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Grochowska KM, Bär J, Gomes GM, Kreutz MR, Karpova A. Jacob, a Synapto-Nuclear Protein Messenger Linking N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Activation to Nuclear Gene Expression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:787494. [PMID: 34899262 PMCID: PMC8662305 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.787494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons exhibit a complex dendritic tree that is decorated by a huge number of spine synapses receiving excitatory input. Synaptic signals not only act locally but are also conveyed to the nucleus of the postsynaptic neuron to regulate gene expression. This raises the question of how the spatio-temporal integration of synaptic inputs is accomplished at the genomic level and which molecular mechanisms are involved. Protein transport from synapse to nucleus has been shown in several studies and has the potential to encode synaptic signals at the site of origin and decode them in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the properties of the synapto-nuclear messenger protein Jacob with special emphasis on a putative role in hippocampal neuronal plasticity. We will elaborate on the interactome of Jacob, the signals that control synapto-nuclear trafficking, the mechanisms of transport, and the potential nuclear function. In addition, we will address the organization of the Jacob/NSMF gene, its origin and we will summarize the evidence for the existence of splice isoforms and their expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Neuronal Protein Transport, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Optobiology, Institute of Biology, HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guilherme M Gomes
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Ko EK, Chorich LP, Sullivan ME, Cameron RS, Layman LC. JAK/STAT signaling pathway gene expression is reduced following Nelf knockdown in GnRH neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:151-159. [PMID: 29050862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is crucial for the proper function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, subsequent puberty, and reproduction. When GnRH neuron migration or GnRH regulation is impaired, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism results. Mutations in the gene for nasal embryonic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (NELF) have been identified in GnRH-deficient humans. NELF is a predominantly nuclear protein that may participate in gene transcription, but the genes NELF regulates are unknown. To address this question, RNA was extracted from NLT GnRH neuronal cells following either stable Nelf knockdown or scrambled control and subjected to cDNA arrays. Transcription factors and cell migration gene expression was altered most commonly. Members of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, including Stat1, Stat2, Stat5a, Jak2, Irf7 and Irf9, were significantly down regulated as assessed by RT-qPCR. Protein levels of STAT1, phospho-STAT1, and JAK2 were reduced, but the protein level of phospho-JAK2 was not. These findings suggest a role for NELF in the regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which have important functions in GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Ko
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Lynn P Chorich
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Megan E Sullivan
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Richard S Cameron
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Aiello FC, Magro G, Imbesi R. A journey through the pituitary gland: Development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:355-66. [PMID: 25858531 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are morphologically and functionally associated in the endocrine and neuroendocrine control of other endocrine glands. They therefore play a key role in a number of regulatory feedback processes that co-ordinate the whole endocrine system. Here we review the neuroendocrine system, from the discoveries that led to its identification to some recently clarified embryological, functional, and morphological aspects. In particular we review the pituitary gland and the main notions related to its development, organization, cell differentiation, and vascularization. Given the crucial importance of the factors controlling neuroendocrine system development to understand parvocellular neuron function and the aetiology of the congenital disorders related to hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, we also provide an overview of the molecular and genetic studies that have advanced our knowledge in the field. Through the action of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland is involved in the control of a broad range of key aspects of our lives: the review focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, particularly GnRH, whose abnormal secretion is associated with clinical conditions involving delayed or absent puberty and reproductive dysfunction.
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N-methyl D-aspartate receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor (Nsmf) plays a novel role in myoblast proliferation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:79-84. [PMID: 25248434 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis, the formation and regeneration of muscular tissue, is a fundamental factor in embryonic development. N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor (Nsmf) mediates NMDA receptor endocytosis in GnRH neuronal cells. NMDA receptor is involved in myoblast differentiation by regulating Ca2 (+) dependent fusion of myocytes. In this study, we investigated the role of Nsmf in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Quantitative-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry results showed that the Nsmf expression levels increased during both the differentiation and proliferation of myocytes. Knockdown of Nsmf in myocytes by siRNA did not affect the myocyte differentiation marker myogenin. However, flow cytometry showed that the proliferation rate of the Nsmf-knockdown cells was reduced compared to the control cells. Therefore, our results indicate that Nsmf is a novel myogenic factor that can enhance myoblast proliferation. Furthermore, Nsmf may be an important therapeutic target in diseases associated with aging, muscular dystrophy, or cachexia.
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