentation. In this paper, we present a preliminary feasibility study for the development of a low-cost, compact microplastics sensor that could be mounted, in principle, on a float of drifters, for the monitoring of large marine surfaces. The preliminary results of the study indicate that a simple sensor equipped with three infrared-sensitive photodiodes can reach classification accuracies around 90% for the most-diffused floating microplastics in the marine environment (polyethylene and polypropylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cocciaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U.O.S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Merlino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), U.O.S. di Pozzuolo di Lerici, c/o Forte Santa Teresa—Loc. Pozzuolo di Lerici, 19032 Lerici, Italy
| | - Marco Bianucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), U.O.S. di Pozzuolo di Lerici, c/o Forte Santa Teresa—Loc. Pozzuolo di Lerici, 19032 Lerici, Italy
| | - Claudio Casani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), U.O.S. di Pozzuolo di Lerici, c/o Forte Santa Teresa—Loc. Pozzuolo di Lerici, 19032 Lerici, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via L. Ghini, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palleschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo-Metallici (CNR-ICCOM), U.O.S. di Pisa, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Huang Q, Liu M, Cao X, Liu Z. Occurrence of microplastics pollution in the Yangtze River: Distinct characteristics of spatial distribution and basin-wide ecological risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119431. [PMID: 36527870 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in the Yangtze River, the third longest river in the world, has drawn increasing attention. Although numerous studies have been conducted recently to investigate and analyze the MPs exposure to the surface water of the river, most merely focus on a certain part of the Yangtze River, and knowledge of MPs based on the basin-wide is still scattered. This article reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of MPs in the Yangtze River from the whole watershed scale. Among the five areas in the basin, the upstream and the midstream were demonstrated to contain more MPs (3598.6 particles/m3 and 3226.8 particles/m3). The obtained results suggested the MP presented in the entire watersheds was uneven and the 'hotspots' occurred, where the MPs concentrations were relatively higher than the surrounding. The discharging of the wastewater treatment plants along the river, the locations of dams, and the stability and fragment of MPs, were demonstrated to be the important driving factors in the spatial distribution of MPs and leading to the appearance of the MP 'hotspots' in the Yangtze River, but were previously overlooked. It is the first study to evaluate the ecological risk of MPs exposure to the surface water of the Yangtze River with multiple assessment methods, taking not only abundance but also morphological characteristics, polymer composition and toxic effect into account. More importantly, based on the multiple individual MPs risk assessment methods, we developed the BetaMP method which achieves a comprehensive assessment of MP risk in basin-wide by taking multiple MP characteristics into account for the first time. This is conducive to better understanding the environmental impacts of MPs pollution in the different regions of the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian'en Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China
| | - Mengge Liu
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan RD.Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuewen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ze Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
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7
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Sarkar S, Diab H, Thompson J. Microplastic Pollution: Chemical Characterization and Impact on Wildlife. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1745. [PMID: 36767120 PMCID: PMC9914693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are small pieces of plastic that are less than 5 mm in size and can be found in most environments, including the oceans, rivers, and air. These small plastic particles can have negative impacts on wildlife and the environment. In this review of the literature, we analyze the presence of microplastics in various species of wildlife, including fish, birds, and mammals. We describe a variety of analytical techniques, such as microscopy and spectrometry, which identify and quantify the microplastics in the samples. In addition, techniques of sample preparation are discussed. Summary results show that microplastics are present in all the wildlife species studied, with the highest concentrations often found in fish and birds. The literature suggests that microplastics are widely distributed in the environment and have the potential to affect a wide range of species. Further research is required to fully understand the impacts of microplastics on wildlife and the environment.
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8
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Xie L, Gong K, Liu Y, Zhang L. Strategies and Challenges of Identifying Nanoplastics in Environment by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:25-43. [PMID: 36576086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (<1000 nm) have been evidenced to be universal in a variety of environmental media. They pose a potential cytotoxicity and health risk due to their tiny size, which allows them to easily penetrate biological barriers and enter cells. Here, we briefly review the various prevalent analytical techniques or tools for identifying nanoplastics, and further move to focus on their advantages and disadvantages. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been implemented for the identification of individual nanoparticles because of its high sensitivity to molecules and ease of rapid characterization. Therefore, we introduce the SERS technique in the following aspects, (1) principles of SERS; (2) strategies and advances in SERS detection of nanoplastics; and (3) applying SERS to real environmental samples. We put our effort into the summarization of efficient SERS substrates that essentially enable the better detection of nanoplastics, and extend to discuss how the reported nanoplastics pretreatment methodologies can bring SERS analysis to practical applications. A further step moving forward is to investigate the problems and challenges of currently applied SERS detection methods and to look at future research needs in nanoplastics detection employing SERS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Kedong Gong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai200092, Peoples' Republic of China
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9
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Bhat MA, Gedik K, Gaga EO. Atmospheric micro (nano) plastics: future growing concerns for human health. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2022; 16:233-262. [PMID: 36276170 PMCID: PMC9574822 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Plastics are an integral but largely inconspicuous part of daily human routines. The present review paper uses cross-disciplinary scientific literature to examine and assess the possible effects of nanoplastics (NPs) concerning microplastics (MPs) on human health and summarizes crucial areas for future research. Although research on the nature and consequences of MPs has seen a substantial rise, only limited studies have concentrated on the atmospheric nanosized polymeric particles. However, due to the intrinsic technological complications in separating and computing them, their existence has been difficult to determine correctly. There is a consensus that these are not only existing in the environment but can get directly released or as the outcome of weathering of larger fragments, and it is believed to be that combustion can be the tertiary source of polymeric particles. NPs can have harmful consequences on human health, and their exposure may happen via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption by the skin. The atmospheric fallout of micro (nano) plastics may be responsible for contaminating the environment. Apart from this, different drivers affect the concentration of micro (nano) plastics in every environment compartment like wind, water currents, vectors, soil erosion, run-off, etc. Their high specific surface for the sorption of organic pollutions and toxic heavy metals and possible transfer between organisms at different nutrient levels make the study of NPs an urgent priority. These NPs could potentially cause physical damage by the particles themselves and biological stress by NPs alone or by leaching additives. However, there is minimal understanding of the occurrence, distribution, abundance, and fate of NPs in the environment, partially due to the lack of suitable techniques for separating and identifying NPs from complex environmental matrices. Highlights Micro (nano) plastics generated may reach the soil, water, and atmospheric compartments.Atmospheric currents serve as a way to transport, leading to micro (nano) plastics pollution.Exposure to micro (nano) plastics may happen via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption by the skin.Nanoplastics may be environmentally more harmful than other plastic particles; the focus should be on defining the exact size range.Visual classification of micro (nano) plastics is poor in reliability and may also contribute to microplastics being misidentified. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Ahmad Bhat
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Kadir Gedik
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O. Gaga
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Environmental Research Center (ÇEVMER), Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
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10
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Jin M, Liu J, Yu J, Zhou Q, Wu W, Fu L, Yin C, Fernandez C, Karimi-Maleh H. Current development and future challenges in microplastic detection techniques: A bibliometrics-based analysis and review. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221132151. [PMID: 36263507 PMCID: PMC10306156 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221132151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been considered a new type of pollutant in the marine environment and have attracted widespread attention worldwide in recent years. Plastic particles with particle size less than 5 mm are usually defined as microplastics. Because of their similar size to plankton, marine organisms easily ingest microplastics and can threaten higher organisms and even human health through the food chain. Most of the current studies have focused on the investigation of the abundance of microplastics in the environment. However, due to the limitations of analytical methods and instruments, the number of microplastics in the environment can easily lead to overestimation or underestimation. Microplastics in each environment have different detection techniques. To investigate the current status, hot spots, and research trends of microplastics detection techniques, this review analyzed the papers related to microplastics detection using bibliometric software CiteSpace and COOC. A total of 696 articles were analyzed, spanning 2012 to 2021. The contributions and cooperation of different countries and institutions in this field have been analyzed in detail. This topic has formed two main important networks of cooperation. International cooperation has been a common pattern in this topic. The various analytical methods of this topic were discussed through keyword and clustering analysis. Among them, fluorescent, FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy are commonly used optical techniques for the detection of microplastics. The identification of microplastics can also be achieved by the combination of other techniques such as mass spectrometry/thermal cracking gas chromatography. However, these techniques still have limitations and cannot be applied to all environmental samples. We provide a detailed analysis of the detection of microplastics in different environmental samples and list the challenges that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Jin
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Environment Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Medical Big Data Application Technology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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El Hayany B, Rumpel C, Hafidi M, El Fels L. Occurrence, analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and their fate during composting: A literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115364. [PMID: 35617865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) are ubiquitous contaminants and their presence in sewage sludge has recently received attention as they may enter agro-ecosystems if sludge is used as organic soil amendment. Indeed, plastic particles (<5 mm) can be transported from wastewater and sewage sludge to the soil environment either directly within the plastic matrix or indirectly as adsorbed substances. In this paper, articles from 18 countries reporting the MP quantity and their characteristics in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were reviewed and the MP concentration size and type were compared. The data show that MP abundance in sewage sludge ranged globally from 7.91 to 495 × 103 particles kg-1 with highest abundance of fiber shape and MP size of less than 500 μm. In this review, we summarized and discussed the methods most frequently used for extraction and characterization of MP in sewage sludge including organic matter removal, MP extraction; physical and morphological MP characterization and its chemical characterization for polymer identification. We also described the major factors potentially controlling the fate of MP during disposal strategies with particular focus on composting. We show that physical and microbiological factors are important for MP degradation during composting and suggest two remediation practices: (i) inoculation of the initial sludge with microbial plastic decomposers to remove MP from contaminated sewage sludge, and (ii) development of high temperature composting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra El Hayany
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Cornelia Rumpel
- CNRS, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences (IEES), UMR (Sorbonne U, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, UPEC), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco; Agrobiosciences and Fertlizers Program, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Loubna El Fels
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco.
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12
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Hu B, Guo P, Han S, Jin Y, Nan Y, Deng J, He J, Wu Y, Chen S. Distribution characteristics of microplastics in the soil of mangrove restoration wetland and the effects of microplastics on soil characteristics. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1120-1136. [PMID: 35864407 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dense vegetation in the wetland could effectively retain microplastic particles, and the distribution of microplastics varied significantly under different planting densities. In addition, microplastics in the soil environment can affect soil properties to a certain extent, which in turn can affect soil functions and biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the distribution of soil microplastics in a mangrove restoration wetland under different planting densities and their effects on wetland soil properties. The results indicated that the average abundance of soil microplastics was 2177.5 n/500 g, of which 70.9% exhibited a diameter ranging from 0.038-0.05 mm, while the remaining soil microplastics accounted for less than 20% of all microplastics, indicating that smaller-diameter microplastics were more likely to accumulate in wetland soil. The microplastic abundance could be ranked based on the planting density as follows: 0.5 × 0.5 m > 1.0 × 0.5 m > 1.0 × 1.0 m > control area. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the predominant microplastic categories in this region included polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 52%), polyethylene (PE, 24%) and polypropylene (PP, 15%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed fractures and tears on the surface of microplastics. EDS energy spectra indicated a large amount of metal elements on the surface of microplastics. Due to the adsorptive features of PET, this substance could influence the soil particle size distribution and thus the soil structure. All physicochemical factors, except for the soil pH, were significantly affected by PET. In addition, the CV analysis results indicated that soils in vegetated areas are more susceptible to PET than are soils in bare ground areas, leading to greater variation in their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Peiyong Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
| | - Siyu Han
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yifan Jin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yiting Nan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Junming He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
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13
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Ye Y, Yu K, Zhao Y. The development and application of advanced analytical methods in microplastics contamination detection: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151851. [PMID: 34822881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have gradually become emerging environmental contaminants for their extensive distribution, small particle size, and harmful effects on organisms. Therefore, finding accurate, efficient, and rapid analytical methods for detecting microplastics pollution has become an urgent problem. We reviewed the derivation, transport, and classification of microplastics and then highlighted the harmfulness of microplastics which would bring microplastics pollution to the environment and potential damage to organisms. Further, various analytical methods were classified into the thermal analytical method, spectral analytical approach, and other analytical methods based on detection principles. In addition, the application of each analytical method in sea and soil was concluded in detail, and the promising development prospect of each analytical method was discussed. In the end, the chemical analytical method was proposed to explore further in the direction of no sample preparation, nondestructive analysis, low detection limit and it is crucial to establish a unified detection and identification method for microplastics in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Ye
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Keqiang Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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14
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Toxic Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants Associated with Micro-and Nanoplastics Pollution. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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15
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Pashaei R, Dzingelevičienė R, Abbasi S, Szultka-Młyńska M, Buszewski B. Determination of the pharmaceuticals-nano/microplastics in aquatic systems by analytical and instrumental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:93. [PMID: 35028740 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles as emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment are a subject of increasing concern in terms of the effect on water sources and marine organisms. There is lack of information about pharmaceutical-nanoplastic and pharmaceutical-microplastic mixtures. The present study aimed to investigate the fate and effect of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles, the results of combinations of pharmaceutical residues with nanoplastic and microplastic particles, and toxic effects of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles. Moreover, the objective was also to introduce analytical methods for pharmaceuticals, along with instrumental techniques for nanoplastic and microplastic particles in aquatic environments and organisms. PhAC alone can affect marine environments and aquatic organisms. When pharmaceutical residues combine with nanoplastic and microplastic particles, the rate of toxicity increases, and the result of this phenomenon constitutes this kind of pollutant in wastewater. Hence, the rate of mortality in organisms enhances. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pharmaceuticals residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles, and a mixture of pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles in aquatic biota. Another object was survey methods for recognizing pharmaceutical residues and nanoplastic and microplastic particles. The findings show that pharmaceutical residues in organisms caused cell structure damage, inflammatory response, and nerve cell apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of microplastic particles in the human food chain and their impact on human health. Moreover, this review aims to present an innovative methodology based on comprehensive analytical techniques used to determine and identify pharmaceuticals adsorbed on nano- and microplastics in aquatic ecosystems. Finally, this review addresses the knowledge gaps and provides insights into future research strategies to better understand their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pashaei
- Marine Research Institute of Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland.
| | | | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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16
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Rahman L, Mallach G, Kulka R, Halappanavar S. Microplastics and nanoplastics science: collecting and characterizing airborne microplastics in fine particulate matter. Nanotoxicology 2022; 15:1253-1278. [PMID: 35007468 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.2018065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution in the environment is increasing, leading to growing concerns about human exposures and the subsequent impact on health. Although marine MP research has received significant attention in recent years, only a few studies have attempted characterization of MP in air and examined the MP uptake and influence via inhalation on human health. Moreover, the methods used for MP characterization in the marine environment require further optimization to be applicable to MP in the air. This paper details method for collecting and characterizing MP < 2.5 μm in air samples for the purposes of toxicological assessment. The first phase of the study evaluated (a) the suitability of various filter types to collect respirable airborne MP <2.5 μm, and; (b) the ability of Raman and enhanced darkfield-hyperspectral spectroscopy methods to identify MP reference standards collected from spiked filters and in cells after exposure to reference MP. In the second phase, these methods were employed to characterize MP <2.5 μm in personal, indoor and outdoor filter air samples and in cells following exposure to filter extracted material. The results showed the presence of a variety of MP in the respirable size fraction (0.1-1 µm aerodynamic diameter). Silver membrane filters were found not suitable for collecting and analyzing MP <2.5 μm. While it was easy to detect reference MP in cells post-exposure, the identity of only two types of air-borne MP was confirmed in cells. The study highlighted possible sources of artifacts and inconsistencies in analyzing airborne MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Mallach
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Da Costa Filho PA, Andrey D, Eriksen B, Peixoto RP, Carreres BM, Ambühl ME, Descarrega JB, Dubascoux S, Zbinden P, Panchaud A, Poitevin E. Detection and characterization of small-sized microplastics (≥ 5 µm) in milk products. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24046. [PMID: 34911996 PMCID: PMC8674347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have gained a high degree of public interest since they are associated with the global release of plastics into the environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of MPs throughout the food chain. However, information on the ingestion of MPs via the consumption of many commonly consumed foods like dairy products are scarce due to the lack of studies investigating the "contamination" of this food group by MPs. This lack of occurrence data is mainly due to the absence of robust analytical methods capable of reliably quantifying MPs with size < 20 µm in foods. In this work, a new methodology was developed to accurately determine and characterize MPs in milk-based products using micro-Raman (μRaman) technology, entailing combined enzymatic and chemical digestion steps. This is the first time that the presence of relatively low amounts of small-sized MP (≥ 5 µm) have been reported in raw milk collected at farm just after the milking machine and in some processed commercial liquid and powdered cow's milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Da Costa Filho
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Andrey
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Eriksen
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael P Peixoto
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit M Carreres
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark E Ambühl
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josep B Descarrega
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Dubascoux
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Zbinden
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Panchaud
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Poitevin
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Fraissinet S, Pennetta A, Rossi S, De Benedetto GE, Malitesta C. Optimization of a new multi-reagent procedure for quantitative mussel digestion in microplastic analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112931. [PMID: 34534932 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, different digestion protocols have been proposed to extract microplastics from mussels, an important product from aquaculture and a relevant economic resource, always scrutinized as a potential pollutant concentrator. In this study, a full factorial experimental design technique has been employed to achieve efficiency in removing biological materials while maximizing the recoveries of five common microplastics (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polyamide). A robust setpoint was calculated, 2.5% potassium hydroxide at 60 °C for 3 h with 5% hydrogen peroxide and 2.7% of methanol, permitting the quantitative digestion of mussel tissues and recovery of microplastics. These experimental conditions were successfully used to digest whole mussels bought from a local market, which possess high levels of microplastic contamination (41 items/g dry weight). The results highlight the importance of optimizing protocols to develop robust, easy to use and cheap quantitative approaches for analysing microplastic accumulation in edible organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fraissinet
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Pennetta
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica e Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica e Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DISTEBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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19
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Pittroff M, Müller YK, Witzig CS, Scheurer M, Storck FR, Zumbülte N. Microplastic analysis in drinking water based on fractionated filtration sampling and Raman microspectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59439-59451. [PMID: 33511538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) as emerging persistent pollutants were found in raw and drinking water worldwide. Since different methods were used, there is an urgent need for harmonized protocols for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. In this study, a holistic and validated analytical workflow for MP analysis in aqueous matrices down to 5 μm is presented. For sampling of several cubic meters of water, an easily portable filter cascade unit with different pore sizes (100-20-5 μm) was developed and successfully applied for the sampling of three processed drinking waters, two tap waters and one groundwater. The size distribution and polymer types of MP were determined using a two-step semi-automated Raman microspectroscopy analysis. For quality control, comprehensive process blanks were considered at all times and a recovery test yielded an overall recovery of 81%. The average concentration of identified MP was 66 ± 76 MP/m3 ranging from 1 MP/m3 to 197 MP/m3. All found concentrations were below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1880 MP/m3. The majority consisted of PE (86% ± 111%) while comparatively low numbers of PET (10% ± 25%), PP (3% ± 6%), and PA (1% ± 4%) were found. 79% of all particles were smaller than 20 μm. In summary, this study presents the application of a workflow for sampling and analysis of MP down to 5 μm with first results of no significant contamination in drinking water and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pittroff
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Kußmaulstr. 17, D-76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yanina K Müller
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cordula S Witzig
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian R Storck
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Federal Office for the Environment FOEN (Hydrology Division), CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Zumbülte
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, D-76139, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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Ivleva NP. Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11886-11936. [PMID: 34436873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics have become emerging particulate anthropogenic pollutants and rapidly turned into a field of growing scientific and public interest. These tiny plastic particles are found in the environment all around the globe as well as in drinking water and food, raising concerns about their impacts on the environment and human health. To adequately address these issues, reliable information on the ambient concentrations of microplastics and nanoplastics is needed. However, micro- and nanoplastic particles are extremely complex and diverse in terms of their size, shape, density, polymer type, surface properties, etc. While the particle concentrations in different media can vary by up to 10 orders of magnitude, analysis of such complex samples may resemble searching for a needle in a haystack. This highlights the critical importance of appropriate methods for the chemical identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics. The present article reviews advanced methods for the representative mass-based and particle-based analysis of microplastics, with a focus on the sensitivity and lower-size limit for detection. The advantages and limitations of the methods, and their complementarity for the comprehensive characterization of microplastics are discussed. A special attention is paid to the approaches for reliable analysis of nanoplastics. Finally, an outlook for establishing harmonized and standardized methods to analyze these challenging contaminants is presented, and perspectives within and beyond this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Magnin A, Entzmann L, Bazin A, Pollet E, Avérous L. Green Recycling Process for Polyurethane Foams by a Chem-Biotech Approach. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4234-4241. [PMID: 33629810 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are highly resistant materials used for building insulation or automotive seats. The polyurethane end-of-life issue must be addressed by the development of efficient recycling techniques. Since conventional recycling processes are not suitable for thermosets, waste management of PU foam is particularly questioning. By coupling biological and chemical processes, this study aimed at developing a green recycling pathway for PU foam using enzymes for depolymerization. For instance, enzymatic degradation of a PU foam synthesized with polycaprolactone and toluene diisocyanate led to a weight loss of 25 % after 24 h of incubation. The corresponding degradation products were recovered and identified as 6-hydroxycaproic acid and a short acid-terminated diurethane. An organometallic-catalyzed synthesis of second-generation polymers from these building blocks was carried out. A polymer with a high average molar mass of 74000 (Mw ) was obtained by mixing 50 % of recycled building blocks and 50 % of neat 6-hydroxycaproic acid. A poly(ester urethane) was synthesized without the use of toxic and decried polyisocyanates. It is the first time that a study offers the vision of a recycling loop starting from PU wastes and finishing with a second-generation polymer in a full circular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magnin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Lisa Entzmann
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Alfred Bazin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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22
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Huffman Ringwood A. Bivalves as Biological Sieves: Bioreactivity Pathways of Microplastics and Nanoplastics. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:185-195. [PMID: 34706207 DOI: 10.1086/716259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOceanic and coastal sampling programs have indicated extensive plastic pollution of marine habitats and revealed the need for understanding the scope and potential impacts of plastics on marine organisms. Sampling regimes for macroplastics (>5 mm) that can be visually collected for quantification and characterization in marine habitats provide valuable environmental data for the larger plastics. But less is known about the scope or potential impacts of small micron- and nano-sized bits of plastic that result from weathering of macroplastics and inputs of manufactured particles that could profoundly affect marine invertebrates, especially suspension feeders. Essential fundamental information about bivalve biology along with current research and reviews on microplastics, nanoplastics, and engineered nanoparticles were integrated to discuss how filter-feeding bivalves can serve as valuable bioindicators of plastic pollution. Bivalves can serve as important bioaccumulators of plastic particles and exhibit processing pathways that serve as biological sieves. Mesoplastics (1-5 mm) and large microplastics (>25 µm) will have a relatively short transit time (hours to days) and will primarily be concentrated in biodeposits (pseudofeces and feces). Small microplastics (<25 µm) and nanoplastics (<1 µm) are more likely to be accumulated in digestive gland tissues and cells, and also hemocytes, and will have longer retention times. Lysosomes are a common target organelle for uptake and toxicity in both of these cell types. Therefore, bivalves can potentially act as biological sieves for characterizing relative environmental exposures and bioreactivity of microplastics and nanoplastics, based on critical particle capture and processing pathways. This framework highlights the importance of developing diagnostic approaches to characterize potential environmental risks associated with plastic particles as well as potential interactions with other anthropogenic pollutants.
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23
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Huang H, Qureshi JU, Liu S, Sun Z, Zhang C, Wang H. Hyperspectral Imaging as a Potential Online Detection Method of Microplastics. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:754-763. [PMID: 32556690 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in aquatic environment has raised concern and as a result a number of studies have recently been published to find solutions for its rapid increase. Different methods have been proposed for microplastic identification. Spectral imaging shows a lot of promise for polymer identification; however, the identification time needs to be improved. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with chemometric analysis can reduce the identification times. In this study, we provide a review of recent studies related to polymer identification using HSI with a focus on the adopted classification algorithm and its factors for the online implementation of HSI. Furthermore, we review the limit of detection by HSI and the effect of particle size on classification accuracy. Additionally, performance of this method for various types of samples is also discussed. We conclude that HSI is possible to be a fast alternative for online microplastic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
- The Engineering Rresearch Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Shuchang Liu
- Jacobs Engineering, University of California of San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zehao Sun
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
- The Engineering Rresearch Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangzhou Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China.
- The Engineering Rresearch Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Tirkey A, Upadhyay LSB. Microplastics: An overview on separation, identification and characterization of microplastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112604. [PMID: 34146857 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At present plastic residues has become grave threat to the environment. Microplastics are plastic residues with a size <5 mm, due to their small size it is very difficult to remove them from water bodies, sediments and air with available techniques. Nanoplastics are different in size range as nanoplastics are smaller than 1 μm in size. This review is an attempt to gather an insight towards microplastic and its associated point of concerns. The review will highlight some of the methods appropriate for microplastics sampling and techniques for its identification in environmental samples. Some of the sampling methods include sieving, filtration, visual sorting, digestion, density separation. While, identification techniques in practice are SEM-EDS, FTIR, NIR, Raman, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Still there is a need and scope for development of more economical and portable techniques in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Tirkey
- National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Biotechnology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay
- National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Biotechnology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
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Environmental Microplastic Particles vs. Engineered Plastic Microparticles-A Comparative Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172881. [PMID: 34502921 PMCID: PMC8434362 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic particles (MPs) pose a novel threat to nature. Despite being first noticed in the 1970s, research on this topic has only surged in recent years. Researchers have mainly focused on environmental plastic particles; however, studies with defined microplastic particles as the sample input are scarce. Furthermore, comparison of those studies indicates a discrepancy between the particles found (e.g., in the environment) and those used for further research (e.g., exposure studies). Obviously, it is important to use particles that resemble those found in the environment to conduct appropriate research. In this review, different categories of microplastic particles are addressed, before covering an overview of the most common separation and analysis methods for environmental MPs is covered. After showing that the particles found in the environment are mostly irregular and polydisperse, while those used in studies with plastic microparticles as samples are often not, different particle production techniques are investigated and suggestions for preparing realistic plastic particles are given.
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26
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Prata JC, da Costa JP, Fernandes AJS, da Costa FM, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Selection of microplastics by Nile Red staining increases environmental sample throughput by micro-Raman spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146979. [PMID: 33866182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile Red staining enables visual identification and quantification of fluorescent particles as a proxy to microplastics at low cost and high throughput, including those of small sizes (≥2 μm), when preceded by proper natural organic matter removal, but providing no chemical characterization. On the other hand, micro-spectroscopy methods allow chemical characterization of particles based on their spectra, essential for polymer identification, but are costly and time-consuming. This work addresses the combination of both Nile Red staining with micro-Raman spectroscopy for the identification of microplastics. Besides being useful for quantification, Nile Red staining can be advantageously used as an objective criterion for pre-selection of particles for micro-Raman spectroscopy, producing little interference. The use of the 442 nm laser in micro-Raman spectroscopy induces Nile Red luminescence thus allowing to target the specific suspected microplastics when using an orange filter, reducing the number of particles subjected to identification and improving sample throughput. Staining dyes could also be used for mapping suspected microplastics before targeted analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Thus, coupling Nile Red with micro-Raman spectroscopy can be useful to improve time efficiency while using this equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João P da Costa
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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27
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Schymanski D, Oßmann BE, Benismail N, Boukerma K, Dallmann G, von der Esch E, Fischer D, Fischer F, Gilliland D, Glas K, Hofmann T, Käppler A, Lacorte S, Marco J, Rakwe ME, Weisser J, Witzig C, Zumbülte N, Ivleva NP. Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5969-5994. [PMID: 34283280 PMCID: PMC8440246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a widespread contaminant found not only in various natural habitats but also in drinking waters. With spectroscopic methods, the polymer type, number, size, and size distribution as well as the shape of microplastic particles in waters can be determined, which is of great relevance to toxicological studies. Methods used in studies so far show a huge diversity regarding experimental setups and often a lack of certain quality assurance aspects. To overcome these problems, this critical review and consensus paper of 12 European analytical laboratories and institutions, dealing with microplastic particle identification and quantification with spectroscopic methods, gives guidance toward harmonized microplastic particle analysis in clean waters. The aims of this paper are to (i) improve the reliability of microplastic analysis, (ii) facilitate and improve the planning of sample preparation and microplastic detection, and (iii) provide a better understanding regarding the evaluation of already existing studies. With these aims, we hope to make an important step toward harmonization of microplastic particle analysis in clean water samples and, thus, allow the comparability of results obtained in different studies by using similar or harmonized methods. Clean water samples, for the purpose of this paper, are considered to comprise all water samples with low matrix content, in particular drinking, tap, and bottled water, but also other water types such as clean freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darena Schymanski
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, 48147, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara E Oßmann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nizar Benismail
- Nestle Quality Assurance Center Vittel, 1020 Avenue Georges Clemenceau, 88800, Vittel, France
| | | | - Gerald Dallmann
- SGS Institut Fresenius GmbH, Königsbrücker Landstr. 161, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth von der Esch
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Fischer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Fischer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Karl Glas
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Käppler
- SGS Institut Fresenius GmbH, Königsbrücker Landstr. 161, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sílvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julie Marco
- Danone Waters, 11 Avenue du Général Dupas, 74500, Evian les Bains, France
| | | | - Jana Weisser
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Cordula Witzig
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Zumbülte
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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28
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Nel HA, Chetwynd AJ, Kelly CA, Stark C, Valsami-Jones E, Krause S, Lynch I. An Untargeted Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Approach for Plastic Polymer Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8721-8729. [PMID: 34110809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reliable chemical identification of specific polymers in environmental samples represents a major challenge in plastic research, especially with the wide range of commercial polymers available, along with variable additive mixtures. Thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TGA-FTIR-GC-MS) offers a unique characterization platform that provides both physical and chemical properties of the analyzed polymers. This study presents a library of 11 polymers generated using virgin plastics and post-consumer products. TGA inflection points and mass of remaining residues following pyrolysis, in some cases, proved to be indicative of the polymer type. FTIR analysis of the evolved gas was able to differentiate between all but polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Finally, GC-MS was able to differentiate between the unique chemical fingerprints of all but one polymer in the library. This library was then used to characterize real environmental samples of mesoplastics collected from beaches in the U.K. and South Africa. Unambiguous identification of the polymer types was achieved, with PE being the most frequently detected polymer and with South African samples indicating variations that potentially resulted from aging and weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Nel
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Kelly
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Stark
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- LEHNA-Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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29
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Vaksmaa A, Knittel K, Abdala Asbun A, Goudriaan M, Ellrott A, Witte HJ, Vollmer I, Meirer F, Lott C, Weber M, Engelmann JC, Niemann H. Microbial Communities on Plastic Polymers in the Mediterranean Sea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673553. [PMID: 34220756 PMCID: PMC8243005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic particles in the ocean are typically covered with microbial biofilms, but it remains unclear whether distinct microbial communities colonize different polymer types. In this study, we analyzed microbial communities forming biofilms on floating microplastics in a bay of the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the plastic particles mainly comprised polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) of which polyethylene and polypropylene particles were typically brittle and featured cracks. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and imaging by high-resolution microscopy revealed dense microbial biofilms on the polymer surfaces. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacterial communities on all plastic types consisted mainly of the orders Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacterales, Cytophagales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Chitinophagales, and Oceanospirillales. We found significant differences in the biofilm community composition on PE compared with PP and PS (on OTU and order level), which shows that different microbial communities colonize specific polymer types. Furthermore, the sequencing data also revealed a higher relative abundance of archaeal sequences on PS in comparison with PE or PP. We furthermore found a high occurrence, up to 17% of all sequences, of different hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria on all investigated plastic types. However, their functioning in the plastic-associated biofilm and potential role in plastic degradation needs further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vaksmaa
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Katrin Knittel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alejandro Abdala Asbun
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goudriaan
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Ellrott
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Harry J Witte
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Julia C Engelmann
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Helge Niemann
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Samuel AZ, Mukojima R, Horii S, Ando M, Egashira S, Nakashima T, Iwatsuki M, Takeyama H. On Selecting a Suitable Spectral Matching Method for Automated Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2060-2065. [PMID: 33521445 PMCID: PMC7841937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra are molecular structure-specific and hence are employed in applications requiring chemical identification. The advent of efficient handheld and smartphone-based Raman instruments is promoting widespread applications of the technique, which often involve less trained end users. Software modules that enable spectral library searches based on spectral pattern matching is an essential part of such applications. The Raman spectrum recorded by end users will naturally have varying levels of signal to noise (SN), baseline fluctuations, etc., depending on the sample environment. Further, in biological, forensic, food, pharmaceuticals, etc., fields where a vast amount of Raman spectral data is generated, careful removal of background is often impossible. In other words, a 100% match between the library spectrum and user input cannot be often guaranteed or expected. Often, such influences are discounted upon developing mathematical methods for general applications. In this manuscript, we carefully examine how such effects would determine the results of spectral similarity-based library search. We show that several popular mathematical spectral matching approaches give incorrect results under the influence of small changes in the baseline and/or the noise. We also discuss the points to be carefully considered while generating a spectral library. We believe our results will be a guiding note for developing applications of Raman spectroscopy that uses a standard spectral library and mathematical spectral matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Zachariah Samuel
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukojima
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shumpei Horii
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda
University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Soshi Egashira
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Research
Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research
Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Computational
Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology-Waseda
University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Institute
for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute
for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and
Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Understanding the sources, impacts, and fate of microplastics in the environment is critical for assessing the potential risks of these anthropogenic particles. However, our ability to quantify and identify microplastics in aquatic ecosystems is limited by the lack of rapid techniques that do not require visual sorting or preprocessing. Here, we demonstrate the use of impedance spectroscopy for high-throughput flow-through microplastic quantification, with the goal of rapid measurement of microplastic concentration and size. Impedance spectroscopy characterizes the electrical properties of individual particles directly in the flow of water, allowing for simultaneous sizing and material identification. To demonstrate the technique, spike and recovery experiments were conducted in tap water with 212-1000 μm polyethylene beads in six size ranges and a variety of similarly sized biological materials. Microplastics were reliably detected, sized, and differentiated from biological materials via their electrical properties at an average flow rate of 103 ± 8 mL/min. The recovery rate was ≥90% for microplastics in the 300-1000 μm size range, and the false positive rate for the misidentification of the biological material as plastic was 1%. Impedance spectroscopy allowed for the identification of microplastics directly in water without visual sorting or filtration, demonstrating its use for flow-through sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckett C. Colson
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anna P. M. Michel
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Kedzierski M, Geslain E, Pedrotti ML, Ghiglione JF, Bruzaud S. Pre-detection of microplastics using active thermography. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127648. [PMID: 32771705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectrometric analysis is one of the most widely used approaches to characterize the chemical nature of microplastics. Despite recent developments, this key step remains time consuming. The aim of this paper is to propose a new method for the pre-detection of microplastics based on mid-infrared imaging. Plastic particles were mixed with sand particles and placed on a glass filter. Infrared observation with a thermal camera shows a stronger thermal contrast measured between the filter and the plastics than between the filter and the sand, which reveals the plastic particles in a few tens of seconds. An image processing tool is then used to amplify this contrast. Furthermore, this pre-detection method makes it possible to propose hypotheses on the most probable chemical nature of the particles identified. Consequently, pre-detection using active thermography constitutes a promising way of significantly accelerating microplastic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France.
| | - Edouard Geslain
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
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33
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Elimination of Microplastics by Downstream Sand Filters in Wastewater Treatment. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of microplastic particles (MPP) and microplastic fibers (MPF) was investigated in the final treatment stage (sand filtration) in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the final treatment stage (sand filtration) at a process WWTP of a manufacturer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). At each sampling site, three samples on three different days were taken (before/after sand filtration). The samples were filtered through a 10 μm stainless steel cartridge filter utilizing a stainless steel centrifugal pump. Microplastics (MP) were separated from the wastewater matrix by oxidative treatment and density separation and analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy. Due to precautionary measures, procedural blanks were very low with a mean number of 4.3 ± 2.7 MPP and 0.88 ± 0.56 MPF within eight blank samples. The municipal WWTPs were able to eliminate 99.2% ± 0.29% and 99.4% ± 0.15% of MP in the sand filtration stage. The sand filtration of a PVC manufacturer eliminated 99.2%–99.9%.
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Usman S, Abdull Razis AF, Shaari K, Amal MNA, Saad MZ, Mat Isa N, Nazarudin MF, Zulkifli SZ, Sutra J, Ibrahim MA. Microplastics Pollution as an Invisible Potential Threat to Food Safety and Security, Policy Challenges and the Way Forward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9591. [PMID: 33371479 PMCID: PMC7767491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances, coupled with increasing demands by consumers, have led to a drastic increase in plastic production. After serving their purposes, these plastics reach our water bodies as their destination and become ingested by aquatic organisms. This ubiquitous phenomenon has exposed humans to microplastics mostly through the consumption of sea food. This has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to make an urgent call for the assessment of environmental pollution due to microplastics and its effect on human health. This review summarizes studies between 1999 and 2020 in relation to microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and human food products, their potential toxic effects as elicited in animal studies, and policies on their use and disposal. There is a paucity of information on the toxicity mechanisms of microplastics in animal studies, and despite their documented presence in food products, no policy has been in place so far, to monitor and regulates microplastics in commercial foods meant for human consumption. Although there are policies and regulations with respect to plastics, these are only in a few countries and in most instances are not fully implemented due to socioeconomic reasons, so they do not address the problem across the entire life cycle of plastics from production to disposal. More animal research to elucidate pathways and early biomarkers of microplastic toxicity that can easily be detected in humans is needed. This is to create awareness and influence policies that will address this neglected threat to food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunusi Usman
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.U.); (K.S.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.U.); (K.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.A.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.S.); (M.A.I.)
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (Aqua Health), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.Z.S.); (M.F.N.)
| | - Mohd Zamri Saad
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (Aqua Health), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.Z.S.); (M.F.N.)
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (Aqua Health), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.Z.S.); (M.F.N.)
| | - Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.A.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.S.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Jumria Sutra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.A.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.S.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Musa Adamu Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.A.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.S.); (M.A.I.)
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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chemically Characterized Microplastics within the Protected Area of Pelagos Sanctuary (NW Mediterranean Sea): Focus on Natural and Urban Beaches. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Data on the abundance and distribution of Anthropogenic Marine Debris (AMD) on the coastal areas of the northern Tyrrhenian coast are still scarce. The objective of this study is to characterize, in terms of size, color, morphology and polymeric nature, the Large Microplastics (LMPs), i.e., plastic objects within 1 and 5 mm, sampled on three beaches located within the coastal macro-area of the Pelagos Sanctuary, an international protected zone in the north-western Mediterranean. The beaches have similar morphological characteristics but different degrees of urbanization. LMPs were sampled seasonally for one year. The polymeric nature of a representative subsample of the collected LMPs was investigated using a portable Raman instrument, to assess the feasibility of in situ characterization. In this study, 26,486 items were sorted by typology (Expanded Polystyrene-EPS, fragments, and resin pellets), size, and for fragments and resin pellets, also by color and chemical nature. Statistical data on the quantity, density, type, spatial distribution, and seasonality of the sampled LMPs are presented. Differences in LMP abundance and composition were detected among sites. A seasonality trend emerges from our statistical analysis, depending on both LMP typology and urbanization degrees of the beaches. Our data do not show the existence of a relationship between the size of the investigated MPs and their color, while they suggest that the type of polymer influences the degree of fragmentation. This underlines the need to further investigate the mechanisms leading to the production and dispersion of MPs in coastal areas, taking into account both the urbanization of the beach, and therefore the possible sources of input, and the different types of MPs. Finally, a Raman portable instrument proved to be a valuable aid in performing in situ polymeric characterization of LMPs.
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36
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Wright RJ, Erni-Cassola G, Zadjelovic V, Latva M, Christie-Oleza JA. Marine Plastic Debris: A New Surface for Microbial Colonization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11657-11672. [PMID: 32886491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastics become rapidly colonized by microbes when released into marine environments. This microbial community-the Plastisphere-has recently sparked a multitude of scientific inquiries and generated a breadth of knowledge, which we bring together in this review. Besides providing a better understanding of community composition and biofilm development in marine ecosystems, we critically discuss current research on plastic biodegradation and the identification of potentially pathogenic "hitchhikers" in the Plastisphere. The Plastisphere is at the interface between the plastic and its surrounding milieu, and thus drives every interaction that this synthetic material has with its environment, from ecotoxicity and new links in marine food webs to the fate of the plastics in the water column. We conclude that research so far has not shown Plastisphere communities to starkly differ from microbial communities on other inert surfaces, which is particularly true for mature biofilm assemblages. Furthermore, despite progress that has been made in this field, we recognize that it is time to take research on plastic-Plastisphere-environment interactions a step further by identifying present gaps in our knowledge and offering our perspective on key aspects to be addressed by future studies: (I) better physical characterization of marine biofilms, (II) inclusion of relevant controls, (III) study of different successional stages, (IV) use of environmentally relevant concentrations of biofouled microplastics, and (V) prioritization of gaining a mechanistic and functional understanding of Plastisphere communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gabriel Erni-Cassola
- Man-Society-Environment (MSE) program, University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Vinko Zadjelovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Mira Latva
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Joseph A Christie-Oleza
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma 07122, Spain
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles 07190, Spain
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37
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Quantitative Microscopy: Particle Size/Shape Characterization, Addressing Common Errors Using 'Analytics Continuum' Approach. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:833-849. [PMID: 32971124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Particle size/shape characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is integral to successful product development. It is more of a correlative property than a decision-making measure. Though microscopy is the only technique that provides a direct measure of particle properties, it is neglected for reasons like non-repeatability and non-reproducibility which is often attributed to a) fundamental error, b) segregation error, c) human error, d) sample randomness, e) sample representativeness etc. Using the "Sucrose" as model sample, we propose "analytics continuum" approach that integrates optical microscope PSD measurements complimented by NIR spectroscopy-based trending analysis as a prescreening tool to demonstrate sample randomness and representativeness. Furthermore, plethora of statistical tests are utilized to infer population statistics. Subsequently, an attribute-based control chart and bootstrap-based confidence interval was developed to monitor product performance. A flowchart to serve as an elementary guideline is developed, which is then extended to handle more complex situations involving API crystallized from two different solvent systems. The results show that the developed methodology can be utilized as a quantitative procedure to assess the suitability of API/excipients from different batches or from alternate vendors and can significantly help in understanding the differences between material even on a minor scale.
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38
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Primpke S, Christiansen SH, Cowger W, De Frond H, Deshpande A, Fischer M, Holland EB, Meyns M, O'Donnell BA, Ossmann BE, Pittroff M, Sarau G, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Wiggin KJ. Critical Assessment of Analytical Methods for the Harmonized and Cost-Efficient Analysis of Microplastics. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1012-1047. [PMID: 32249594 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820921465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are of major concerns for society and is currently in the focus of legislators and administrations. A small number of measures to reduce or remove primary sources of microplastics to the environment are currently coming into effect. At the moment, they have not yet tackled important topics such as food safety. However, recent developments such as the 2018 bill in California are requesting the analysis of microplastics in drinking water by standardized operational protocols. Administrations and analytical labs are facing an emerging field of methods for sampling, extraction, and analysis of microplastics, which complicate the establishment of standardized operational protocols. In this review, the state of the currently applied identification and quantification tools for microplastics are evaluated providing a harmonized guideline for future standardized operational protocols to cover these types of bills. The main focus is on the naked eye detection, general optical microscopy, the application of dye staining, flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-Ir) and microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, thermal degradation by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) as well as thermo-extraction and desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). Additional techniques are highlighted as well as the combined application of the analytical techniques suggested. An outlook is given on the emerging aspect of nanoplastic analysis. In all cases, the methods were screened for limitations, field work abilities and, if possible, estimated costs and summarized into a recommendation for a workflow covering the demands of society, legislation, and administration in cost efficient but still detailed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Primpke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Silke H Christiansen
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Win Cowger
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hannah De Frond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Deshpande
- NOAA Fisheries, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory at Sandy Hook, Highlands, NJ, USA
| | - Marten Fischer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Erika B Holland
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Meyns
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Bridget A O'Donnell
- HORIBA Instruments Incorporated, A HORIBA Scientific Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Barbara E Ossmann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy-Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Pittroff
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - George Sarau
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kara J Wiggin
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
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39
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Thaysen C, Munno K, Hermabessiere L, Rochman CM. Towards Raman Automation for Microplastics: Developing Strategies for Particle Adhesion and Filter Subsampling. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:976-988. [PMID: 32285682 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820922900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Automation and subsampling have been proposed as solutions to reduce the time required to quantify and characterize microplastics in samples using spectroscopy. However, there are methodological dilemmas associated with automation that are preventing its widespread implementation including ensuring particles stay adhered to the filter during filter mapping and developing an appropriate subsampling strategy to reduce the time needed for analysis. We provide a solution to the particle adherence issue by applying Skin Tac, a non-polymeric permeable adhesive that allows microplastic particles to adhere to the filter without having their Raman signal masked by the adhesive. We also explore different subsampling strategies to help inform how to take a representative subsample. Based on the particle distributions observed on filters, we determined that assuming a homogenous particle distribution is inappropriate and can lead to over- and under-estimations of extrapolated particle counts. Instead, we provide recommendations for future studies that wish to subsample to increase the throughput of samples for spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Thaysen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keenan Munno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ludovic Hermabessiere
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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40
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Levermore JM, Smith TEL, Kelly FJ, Wright SL. Detection of Microplastics in Ambient Particulate Matter Using Raman Spectral Imaging and Chemometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8732-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Levermore
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. L. Smith
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Wright
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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41
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Lang M, Yu X, Liu J, Xia T, Wang T, Jia H, Guo X. Fenton aging significantly affects the heavy metal adsorption capacity of polystyrene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137762. [PMID: 32199360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics released into the environment undergo a variety of aging processes, however, information about the influence of aging on the adsorption behavior of microplastics is limited. In order to better understand the effect of aging polystyrene (PS) on the ability to adsorb heavy metal, H2O2 and Fenton reagent were used to investigate the aging properties of PS. Aging PS with these two different aging agents at pH = 4 and room temperature for the same time. Physical and chemical characterization indicated that aging caused oxidation of the surface of PS and the formation of surface micro-cracks. Based on the 2D-COS analysis, the aging process of PS functional groups could occur in the following sequence: 1375 (C-OH) > 1739 (C=O) > 1182 cm-1 (C-O-C) > 1716 (O-C=O). The adsorption experiments for Cd2+ with two different concentrations were carried out by PS with different aging time at room temperature. The adsorption data showed that the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ was significantly enhanced after aging compared with pristine PS, and the adsorption capacity of PS after Fenton aging treatment is much stronger than that after H2O2 aging treatment. The kinetic analysis of the adsorption data indicates that the adsorption process is more consistent with the second-order kinetics than the first-order kinetics, and it is further concluded that the adsorption of Cd2+ by PS is a relatively complicated process. According to the fitting results of adsorption isotherms, the adsorption process of pristine PS mainly occurs on the surface, but with the continuous aging, more adsorption sites may be exposed on the surface of PS, so it can be concluded that the adsorption mechanism of Cd2+ by PS is the coexistence of physics and chemistry. This study indicates aging microplastics may have a significant impact on the destination and migration of metal contaminants, which deserves to be further concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Lang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiaheng Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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42
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Cutroneo L, Reboa A, Besio G, Borgogno F, Canesi L, Canuto S, Dara M, Enrile F, Forioso I, Greco G, Lenoble V, Malatesta A, Mounier S, Petrillo M, Rovetta R, Stocchino A, Tesan J, Vagge G, Capello M. Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8938-8952. [PMID: 32026372 PMCID: PMC7165152 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The European Interreg Italy-France 2014-2020 Maritime Project SPlasH! (Stop to Plastics in H2O!) focused on the study of microplastics (MPs) in the marine port environment to evaluate their presence, abundance, and mechanisms of diffusion to the open sea. In the framework of this project, a worldwide review of 74 studies was carried out, providing an overview of MP investigation techniques, focusing on sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification of MPs collected in seawater, and specifically evaluating their applicability to the marine port environment. Nets were the most commonly used device for MP surface sampling, but their use can be difficult in narrow spaces within the port basins, and they must be coupled to discrete sampling devices to cover all port basins. In the laboratory, density separation (NaCl, ZnCl2, NaI, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)), filtration (polycarbonate, polyamide, glass, cellulose, ANOPORE inorganic membrane filters), sieving, visual sorting, and digestion methods (acidic, enzymatic, alkaline, oxidative) were used to separate MPs from seawater. Digestion becomes essential with water samples with great inorganic and organic loads as deriving from a port. Although many studies are based only on visual MP identification under a microscope, analytical identification techniques unequivocally determine the particle nature and the identity of the plastic polymers and are necessary to validate the visual sorting of MPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is the most used analytical identification technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutroneo
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Anna Reboa
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Besio
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Borgogno
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Susanna Canuto
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Dara
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Enrile
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Iskender Forioso
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Greco
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | | | - Stéphane Mounier
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | - Mario Petrillo
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ruben Rovetta
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Javier Tesan
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | - Greta Vagge
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Capello
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
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43
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Cutroneo L, Reboa A, Besio G, Borgogno F, Canesi L, Canuto S, Dara M, Enrile F, Forioso I, Greco G, Lenoble V, Malatesta A, Mounier S, Petrillo M, Rovetta R, Stocchino A, Tesan J, Vagge G, Capello M. Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [PMID: 32026372 DOI: 10.1007/s1l356-020-07783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The European Interreg Italy-France 2014-2020 Maritime Project SPlasH! (Stop to Plastics in H2O!) focused on the study of microplastics (MPs) in the marine port environment to evaluate their presence, abundance, and mechanisms of diffusion to the open sea. In the framework of this project, a worldwide review of 74 studies was carried out, providing an overview of MP investigation techniques, focusing on sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification of MPs collected in seawater, and specifically evaluating their applicability to the marine port environment. Nets were the most commonly used device for MP surface sampling, but their use can be difficult in narrow spaces within the port basins, and they must be coupled to discrete sampling devices to cover all port basins. In the laboratory, density separation (NaCl, ZnCl2, NaI, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)), filtration (polycarbonate, polyamide, glass, cellulose, ANOPORE inorganic membrane filters), sieving, visual sorting, and digestion methods (acidic, enzymatic, alkaline, oxidative) were used to separate MPs from seawater. Digestion becomes essential with water samples with great inorganic and organic loads as deriving from a port. Although many studies are based only on visual MP identification under a microscope, analytical identification techniques unequivocally determine the particle nature and the identity of the plastic polymers and are necessary to validate the visual sorting of MPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is the most used analytical identification technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutroneo
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Anna Reboa
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Besio
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Borgogno
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Susanna Canuto
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Dara
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Enrile
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Iskender Forioso
- ERI - European Research Institute Onlus, 24/d Via Pinelli, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Greco
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | | | - Stéphane Mounier
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | - Mario Petrillo
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ruben Rovetta
- DICCA, University of Genoa, 1 Via Montallegro, I-16145, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Javier Tesan
- Laboratoire MIO, University of Toulon, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon CEDEX 9, France
| | - Greta Vagge
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Capello
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, 26 Corso Europa, I-16132, Genoa, Italy
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44
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Yu K, Li N, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Yang B, Wu W, Gao J, Jiang J. Rapid Monitoring Approach for Microplastics Using Portable Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4656-4662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuning Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Hengnan Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Wenhai Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, P. R. China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, P. R. China
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45
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Kazour M, Jemaa S, El Rakwe M, Duflos G, Hermabassiere L, Dehaut A, Le Bihanic F, Cachot J, Cornille V, Rabhi K, Khalaf G, Amara R. Juvenile fish caging as a tool for assessing microplastics contamination in estuarine fish nursery grounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3548-3559. [PMID: 30324374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries serve as nursery grounds for many marine fish species. However, increasing human activities within estuaries and surrounding areas lead to significant habitat quality degradation for the juveniles. In recent years, plastic pollution has become a global environmental issue as plastic debris are found in all aquatic environments with potential adverse impacts on marine biota. Given the important ecological role of estuaries and implications of microplastics (MP) in ecosystems, here we assess the occurrence, number, size, and polymer types of MP ingested by wild and caged juvenile European flounder (Platichthys flesus). We deployed caged fish for 1 month at five sites in three estuaries in the eastern English Channel. The Seine estuary, heavily impacted by manmade modifications and one of the most contaminated estuaries in Europe, was compared to two smaller estuaries (Canche and Liane) less impacted by industrial activities. We found that juvenile flounders (7-9 cm) were vulnerable to plastic ingestion. Seventy-five percent of caged fish and 58% of wild caught fish had the presence of MP items in their digestive tract. Fibers (69%) dominated in the fish's digestive tract at all sites. An average of 2.04 ± 1.93 MP items were ingested by feral juvenile flounder and 1.67 ± 1.43 by caged juvenile flounder. For the caged fish, the three sites impacted by wastewater treatment plant (Liane, Le Havre harbor, and Rouen) were those with the highest percentage of individuals that has ingested MP items. Most of the isolated items were fibers and blue in color. Polymers identified by micro Raman spectroscopy were polycaprolactam, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyurethane. Although other environmental factors may have affected caged fish condition and mortality, we found no significant correlation with the number of ingested MP. However, the high occurrence of MP ingested by juvenile fish on nursery grounds raises concerns on their potential negative effects for fish recruitment success and population renewal. Finally, this study describes, for the first time, the feasibility of using caged juvenile fish as an assessing tool of MP contamination in estuarine nursery grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kazour
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Université Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, 32 Avenue Foch, Wimereux, France.
- CNRS-L, National Center for Marine Sciences, PO Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon.
| | - Sharif Jemaa
- CNRS-L, National Center for Marine Sciences, PO Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Maria El Rakwe
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs et Mesures (LDCM), Centre Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200, Boulogne, France
| | - Ludovic Hermabassiere
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200, Boulogne, France
| | - Alexandre Dehaut
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200, Boulogne, France
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratory EPOC UMR CNRS 5805, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Jerome Cachot
- Laboratory EPOC UMR CNRS 5805, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Vincent Cornille
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Université Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, 32 Avenue Foch, Wimereux, France
| | - Khalef Rabhi
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Université Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, 32 Avenue Foch, Wimereux, France
| | - Gaby Khalaf
- CNRS-L, National Center for Marine Sciences, PO Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Rachid Amara
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Université Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, 32 Avenue Foch, Wimereux, France.
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46
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Helm PA. Occurrence, Sources, Transport, and Fate of Microplastics in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kedzierski M, Falcou-Préfol M, Kerros ME, Henry M, Pedrotti ML, Bruzaud S. A machine learning algorithm for high throughput identification of FTIR spectra: Application on microplastics collected in the Mediterranean Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:242-251. [PMID: 31226506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to automatically determine the chemical nature of microplastics by FTIR-ATR spectra is an important challenge. A machine learning method, named k-nearest neighbors classification, has been applied on spectra of microplastics collected during Tara Expedition in the Mediterranean Sea (2014). To realize these tests, a learning database composed of 969 microplastic spectra has been created. Results show that the machine learning process is very efficient to identify spectra of classical polymers such as poly(ethylene), but also that the learning database must be enhanced with less common microplastic spectra. Finally, this method has been applied on more than 4000 spectra of unidentified microplastics. The verification protocol showed less than 10% difference in the results between the proposed automated method and a human expertise, 75% of which can be very easily corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
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48
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Zhu X, Nguyen B, You JB, Karakolis E, Sinton D, Rochman C. Identification of Microfibers in the Environment Using Multiple Lines of Evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11877-11887. [PMID: 31525870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfibers, characterized as small fibers shed from textiles that are less than 5 mm in size, are a prominent contaminant in the environment. Thus, it is important that we have methods to accurately quantify and characterize them, including in water, sediment, wildlife, seafood, and drinking water samples. Unfortunately, their small size and the presence of different dyes on the microfibers themselves cause difficulties in identification via conventional spectroscopic methods of total attenuated resonance-Fourier transform infrared and Raman. To help solve some of these methodological challenges, we developed a new method employing polymer-dye binding chemistry, density tests, unique surface morphological traits, and fluorescent staining to identify microfibers in environmental samples. The identification method introduced here was tested in our laboratory via trials using microfibers shed from new textiles and environmental samples. We found that the method can be successfully applied to identify the different polymer types of microfibers, which can ultimately help source apportion microfiber contamination in the environment.
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Gillibert R, Balakrishnan G, Deshoules Q, Tardivel M, Magazzù A, Donato MG, Maragò OM, Lamy de La Chapelle M, Colas F, Lagarde F, Gucciardi PG. Raman Tweezers for Small Microplastics and Nanoplastics Identification in Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9003-9013. [PMID: 31259538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the fate and distribution of micro- and nano- plastics in the marine environment is limited by the intrinsic difficulties of the techniques currently used for the detection, quantification, and chemical identification of small particles in liquid (light scattering, vibrational spectroscopies, and optical and electron microscopies). Here we introduce Raman Tweezers (RTs), namely optical tweezers combined with Raman spectroscopy, as an analytical tool for the study of micro- and nanoplastics in seawater. We show optical trapping and chemical identification of sub-20 μm plastics, down to the 50 nm range. Analysis at the single particle level allows us to unambiguously discriminate plastics from organic matter and mineral sediments, overcoming the capacities of standard Raman spectroscopy in liquid, intrinsically limited to ensemble measurements. Being a microscopy technique, RTs also permits one to assess the size and shapes of particles (beads, fragments, and fibers), with spatial resolution only limited by diffraction. Applications are shown on both model particles and naturally aged environmental samples, made of common plastic pollutants, including polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and polystyrene, also in the presence of a thin eco-corona. Coupled to suitable extraction and concentration protocols, RTs have the potential to strongly impact future research on micro and nanoplastics environmental pollution, and enable the understanding of the fragmentation processes on a multiscale level of aged polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Gillibert
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Gireeshkumar Balakrishnan
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | | | - Morgan Tardivel
- Ifremer LDCM , Centre Bretagne, CS 10070 , 29280 Plouzané , France
| | - Alessandro Magazzù
- Department of Physics , University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Maria Grazia Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Marc Lamy de La Chapelle
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | - Florent Colas
- Ifremer LDCM , Centre Bretagne, CS 10070 , 29280 Plouzané , France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | - Pietro G Gucciardi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
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50
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Wright SL, Levermore JM, Kelly FJ. Raman Spectral Imaging for the Detection of Inhalable Microplastics in Ambient Particulate Matter Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8947-8956. [PMID: 31293159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants, with preliminary evidence indicating they are a novel component of air pollution. This presents a plausible inhalation exposure pathway, should microplastics occur in the inhalable size range; however, this remains an analytical challenge. Here, we develop a filter-based sampling method compatible with both air quality monitoring and Raman spectral imaging (RSI) for the detection of inhalable-sized microplastics. Clean and particulate matter (PM) contaminated filters of a range of compositions were screened. RSI was validated using a plastic microbead suspension (poly(methyl methacrylate) (5-27 μm), polyethylene (10-27 μm), and polystyrene (4 and 10 μm)). Filters were loaded with the suspension before being analyzed. RSI analysis was conducted using a univariate analysis, fitting unique plastic bands to the spectral data sets, where high spatial intensity indicated the presence of microplastics. Inhalable microplastics were not visibly detectable against quartz or spectroscopically detectable against polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)- and alumina-based filters. While microplastics were detectable against cellulose, the PM-contaminated filters (4 and 24 h) burned during analysis. The greatest intensities for microplastics were observed against the silver membrane filter, and inhalable microplastics were still detectable in a 24 h PM sample. These findings will facilitate the acquisition of inhalable microplastic concentrations, which are necessary for understanding microplastic exposure and, ultimately, what their potential role in PM-associated health effects might be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Levermore
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences , King's College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
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