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Bhutta MS, Shahid N, Ajmal S, Shakoor S, Khursheed Z, Salisu IB, Ahmad S, Azam S, Yasmeen A, Latif A, Rao AQ. Investigation of the toxicity and safety concerns of transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae143. [PMID: 39296948 PMCID: PMC11406058 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The presented study investigated the potential toxicity and safety concerns associated with transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Methodology The experiment involved feeding Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic maize seeds formulated into standard diets at levels of 30% (w/w) for a duration of 90 days. The rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats per group. We assessed various parameters including overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, and histopathology. Results The results of these assessments were compared between the control group and the treatment groups. The study findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in terms of overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, microscopic histopathology, and gross appearance of tissues. These observations suggest that the consumption of transgenic maize seeds did not lead to any treatment-related adverse effects or toxicological issues. Furthermore, the transgenic maize seeds were found to be nutritionally equivalent to their non-transgenic counterpart. Conclusion Overall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the Rats fed with transgenic feed.However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on the parameters measured and the outcomes observed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and further research and studies are necessary to fully evaluate the safety and potential applications of transgenic edible vaccines in humans or other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Bhutta
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Sara Ajmal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Sana Shakoor
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79410, Unites States
| | - Zainab Khursheed
- Kinnaird college for women University, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim B Salisu
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University, Gida sitin, Dutse 720101, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Sheraz Ahmad
- Government College University Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Lahore
| | - Saira Azam
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Yasmeen
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Latif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
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Yadeta W, Amosun E, Mohammed H, Woldemedhin W, Sherefa K, Legesse A, Deresse G, Birhanu K, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Farnós O, Kamen AA, Gelaye E. Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Genotype VII Velogenic Pathotype Newcastle Disease Virus from Commercial Chicken Farms in Central Ethiopia, Distinct from the Local Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2024; 16:1249. [PMID: 39205223 PMCID: PMC11360104 DOI: 10.3390/v16081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1, also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Despite vaccination, the frequency of reported outbreaks in Ethiopia has increased. From January to June 2022, an active outbreak investigation was conducted in six commercial chicken farms across areas of central Ethiopia to identify the circulating NDV strains. Thirty pooled tissue specimens were collected from chickens suspected of being infected with NDV. A questionnaire survey of farm owners and veterinarians was also carried out to collect information on the farms and the outbreak status. NDV was isolated using specific-pathogen-free (SPF)-embryonated chicken eggs and detected using haemagglutination and the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The genotype and virulence of field NDV isolates were determined using phylogenetic analysis of fusion (F) protein gene sequences and the mean death time (MDT) test in SPF-embryonated chicken eggs. The questionnaire results revealed that ND caused morbidity (23.1%), mortality (16.3%), case fatality (70.8%), and significant economic losses. Eleven of thirty tissue specimens tested positive for NDV using haemagglutination and RT-PCR. The MDT testing and sequence analysis revealed the presence of virulent NDV classified as genotype VII of class II velogenic pathotype and distinct from locally used vaccine strains (genotype II). The amino acid sequences of the current virulent NDV fusion protein cleavage site motif revealed 112RRQKR↓F117, unlike the locally used avirulent vaccine strains (112GRQGR↓L117). The epidemiological data, MDT results, cleavage site sequence, and phylogenetic analysis all indicated that the present NDV isolates were virulent. The four NDV sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers F gene (PP726912-15) and M gene (PP726916-19). The genetic difference between avirulent vaccine strains and circulating virulent NDV could explain the low level of protection provided by locally used vaccines. Further studies are needed to better understand the circulating NDV genotypes in different production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waktole Yadeta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Pan African University, Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.O. Box 200005, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Amosun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.O. Box 200005, Nigeria;
| | - Hawa Mohammed
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Wubet Woldemedhin
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Kedir Sherefa
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Abinet Legesse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Getaw Deresse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Kenaw Birhanu
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (H.M.); (W.W.); (K.S.); (A.L.); (G.D.); (K.B.); (T.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Omar Farnós
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (O.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; (O.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5536, Ethiopia
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Sha Y, Liu X, Yan W, Wang M, Li H, Jiang S, Wang S, Ren Y, Zhang K, Yin R. Long Non-Coding RNA Analysis: Severe Pathogenicity in Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues Infected with Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus-A Comparison to the Avirulent Vaccine Virus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:971. [PMID: 38792800 PMCID: PMC11123907 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There are significant variations in pathogenicity among different virulent strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Virulent NDV typically induces severe pathological changes and high mortality rates in infected birds, while avirulent NDV usually results in asymptomatic infection. Currently, the understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying the differences in host pathological responses and symptoms caused by various virulent NDV strains remains limited. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can participate in a range of biological processes and plays a crucial role in viral infection and replication. Therefore, this study employed RNA-Seq to investigate the transcriptional profiles of chicken embryos' visceral tissues (CEVTs) infected with either the virulent NA-1 strain or avirulent LaSota strain at 24 hpi and 36 hpi. Using bioinformatic methods, we obtained a total of 2532 lncRNAs, of which there were 52 and 85 differentially expressed lncRNAs at 24 hpi and 36 hpi, respectively. LncRNA analysis revealed that the severe pathological changes and symptoms induced by virulent NDV infection may be partially attributed to related target genes, regulated by differentially expressed lncRNAs such as MSTRG.1545.5, MSTRG.14601.6, MSTRG.7150.1, and MSTRG.4481.1. Taken together, these findings suggest that virulent NDV infection exploits the host's metabolic resources and exerts an influence on the host's metabolic processes, accompanied by excessive activation of the immune response. This impacts the growth and development of each system of CEVTs, breaches the blood-brain barrier, inflicts severe damage on the nervous system, and induces significant lesions. These observations may be attributed to variations in pathology. Consequently, novel insights were obtained into the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing NDV and host interactions. This will aid in unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying both virulent and avirulent forms of NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weiwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Mengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Hongjin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Sijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yongning Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Renfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (W.Y.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.R.); (K.Z.)
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Sheng W, Wang K, Gui Y, Qi X, Shen L, Zhang Y, Tang C, Li X, Tao J, Cao C, Qian W, Liu J. Molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeon meat farms in Shanghai (2009-2012). Sci Rep 2024; 14:10741. [PMID: 38730036 PMCID: PMC11087573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains are generally non-pathogenic to chickens; however, they can induce severe illness and high mortality rates in pigeons, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The genomes of 11 PPMV-1 isolates from deceased pigeons on meat pigeon farms during passive monitoring from 2009 to 2012 were sequenced and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. The complete genome lengths of 11 isolates were approximately 15,192 nucleotides, displaying a consistent gene order of 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. ALL isolates exhibited the characteristic motif of 112RRQKRF117 at the fusion protein cleavage site, which is characteristic of velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Moreover, multiple mutations have been identified within the functional domains of the F and HN proteins, encompassing the fusion peptide, heptad repeat region, transmembrane domains, and neutralizing epitopes. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the F gene unveiled that all isolates clustered within genotype VI in class II. Further classification identified at least two distinct sub-genotypes, with seven isolates classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2, whereas the others were classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1. This study suggests that both sub-genotypes were implicated in severe disease manifestation among meat pigeons, with sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 displaying an increasing prevalence among Shanghai's meat pigeon population since 2011. These results emphasize the value of developing pigeon-specific vaccines and molecular diagnostic tools for monitoring and proactively managing potential PPMV-1 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Sheng
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Kexuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yaping Gui
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Xinyong Qi
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Liping Shen
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Congsheng Tang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Shanghai Jiading District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Chuangui Cao
- Shanghai Jiading District Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, 201103, China.
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Abdelaziz R, Tartor YH, Barakat AB, El-Didamony G, Gado MM, Zaki MSA, Eid RA, El-Samadony HA. Alpha-sitosterol: a new antiviral agent produced by Streptomyces misakiensis and its potential activity against Newcastle disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:76. [PMID: 38413949 PMCID: PMC10898069 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Hence, this study aimed to discover a novel bioactive antiviral agent for controlling NDV. Streptomyces misakiensis was isolated from Egyptian soil and its secondary metabolites were identified using infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity of bioactive metabolite against NDV were examined. Three experimental groups of 10-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs), including the bioactive metabolite control group, NDV control positive group, and α-sitosterol and NDV mixture-treated group were inoculated. RESULTS α-sitosterol (Ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol), a secondary metabolite of S. misakiensis, completely inhibited hemagglutination (HA) activity of the NDV strain. The HA activity of the NDV strain was 8 log2 and 9 log2 for 0.5 and 0.75% RBCs, respectively. The NDV HA activity for the two concentrations of RBCs was significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited after α-sitosterol treatment. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) decrease in the log 2 of HA activity, with values of - 0.500 (75%, chicken RBCs) before inoculation in SPF-ECEs and - 1.161 (50%, RBCs) and - 1.403 (75%, RBCs) following SPF-ECE inoculation. Compared to ECEs inoculated with NDV alone, the α-sitosterol-treated group showed improvement in histological lesion ratings for chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) and hepatic tissues. The CAM of the α-sitosterol- inoculated SPF-ECEs was preserved. The epithelial and stromal layers were noticeably thicker with extensive hemorrhages, clogged vasculatures, and certain inflammatory cells in the stroma layer in the NDV group. However, mild edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the CAM of the treated group. ECEs inoculated with α-sitosterol alone showed normal histology of the hepatic acini, central veins, and portal triads. Severe degenerative alterations, including steatosis, clogged sinusoids, and central veins, were observed in ECEs inoculated with NDV. Mild hepatic degenerative alterations, with perivascular round cell infiltration, were observed in the treated group. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight that the potentially bioactive secondary metabolite, α-sitosterol, belonging to the terpene family, has the potential to be a biological weapon against virulent NDV. It could be used for the development of innovative antiviral drugs to control NDV after further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewan Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed B Barakat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Gado
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samir A Zaki
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 12573, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa A El-Samadony
- Department of Poultry, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 44511, Egypt
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Kalonda A, Saasa N, Kajihara M, Nao N, Moonga L, Ndebe J, Mori-Kajihara A, Mukubesa AN, Sakoda Y, Sawa H, Takada A, Simulundu E. Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Poultry in Live Bird Markets and Wild Waterfowl in Zambia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:354. [PMID: 38399757 PMCID: PMC10893471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is essential to the economy and livelihood of many rural Zambian households. However, the industry is threatened by infectious diseases, particularly Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection. Therefore, this study employed next-generation sequencing to characterise six NDV isolates from poultry in Zambia's live bird markets (LBMs) and wild waterfowl. Four NDV isolates were detected from 410 faecal samples collected from chickens in LBMs in Lusaka and two from 2851 wild birds from Lochinvar National Park. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four NDVs from LBM clustered in genotype VII and sub-genotype VII.2 were closely related to viruses previously isolated in Zambia and other Southern African countries, suggesting possible local and regional transboundary circulation of the virus. In contrast, the two isolates from wild birds belonged to class I viruses, genotype 1, and were closely related to isolates from Europe and Asia, suggesting the possible introduction of these viruses from Eurasia, likely through wild bird migration. The fusion gene cleavage site motif for all LBM-associated isolates was 112RRQKR|F117, indicating that the viruses are virulent, while the isolates from wild waterfowl had the typical 112ERQER|L117 avirulent motif. This study demonstrates the circulation of virulent NDV strains in LBMs and has, for the first time, characterised NDV from wild birds in Zambia. The study further provides the first whole genomes of NDV sub-genotype VII.2 and genotype 1 from Zambia and stresses the importance of surveillance and molecular analysis for monitoring the circulation of NDV genotypes and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kalonda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (N.N.)
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (N.N.)
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Ladslav Moonga
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Andrew Nalishuwa Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Division of Biological Response Analysis, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (N.N.)
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Biological Response Analysis, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (N.S.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (H.S.); (A.T.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
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7
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Mahmood S, Skinner P, Warren CJ, Mayers J, James J, Núñez A, Lean FZX, Brookes SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC, Ross CS. In vivo challenge studies on vaccinated chickens indicate a virus genotype mismatched vaccine still offers significant protection against NDV. Vaccine 2024; 42:653-661. [PMID: 38143198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial vaccines against Newcastle Disease have been available for decades, outbreaks still occur in the face of vaccination Further vaccination may accelerate viral evolution resulting in a further reduction in vaccine efficacy. A key question is whether genotype-matched vaccines can confer better protection against contemporary type 1 Avian Paramyxoviruses. To assess this, an in vivo vaccine-challenge study was undertaken to assess protection afforded by 'genotype-matched' and commercial vaccine formulations. Groups of chickens were vaccinated twice (prime-boost) with an inactivated preparation of either La Sota Clone 30, AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13 (genotype VII.2), or mock vaccine, and later challenged with virulent AV632-chicken-Cyprus-13. Post vaccinal serological responses differed, although both vaccination/challenge groups showed similar levels of clinical protection compared to the unvaccinated group, where 100 % mortality was observed. Shedding was significantly reduced in the vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group. Virus dissemination in the tissues of vaccinated birds was comparable, but onset of infection was delayed. Two mutations were observed in the HN gene of the heterologous vaccine group; H199N and I192M, the latter thought to be associated with increased fusogenic potential. These data demonstrate that existing vaccine formulations confer similar levels of clinical protection to contemporary strains and that the antigenic heterogeneity of circulating strains does not impact upon shedding profiles in immunised birds. In conclusion, the ability of virulent APMV-1 to cause disease in vaccinated flocks is unlikely to be the result of antigenic mismatch alone, and other factors likely contribute to vaccination failure and breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mahmood
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Skinner
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Mayers
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Ross
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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8
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Mihreteab B, Kgotlele T, Neguse F, Petros Y, Habtemariam H, Berhane Y, Wehab M, Cattoli G, Meki IK, Dundon WG. Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus detected in Eritrea between 2017 and 2021. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:426-431. [PMID: 37561557 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2247370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five samples collected from chickens in 13 commercial farms in Eritrea between 2017 and 2021 following reports of disease were screened for Newcastle disease virus. Seventeen samples (50%) were shown to be positive by RT-PCR. An initial analysis of partial fusion (F) gene sequences of 10 representative samples indicated that the viruses belonged to subgenotype VII.1.1. Subsequently, full F gene sequence analysis of four of these representative samples confirmed the genotype of the viruses but also revealed that they were not identical to each other suggesting different origins of the VII.1.1 subgenotype viruses circulating in Eritrea. These data have implications for the control of Newcastle disease within the poultry population in Eritrea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Mihreteab
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory (NAPHL), Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | - Fitsum Neguse
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory (NAPHL), Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Yodahi Petros
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory (NAPHL), Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | - Yordanos Berhane
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory (NAPHL), Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Munir Wehab
- National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory (NAPHL), Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene K Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Kariithi HM, Volkening JD, Chiwanga GH, Goraichuk IV, Olivier TL, Msoffe PLM, Suarez DL. Virulent Newcastle disease virus genotypes V.3, VII.2, and XIII.1.1 and their coinfections with infectious bronchitis viruses and other avian pathogens in backyard chickens in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1272402. [PMID: 37929287 PMCID: PMC10625407 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs from 2049 adult backyard chickens collected at 12 live bird markets, two each in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Mbeya, Morogoro and Tanga regions of Tanzania were screened for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR). The virus was confirmed in 25.23% of the birds (n = 517; rRT-PCR CT ≤ 30), with the highest positivity rates observed in birds from Dar es Salaam region with higher prevalence during the dry season (September-November 2018) compared to the rainy season (January and April-May 2019). Next-generation sequencing of OP/CL samples of 20 out of 32 birds that had high amounts of viral RNAs (CT ≤ 25) resulted in the assembly of 18 complete and two partial genome sequences (15,192 bp and 15,045-15,190 bp in length, respectively) of NDV sub-genotypes V.3, VII.2 and XIII.1.1 (n = 1, 13 and 4 strains, respectively). Two birds had mixed NDV infections (V.3/VII.2 and VII.2/XIII.1.1), and nine were coinfected with viruses of families Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, and Reoviridae. Of the coinfecting viruses, complete genome sequences of two avastroviruses (a recombinant chicken astrovirus antigenic group-Aii and avian nephritis virus genogroup-5) and two infectious bronchitis viruses (a turkey coronavirus-like recombinant and a GI-19 virus) were determined. The fusion (F) protein F1/F2 cleavage sites of the Tanzanian NDVs have the consensus motifs 112 RRRKR↓F 117 (VII.2 strains) and 112 RRQKR↓F 117 (V.3 and XIII.1.1 strains) consistent with virulent virus; virulence was confirmed by intracerebral pathogenicity index scores of 1.66-1.88 in 1-day-old chicks using nine of the 20 isolates. Phylogenetically, the complete F-gene and full genome sequences regionally cluster the Tanzanian NDVs with, but distinctly from, other strains previously reported in eastern and southern African countries. These data contribute to the understanding of NDV epidemiology in Tanzania and the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, United States
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, United States
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Tim L. Olivier
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peter L. M. Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- National Ranching Company Ltd., Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, United States
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10
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Tataje-Lavanda L, Málaga E, Verastegui M, Mayta Huatuco E, Icochea E, Fernández-Díaz M, Zimic M. Identification and evaluation in-vitro of conserved peptides with high affinity to MHC-I as potential protective epitopes for Newcastle disease virus vaccines. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:196. [PMID: 37805566 PMCID: PMC10559636 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease (ND) is a major threat to the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses. The current ND vaccines, usually based on active or attenuated strains, are only partially effective and can cause adverse effects post-vaccination. Therefore, the development of safer and more efficient vaccines is necessary. Epitopes represent the antigenic portion of the pathogen and their identification and use for immunization could lead to safer and more effective vaccines. However, the prediction of protective epitopes for a pathogen is a major challenge, especially taking into account the immune system of the target species. RESULTS In this study, we utilized an artificial intelligence algorithm to predict ND virus (NDV) peptides that exhibit high affinity to the chicken MHC-I complex. We selected the peptides that are conserved across different NDV genotypes and absent in the chicken proteome. From the filtered peptides, we synthesized the five peptides with the highest affinities for the L, HN, and F proteins of NDV. We evaluated these peptides in-vitro for their ability to elicit cell-mediated immunity, which was measured by the lymphocyte proliferation in spleen cells of chickens previously immunized with NDV. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified five peptides with high affinity to MHC-I that have the potential to serve as protective epitopes and could be utilized for the development of multi-epitope NDV vaccines. This approach can provide a safer and more efficient method for NDV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Tataje-Lavanda
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET SAC, Chincha Alta, Ica, Peru.
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
- School of Human Medicine, Private University San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.
| | - Edith Málaga
- Research Laboratory On Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Research Laboratory On Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
| | - Egma Mayta Huatuco
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Eliana Icochea
- Avian Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Mirko Zimic
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET SAC, Chincha Alta, Ica, Peru
- Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology, and Technological Developments Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
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11
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Ni J, Deng J, Chen Q, Liao T, Hu J, Chen Y, Hu S, Hu Z, Liu X. Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2239. [PMID: 37444037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term evolution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) results in substantial alteration in viral pathogenesis. NDVs of genotype VII, a late genotype, show marked tropism to lymphoid tissues, especially to macrophages in chickens. However, the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV is still unclear. Herein, NDV infectivity in macrophages and the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV in chickens were investigated. We reported that NDV strains of genotype VII (JS5/05) and IV (Herts/33) can replicate in the adherent (predominantly macrophages) and non-adherent cells (predominantly lymphocytes) derived from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and significantly higher virus gene copy was detected in the adherent cells. In addition, JS5/05 had significantly higher infectivity in PBMC-derived adherent cells than Herts/33, correlating with its enhanced tropism to macrophages in the spleen of chickens. Interestingly, the depletion of 68% of macrophages exerted no significant impact on clinical signs, mortality and the systematic replication of JS5/05 in chickens, which may be associated with the contribution of non-depleted macrophages and other virus-supportive cells to virus replication. Macrophage depletion resulted in a marked exacerbation of tissue damage and apoptosis in the spleen caused by JS5/05. These findings indicated that macrophages play a critical role in alleviating tissue damage caused by genotype VII NDV in chickens. Our results unveiled new roles of macrophages in NDV pathogenesis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianxing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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12
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Adam FEA, Zhao X, Guan Z, Chang Z, Thrusfield M, Lu K, El Tigani-Asil ETA, Terab AMA, Ismael M, Tong L, Prince-Theodore DW, Luo C, Xiao S, Wang X, Liu H, Yang Z. Simultaneous Expression of Chicken Granulocyte Monocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Epitope of the Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII C22 Strain in a Functional Synthetic Recombinant Adenovirus as a Genotype-Matched Vaccine with Potential Antiviral Activity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0402422. [PMID: 37036344 PMCID: PMC10269747 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When it comes to the prevention of clinical signs and mortality associated with infection of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), vaccination has been very effective. However, recent evidence has proven that more highly virulent strains are emerging that bypass existing immune protection and pose a serious threat to the global poultry industry. Here, a novel rescued adenovirus 5-coexpressed chicken granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (ChGM-CSF) bio-adjuvant and C22-hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) boosted chickens' immunological genetic resistance and thus improved the immunological effectiveness of the critical new-generation vaccine in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers (log2) of the recombinant adenovirus (rAdv)-ChGM-CSF-HN-immunized chickens had greater, more persistent, and longer-lasting NDV-specific antibodies than the La Sota and rAdv-HN-inoculated birds. Moreover, humoral and adaptive immunological conditions were shown to be in harmony after rAdv-ChGM-CSF-HN inoculation and uniformly enhanced the expression of alpha interferon (IFN-α), IFN-β, IFN-γ, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-16, IL-18, and IL-22. Postchallenge, the control challenge (CC), wild-type adenovirus (wtAdv), and rAdv-ChGM-CSF groups developed unique NDV clinical manifestations, significant viral shedding, high tissue viral loads, gross and microscopic lesions, and 100% mortality within 7 days. The La Sota, rAdv-HN, and rAdv-ChGM-CSF-HN groups were healthy and had 100% survival rates. The rAdv-ChGM-CSF-HN group swiftly regulated and stopped viral shedding and had lower tissue viral loads than all groups at 5 days postchallenge (dpc). Thus, the antiviral activity of ChGM-CSF offered robust immune protection in the face of challenge and reduced viral replication convincingly. Our advance innovation concepts, combining ChGM-CSF with a field-circulating strain epitope, could lead to the development of a safe, genotype-matched, universal transgenic vaccine that could eradicate the disease globally, reducing poverty and food insecurity. IMPORTANCE We studied the biological characterization of the developed functional synthetic recombinant adenoviruses, which showed a high degree of safety, thermostability, and genetic stability for up to 20 passages. It was demonstrated through both in vitro and in vivo testing that the immunogenicity of the proposed vaccine, which uses the T2A peptide from the Thosea asigna virus capsid protein supported by glycine and serine, helps with efficiency to generate a multicistronic vector, enables expression of two functional proteins in rAdv-ChGM-CSF-HN, and is superior to that of comparable vaccines. Additionally, adenovirus can be used to produce vaccines matching the virulent field-circulating strain epitope. Because there is no preexisting human adenoviral immunity detected in animals, the potency of adenoviral vaccines looks promising. Also, it ensures that the living vector does not carry the resistance gene that codes for the kanamycin antibiotic. Accordingly, a human recombinant adenoviral vaccine that has undergone biological improvements is beneficial and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathalrhman Eisa Addoma Adam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Xueliang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhao Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengwu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Michael Thrusfield
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kejia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - El Tigani Ahmed El Tigani-Asil
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Mohammed Adam Terab
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamedelfateh Ismael
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Chen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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13
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Yu Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yu Q, Jia Y, Yu C, Chen J, Chen S, He L. Rapid construction of infectious clones for distinct Newcastle disease virus genotypes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1178801. [PMID: 37303720 PMCID: PMC10248138 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1178801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The reverse genetics system of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has provided investigators with a powerful approach to understand viral molecular biology and vaccine development. It has been impressively improved with modified strategies since its first report, but it still poses some challenges. Most noteworthy, the genome complexity and length made full-length error-free cDNA assembly the most challenging and time-consuming step of NDV rescue. In the present study, we report a rapid full-length NDV genome construction with only a two-step ligation-independent cloning (LIC) strategy, which could be applied to distinct genotypes. In this approach, the genome of NDV was divided into two segments, and the cDNA clones were generated by RT-PCR followed by LIC. Subsequently, the infectious NDVs were rescued by co-transfection of the full-length cDNA clones and supporting plasmids expressing the NP, P, and L proteins of NDV in BHK-21 cells. Compared with the conventional cloning approaches, the two-step cloning method drastically reduced the number of cloning steps and saved researchers a substantial amount of time for constructing NDV infectious clones, thus enabling a rapid rescue of different genotypes of NDVs in a matter of weeks. Therefore, this two-step LIC cloning strategy may have an application to the rapid development of NDV-vectored vaccines against emerging animal diseases and the generation of different genotypes of recombinant NDVs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhua Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zedian Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yanyan Jia
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Lei He
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
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14
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Rajkhowa TK, Zodinpuii D, Bhutia LD, Islam SJ, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L, Kiran J, Choudhary OP. Emergence of a novel genotype of class II New Castle Disease virus in North Eastern States of India. Gene 2023; 864:147315. [PMID: 36842725 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of New Castle Disease from three north eastern states of India were confirmed by clinico-pathological examination followed by reverse transcription-PCR detection of F gene of ND Virus (NDV). Irrespective of vaccination, the outbreaks resulted 90-100% mortality in the affected flocks. The analysis of fusion protein sequences from ten field isolates revealed them as the velogenic or highly virulent strain. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete F gene nucleotide sequences of the isolates have characterized only one of the isolate (OK149201) in the genotype XIII.2.2. The rest of the nine isolates are depicted in a distinct monophyletic group with average nucleotide distances from the other 20 genotypes ranged from 10.90 - 20.70. The nine isolates were further divided into two sub branches with the bootstrap support value of 100% at the nodes that define the two subgroups with an average evolutionary nucleotide distance of 6.00between the isolates in the two subgroups. As per the recommendation put forth in recently updated unified phylogenetic classification system for NDV, our findings clearly indicates emergence of a novel genotype of class II NDV in the biodiversity hot spot region of NER, India. The isolates in the newly identified genotype is designated with next available Roman numerals XXII. Further, the two subgroups within the genotype are designated as XXII.1 and XXII.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridib Kumar Rajkhowa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India.
| | - Doris Zodinpuii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
| | | | - Sikder Jabidur Islam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
| | - Amrit Gogoi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Jalukie, Peren, Nagaland 797110, India
| | - Lalthapuii Hauhnar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
| | - J Kiran
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014, India
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15
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Improvement of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Sensitive Detection of the F Gene of Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1). Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030223. [PMID: 36977262 PMCID: PMC10056874 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) is the causative agent of Newcastle disease in poultry. This highly infectious disease causes large economic losses annually and worldwide. AOAV-1 does not only infect poultry, but it has a very broad host range and has been detected in over 230 bird species to date. A distinct group of viral strains within AOAV-1 are pigeon-adapted strains, also named pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1). AOAV-1 is transmitted through the feces of infected birds and secretions from the nasal and oral cavities and eyes. It is worth mentioning that wild birds can transmit the virus to captive birds, especially feral pigeons to poultry. Therefore, early and sensitive detection of this virus—including the monitoring of pigeons—is of utmost importance. A variety of molecular methods for the detection of AOAV-1 already exist, but the detection of the F gene cleavage site of currently circulating PPMV-1 strains has not proven to be particularly sensitive or suitable. As presented here, by modifying the primers and probe of an already established real-time reverse-transcription PCR, the sensitivity could be increased, allowing for a more reliable detection of the AOAV-1 F gene cleavage site. Furthermore, it becomes clear how important it is to constantly monitor and, if necessary, adapt existing diagnostic procedures.
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16
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Klink AC, Rula O, Sushko M, Bezymennyi M, Mezinov O, Gaidash O, Bai X, Stegniy A, Sapachova M, Datsenko R, Skorokhod S, Nedosekov V, Hill NJ, Ninua L, Kovalenko G, Ducluzeau AL, Mezhenskyi A, Buttler J, Drown DM, Causey D, Stegniy B, Gerilovych A, Bortz E, Muzyka D. Discovery of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 and APMV-6 in Shorebirds and Waterfowl in Southern Ukraine. Viruses 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 36992408 PMCID: PMC10058161 DOI: 10.3390/v15030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging RNA virus infections are a growing concern among domestic poultry industries due to the severe impact they can have on flock health and economic livelihoods. Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV; avulaviruses, AaV) are pathogenic, negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious infections in the respiratory and central nervous systems. APMV was detected in multiple avian species during the 2017 wild bird migration season in Ukraine and studied using PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing. Of 4090 wild bird samples collected, mostly from southern Ukraine, eleven isolates were grown in ovo and identified for APMV serotype by hemagglutinin inhibition test as: APMV-1, APMV-4, APMV-6, and APMV-7. To build One Health's capacity to characterize APMV virulence and analyze the potential risks of spillover to immunologically naïve populations, we sequenced virus genomes in veterinary research labs in Ukraine using a nanopore (MinION) platform. RNA was extracted and amplified using a multiplex tiling primer approach to specifically capture full-length APMV-1 (n = 5) and APMV-6 (n = 2) genomes at high read depth. All APMV-1 and APMV-6 fusion (F) proteins possessed a monobasic cleavage site, suggesting these APMVs were likely low virulence, annually circulating strains. Utilization of this low-cost method will identify gaps in viral evolution and circulation in this understudied but important critical region for Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Oleksandr Rula
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Sushko
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Bezymennyi
- Institute for Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Mezinov
- The F.E. Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve “Askania Nova”, Askania-Nova, 75230 Kakhovka Raion, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Gaidash
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Danube Biosphere Reserve, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 68355 Vilkove, Ukraine
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Anton Stegniy
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Sapachova
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Datsenko
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Skorokhod
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Nedosekov
- Department of Epizootology, The National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Levan Ninua
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Institute for Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anne Lise Ducluzeau
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Andriy Mezhenskyi
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jeremy Buttler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Devin M. Drown
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Douglas Causey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Borys Stegniy
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Gerilovych
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Bortz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Institute for Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Danube Biosphere Reserve, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 68355 Vilkove, Ukraine
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17
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Teng Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Yang R, He Y, Zhang G, Zhao Y. Mutagenesis of the di-leucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of newcastle disease virus fusion protein modulates the viral fusion ability and pathogenesis. Virol J 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36759854 PMCID: PMC9909845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly infectious viral disease, which can affect chickens and many other kinds of birds. The main virulence factor of NDV, the fusion (F) protein, is located on the viral envelope and plays a major role in the virus' ability to penetrate cells and cause host cell fusion during infection. Multiple highly conserved tyrosine and di-leucine (LL) motifs in the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the virus may contribute to F protein functionality in the viral life cycle. METHODS To examine the contribution of the LL motif in the biosynthesis, transport, and function of the F protein, we constructed and rescued a NDV mutant strain, rSG10*-F/L537A, with an L537A mutation using a reverse genetic system. Subsequently, we compared the differences in the syncytium formation ability, pathogenicity, and replication levels of wild-type rSG10* and the mutated strain. RESULTS Compared with rSG10*, rSG10*-F/L537A had attenuated syncytial formation and pathogenicity, caused by a viral budding defect. Further studies showed that the LL-motif mutation did not affect the replication, transcription, or translation of the virus genome but affected the expression of the F protein at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the LL motif in the NDV F CT affected the regulation of F protein expression at the cell surface, thus modulating the viral fusion ability and pathogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Teng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lihua Tang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yahui Huang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruihua Yang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yizhuo He
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Matsunaga N, Ijiri M, Ishikawa K, Ozawa M, Okuya K, Khalil AM, Kojima I, Esaki M, Masatani T, Matsui T, Fujimoto Y. Avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 isolation from migratory birds and environmental water in southern Japan: An epidemiological survey during the 2018/19-2021/2022 winter seasons. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:185-193. [PMID: 36628409 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease caused by highly pathogenic viruses of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (APMV-1) is a highly contagious poultry disease. Although a large-scale epidemic of Newcastle disease had occurred in Japan between the 1950s and the 2000s, there have been no outbreaks anywhere since 2010. In addition, there are no reports of epidemiological surveys of APMV-1 in wild birds in Japan in the last 10 years. We conducted the first epidemiological survey of APMV-1 in the Izumi plain, Kagoshima prefecture of southern Japan from the winter of 2018 to 2022. A total of 15 APMV-1 strains were isolated, and isolation rates from roosting water and duck fecal samples were 2.51% and 0.10%, respectively. These results indicate that the isolation method from environmental water may be useful for efficient surveillance of APMV-1 in wild birds. Furthermore, this is the first report on the success of APMV-1 isolation from environmental water samples. Genetic analysis of the Fusion (F) gene showed that all APMV-1 isolates were closely related to virus strains circulating among waterfowl in Far East Asian countries. All isolates have avirulent motifs in their cleavage site of F genes, all of which were presumed to be low pathogenic viruses in poultry. However, pathogenicity test using embryonated chicken eggs demonstrated that some isolates killed all chicken embryos regardless of viral doses inoculated (102 -106 50% egg infectious dose). These results indicated that APMV-1 strains, which are potentially pathogenic to chickens, are continuously brought into the Izumi plain by migrating wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonoka Matsunaga
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Moe Ijiri
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kemi Ishikawa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mana Esaki
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Haddas R. Newcastle Disease Virus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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20
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He L, Wang H, Yu Z, Liao C, Ding K, Zhang C, Yu C, Zhang C. Rescue of an enterotropic Newcastle disease virus strain ZM10 from cloned cDNA and stable expressing an inserted foreign gene. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 36471312 PMCID: PMC9724440 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain ZM10, a typical enterotropic avirulent vaccine strain, has been widely used in China for chickens against Newcastle disease. To elucidate its enterotropic mechanism and develop recombiant multivalent vaccines based on it, the reverse genetics system for NDV ZM10 is an indispensable platform. RESULTS A full-length cDNA clone of NDV ZM10 and three supporting plasmids were constructed using the ligation-independent cloning method. Recombinant NDV rZM10 was successfully rescued after these plasmids were co-transfected into BHK-21 cells. Besides, the recombinant virus rZM10-RFP encoding the red fluorescent protein was generated by inserting the RFP gene into the full-length clone of NDV between the P and M genes. These rescued viruses were genetically and biologically identical to the parental strain and showed similar growth kinetics. CONCLUSION The recovery system of NDV ZM10 strain was established, and can be used as a foundation for research on the enterotropic mechanism and development of multivalent vaccines against viral diseases of livestock and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Hairong Wang
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Ke Ding
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Cai Zhang
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, 471900 Henan China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900College of Animal Science and Technology/Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023 Henan China
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Zou X, Suo L, Wang Y, Cao H, Mu S, Wu C, Yan L, Qi X, Lu J, Lu B, Fan Y, Li H, Huang L, Ren L, Liu B, Cao B. Concurrent pigeon paramyxovirus-1 and Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a fatal case of pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:968-977. [PMID: 35290154 PMCID: PMC8973364 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2054366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), an antigenic variant of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), mainly infects pigeons. PPMV-1 genotype VI is the dominant genotype infecting pigeons in China. Human infection of avian paramyxovirus was rarely reported, and usually developed mild symptoms, such as conjunctivitis. We detected PPMV-1 in the lower respiratory sample from a fatal case with severe pneumonia; this patient aged 64 years presented cough, fever, and haemoptysis for 8 days and was admitted to hospital on Dec 26, 2020. He developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis in the following days and died of multiple organ failure on Jan 7, 2021. Sputum and blood culture reported multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (ABA) for samples collected on days 22 and 19 post-illness, respectively. However, clinical metagenomic sequencing further reported PPMV-1 besides ABA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The PPMV-1 genome showed 99.21% identity with a Chinese strain and belonged to VI genotype by BLAST analysis. Multiple basic amino acids were observed at the cleavage site of F protein (113RKKRF117), which indicated high virulence of this PPMV-1 strain to poultry. The patient had close contact with pigeons before his illness, and PPMV-1 nucleic acid was detected from the pigeon feather. PPMV antibody was also detected in the patient serum 20 days after illness. In conclusion, concurrent PPMV-1 genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 and ABA infection were identified in a fatal pneumonia case, and cross-species transmission of PPMV-1 may occur between infected pigeons and the human being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Suo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Cao
- Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrui Mu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghuai Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Zibo City Key Laboratory of Respiratory Infection and Clinical Microbiology & Zibo City Engineering Technology Research Center of Etiology Molecular Diagnosis, Zibo, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Zibo Municipal Hospital, Zibo, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hu Z, He X, Deng J, Hu J, Liu X. Current situation and future direction of Newcastle disease vaccines. Vet Res 2022; 53:99. [PMID: 36435802 PMCID: PMC9701384 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most economically devastating infectious diseases affecting the poultry industry. Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can cause high mortality and severe tissue lesions in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, reproductive and immune systems of poultry. Tremendous progress has been made in preventing morbidity and mortality caused by ND based on strict biosecurity and wide vaccine application. In recent decades, the continual evolution of NDV has resulted in a total of twenty genotypes, and genetic variation may be associated with disease outbreaks in vaccinated chickens. In some countries, the administration of genotype-matched novel vaccines in poultry successfully suppresses the circulation of virulent NDV strains in the field. However, virulent NDV is still endemic in many regions of the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries, impacting the livelihood of millions of people dependent on poultry for food. In ND-endemic countries, although vaccination is implemented for disease control, the lack of genotype-matched vaccines that can reduce virus infection and transmission as well as the inadequate administration of vaccines in the field undermines the effectiveness of vaccination. Dissection of the profiles of existing ND vaccines is fundamental for establishing proper vaccination regimes and developing next-generation vaccines. Therefore, in this article, we provide a broad review of commercial and experimental ND vaccines and promising new platforms for the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Muhi Rasoul L, Ali Marhoon A, Fadhel Abbas Albaayit S, Waleed Ali R, Hadi Saleh T, Abdullah Laftah Al-Rubaii B. Cytotoxic effect of cloned EGFP gene on NCI-H727 cell line via genetically engineered gene transfer system. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i5.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Cancers are a complex group of genetic illnesses that develop through multistep, mutagenic processes which can invade or spread throughout the body. Recent advances in cancer treatment involve oncolytic viruses to infect and destroy cancer cells. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an oncolytic virus has shown to have anti-cancer effects either directly by lysing cancer cells or indirectly by activating the immune system. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely used in studying the anti-tumor activity of oncolytic viruses. This study aimed to study the anticancer effect of a recombinant rNDV-GFP clone on NCI-H727 lung carcinoma cell line in vitro.
Materials and Methods: The GFP gene was inserted to a NDV strain to create a recombinant NDV (rNDV- GFP) using reverse genetics technology. The MTT assay was used in evaluating the oncolytic effect of rNDV- GFP on the lung carcinoma NCI-H727 cells. Light and fluorescent microscopy was used to study the cytopathic effects of rNDV-GFP.
Results: MTT assay showed that rNDV-GPF inhibited the NCI-H727 tumor cell death in a time-dependent manner. A significant inhibitory effect (78.3%) for rNDV-GPF on cancer cells was observed at 96h in comparison to rNDV (22.7%) and the cytotoxicity rate was directly proportional to the MOI used. Microscopic studies showed rNDV-GPF to induce cytopathic effect post 24 h of infection.
Conclusion: The GFP-expressing recombinant NDV strains exhibited encouraging results in terms of tumor growth inhibition. Our research set the groundwork for employing recombinant NDV as an anticancer viral vector.
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Genetic Analyses of Response of Local Ghanaian Tanzanian Chicken Ecotypes to a Natural Challenge with Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202755. [PMID: 36290141 PMCID: PMC9597780 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Newcastle disease (ND) is a global threat to poultry production and often has a major impact on chicken welfare and the livelihoods of rural poultry farmers. We exposed unvaccinated Ghanaian and Tanzanian local chicken ecotypes to velogenic Newcastle disease virus strains, and measured response traits to understand the genetic basis of ND. We identified heritable ND response traits and revealed differences in survival between Ghanaian and Tanzanian local chicken ecotype birds. Our findings indicate that velogenic ND resistance could be improved through selective breeding of local chicken ecotypes in regions where the disease is endemic. Abstract Newcastle disease is a devastating poultry disease that often causes significant economic losses in poultry in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, as well as South and Central America. Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks are associated with high mortalities, which can threaten household livelihoods, especially in the rural areas, and lead to loss of high-quality proteins in the form of meat and eggs, as well as household purchasing power. In this study, we exposed unvaccinated Ghanaian and Tanzanian chickens of six local ecotypes to velogenic NDV strains, measured NDV response traits, sequenced their DNA on a genotyping-by-sequencing platform, and performed variance component analyses. The collected phenotypes included: growth rates (pre- and post-exposure); lesion scores (gross lesion severity) in the trachea, proventriculus, intestine, and cecal tonsils; natural antibody levels; anti-NDV antibody levels at 7 days post exposure (dpe); tear and cloacal viral load at 2, 4, and 6 dpe; and survival time. Heritability estimates were low to moderate, ranging from 0.11 for average lesion scores to 0.36 for pre-exposure growth rate. Heritability estimates for survival time were 0.23 and 0.27 for the Tanzanian and Ghanaian ecotypes, respectively. Similar heritability estimates were observed when data were analyzed either separately or combined for the two countries. Survival time was genetically negatively correlated with lesion scores and with viral load. Results suggested that response to mesogenic or velogenic NDV of these local chicken ecotypes could be improved by selective breeding. Chickens that are more resilient to velogenic NDV can improve household livelihoods in developing countries.
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Surveillance of Class I Newcastle Disease Virus at Live Bird Markets in China and Identification of Variants with Increased Virulence and Replication Capacity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0024122. [PMID: 35510864 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00241-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 232 class I Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) were identified from multiple bird species at nationwide live bird markets (LBMs) from 2017 to 2019 in China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all 232 isolates were clustered into genotype 1.1.2 of class I on the basis of the fusion (F) gene sequences, which were distinct from the genotypes identified in other countries. Most of the isolates (212/232) were shown to have the typical F gene molecular characteristics of class I NDVs, while a few (20/232) contained mutations at the site of the conventional start codon of the F gene, which resulted in open reading frames (ORFs) altered in length. The isolates with ACG, CTA, and ATA mutations showed different levels of increased virulence and replication capacity, suggesting that these viruses may be transitional types during the evolution of class I NDVs from avirulent to virulent. Further evaluation of biological characteristics with recombinant viruses obtained by reverse genetics demonstrated that the ATG located at genomic positions 4523 to 4525 was the authentic start codon in the F gene of class I NDV, and the specific ATA mutations which contributed to the expression of F protein on the surface of infected cells were the key determinants of increased replication capacity and virulence. Interestingly, the mutation at the corresponding site of genotype II LaSota of class II had no effects on the virulence and replication capacity in chickens. Our results suggest that the alteration of virulence and replication capacity caused by specific mutations in the F gene could be a specific characteristic of class I NDVs and indicate the possibility of the emergence of virulent NDVs due to the persistent circulation of class I NDVs. IMPORTANCE The available information on the distribution, genetic diversity, evolution, and biological characteristics of class I Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) in domestic poultry is currently very limited. Here, identification of class I NDVs at nationwide live bird markets (LBMs) in China was performed and representative isolates were characterized. A widespread distribution of genotype 1.1.2 of class I NDVs was found in multiple bird species at LBMs in China. Though most isolates demonstrated typical molecular characteristics of class I NDVs, a few that contained specific mutations at the site of the conventional start codon of the fusion gene with increased virulence and replication capacity were identified for the first time. Our findings indicate that the virulence of class I NDVs could have evolved, and the widespread transmission and circulation of class I NDVs may represent a potential threat for disease outbreaks in poultry.
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Wiseman A, Shabbat M, Cohen A, From I, Almog Samina Y, Sade Levy E, Szer S, Zeltcer N, Klement E, Pima Y. Point mutation revealed the resurgence of sub-genotype VII.2 Newcastle disease virus in Israel. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:236-243. [PMID: 35234543 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSIn 2019, there was a resurgence of NDV from sub-genotype VII.2 in Israel, in an already endemic area of sub-genotype VII.1.A mismatch at the 3' end of the reverse primer caused a diagnostic failure of the NDV virulence differentiation rRT-PCR assay.The 2019 NDV sub-genotype VII.2 virus is genetically close to viruses from Jordan (2018) and Pakistan (2015-2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Wiseman
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel.,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew university of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mali Shabbat
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Aliza Cohen
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Ido From
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Yael Almog Samina
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Einat Sade Levy
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Shahar Szer
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Nadav Zeltcer
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew university of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaniv Pima
- The Poultry Health Laboratories, The Egg and Poultry Board, Kiryat Malachi, Israel
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27
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Jia L, Liang B, Wu K, Wang R, Liu H, Di Liu, Chen Q. Circulation, genomic characteristics, and evolutionary dynamics of class I Newcastle disease virus in China. Virulence 2022; 13:414-427. [PMID: 35188866 PMCID: PMC8865265 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2037342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Jia
- Cas Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bilin Liang
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runkun Wang
- Cas Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Computational Virology Group, Center for Bacteria and Viruses Resources and Bioinformation, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- Cas Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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28
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Pathotyping of Newcastle Disease Virus: a Novel Single BsaHI Digestion Method of Detection and Differentiation of Avirulent Strains (Lentogenic and Mesogenic Vaccine Strains) from Virulent Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0098921. [PMID: 34878298 PMCID: PMC8653816 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00989-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a novel single restriction enzyme (RE; BsaHI) digestion approach for detecting distinct pathotypes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). After scanning 4,000 F gene nucleotide sequences in the NCBI database, we discovered a single RE (BsaHI) digestion site in the cleavage site. APMV-I “F gene” class II-specific primer-based reverse transcriptase PCR was utilized to amplify a 535-bp fragment, which was then digested with the RE (BsaHI) for pathotyping avian NDV field isolates and pigeon paramyxovirus-1 isolates. The avirulent (lentogenic and mesogenic strains) produced 189- and 346-bp fragments, respectively, but the result in velogenic strains remained undigested with 535-bp fragments. In addition, 45 field NDV isolates and 8 vaccine strains were used to confirm the approach. The sequence-based analysis also agrees with the data obtained utilizing the single RE (BsaHI) digestion approach. The proposed technique has the potential to distinguish between avirulent and virulent strains in a short time span, making it valuable in NDV surveillance and monitoring research. IMPORTANCE The extensive use of the NDV vaccine strain and the existence of avirulent NDV strains in wild birds makes it difficult to diagnose Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and/or sequencing-based identification, which are required to determine virulent NDV, are time-consuming, costly, difficult, and cruel techniques. We evaluated 4,000 F gene nucleotide sequences and discovered a restriction enzyme (RE; BsaHI) digestion technique for detecting NDV and vaccine pathotypes in a short time span, which is cost-effective and useful for field cases as well as for large-scale NDV monitoring and surveillance. The data acquired using the single RE BsaHI digestion technique agree with the sequence-based analysis.
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29
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Chen X, Jia Y, Wei N, Ye C, Hao H, Xiao S, Wang X, Liu H, Yang Z. Identification of a new amino acid mutation in the HN protein of NDV involved in pathogenicity. Vet Res 2021; 52:147. [PMID: 34930432 PMCID: PMC8686287 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are viral entry proteins and are recognized as the major virulence determinants. Previously, a lentogenic NDV virus (CE16) was derived from a mesogenic strain (CI10) through sequential passages in chick embryos. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that the two homologous strains shared the same F protein but differed in HN with two amino acid (aa) substitutions (A215G and T430A). To elucidate the molecular reasons for virulence attenuation, two original plasmids (HN-CI10 and HN-CE16) and two single-point mutants (G215A and A430T) reverse-mutated from HN-CE16 were constructed to analyse the known biological functions of HN. The results showed that the A430T substitution significantly weakened the haemadsorption (HAd) activity, increased the neuraminidase (NA) activity, improved the fusion-promoting activity, and enhanced the cleavage-promoting activity of HN-CE16. However, G215A failed to induce obvious functional changes. Therefore, the aa residue HN430 may play a key role in determining virulence. To test this hypothesis, further studies on A430T were conducted through reverse genetics using an infectious cDNA clone. At the viral level, the A430T-mutated virus showed dramatic promotion of viral plaque formation, propagation, and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates a new virulence site associated with HN protein functions, viral propagation, and pathogenicity. All these findings could lay a foundation for illuminating the molecular mechanism of NDV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqing Jia
- Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huafang Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Joshi VG, Chaudhary D, Bansal N, Singh R, Maan S, Mahajan NK, Ravishankar C, Sahoo N, Mor SK, Radzio-Basu J, Herzog CM, Kapur V, Goel P, Jindal N, Goyal SM. Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Commercial and Backyard Poultry in Haryana, India. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:725232. [PMID: 34805330 PMCID: PMC8600042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.725232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes Newcastle disease (ND) in poultry. The ND is a highly contagious disease, which is endemic in several countries despite regular vaccination with live or killed vaccines. Studies on NDV in India are mostly targeted toward its detection and characterization from disease outbreaks. A surveillance study was undertaken to determine NDV prevalence throughout the state of Haryana from March 2018 to March 2020 using a stratified sampling scheme. The state was divided into three different zones and a total of 4,001 choanal swab samples were collected from backyard poultry, commercial broilers, and layers. These samples were tested for the M gene of NDV using real-time RT-PCR. Of the 4,001 samples tested, 392 were positive (9.8% apparent prevalence; 95% CI: 8.9–10.8%) for the M gene. Of these 392 M gene positive samples, 35 (8.9%; 95% CI: 6.4–12.3%) were found to be positive based on F gene real-time RT-PCR. Circulation of NDV in commercial and backyard poultry highlights the importance of surveillance studies even in apparently healthy flocks. The information generated in this study should contribute to better understanding of NDV epidemiology in India and may help formulate appropriate disease control strategies for commercial and backyard birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Nitish Bansal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Renu Singh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Nand K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Catherine M Herzog
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Parveen Goel
- Directorate of Research, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Wang C, Wang T, Dai J, An Z, Hu R, Duan L, Chen H, Wang X, Chu Z, Liu H, Wang J, Li N, Yang Z, Wang J. 1-Formyl- β-carboline Derivatives Block Newcastle Disease Virus Proliferation through Suppressing Viral Adsorption and Entry Processes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1687. [PMID: 34827684 PMCID: PMC8616010 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the highly contagious pathogens causing devastating economic effects on the global poultry industry. In the present study, three 1-formyl-β-carboline derivatives (compounds 6, 7, and 9) were found to be potent inhibitors of different genotypes of NDV with IC50 values within 10 μM, which are similar to ribavirin. The virus titers were decreased by the presence of 1-formyl-β-carboline derivatives in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibition rate was found to exceed 90% at the concentration of 20 μM. These compounds mainly suppressed the adsorption and entry processes of NDV lifecycle. Through DARTS, CETSA, and RBC binding assay, these compounds were identified as novel HN inhibitors, which could directly interact with the NDV HN protein to affect the adsorption of NDV. Furthermore, they could inhibit the entry of NDV through suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway rather than the ERK pathway. The PI3K/Akt pathway was proved to be involved in NDV entry. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism through which 1-formyl-β-carboline derivatives restrain NDV infection. Moreover, these compounds represent suitable scaffolds for designing novel HN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (J.D.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (J.D.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zhiyuan An
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (J.D.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Liuyuan Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
| | - Zhili Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Na Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.W.); (R.H.); (L.D.); (H.C.); (Z.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (J.D.); (Z.A.)
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32
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Mutations in the Methyltransferase Motifs of L Protein Attenuate Newcastle Disease Virus by Regulating Viral Translation and Cell-to-Cell Spread. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0131221. [PMID: 34585949 PMCID: PMC8557825 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01312-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The large (L) polymerase proteins of most nonsegmented, negative-stranded (NNS) RNA viruses have conserved methyltransferase motifs, (G)-G-G-D and K-D-K-E, which are important for the stabilization and translation of mRNA. However, the function of the (G)-G-G-D and K-D-K-E motifs in the NNS RNA virus Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains unclear. We observed G-G-D and K-D-K-E motifs in all NDV genotypes. By using the infection cloning system of NDV rSG10 strain, recombinant NDVs with a single amino acid mutated to alanine in one motif (G-G-D or K-D-K-E) were rescued. The intracerebral pathogenicity index and mean death time assay results revealed that the G-G-D motif and K-D-K-E motif attenuate the virulence of NDV to various degrees. The replication, transcription, and translation levels of the K-D-K-E motif-mutant strains were significantly higher than those of wild-type virus owing to their altered regulation of the affinity between nucleocapsid protein and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. When the infection dose was changed from a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 to an MOI of 0.01, the cell-to-cell spread abilities of G-G-D- and K-D-K-E-mutant strains were reduced, according to plaque assay and dynamic indirect immunofluorescence assay results. Finally, we found that NDV strains with G-G-D or K-D-K-E motif mutations had less pathogenicity in 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens than wild-type NDV. Therefore, these methyltransferase motifs can affect virulence by regulating the translation and cell-to-cell spread abilities of NDV. This work provides a feasible approach for generating vaccine candidates for viruses with methyltransferase motifs. IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important pathogen that is widespread globally. Research on its pathogenic mechanism is an important means of improving prevention and control efforts. Our study found that a deficiency in its methyltransferase motifs (G-G-D and K-D-K-E motifs) can attenuate NDV and revealed the molecular mechanism by which these motifs affect pathogenicity, which provides a new direction for the development of NDV vaccines. In addition to the (G)-G-G-D and K-D-K-E motifs of many nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses, similar motifs have been found in dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This suggests that such motifs may be present in more viruses. Our finding also provides a molecular basis for the discovery and functional study of (G)-G-G-D and K-D-K-E motifs of other viruses.
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Indicators of the molecular pathogenesis of virulent Newcastle disease virus in chickens revealed by transcriptomic profiling of spleen. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17570. [PMID: 34475461 PMCID: PMC8413450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has caused significant outbreaks in South-East Asia, particularly in Indonesia in recent years. Recently emerged genotype VII NDVs (NDV-GVII) have shifted their tropism from gastrointestinal/respiratory tropism to a lymphotropic virus, invading lymphoid organs including spleen and bursa of Fabricius to cause profound lymphoid depletion. In this study, we aimed to identify candidate genes and biological pathways that contribute to the disease caused by this velogenic NDV-GVII. A transcriptomic analysis based on RNA-Seq of spleen was performed in chickens challenged with NDV-GVII and a control group. In total, 6361 genes were differentially expressed that included 3506 up-regulated genes and 2855 down-regulated genes. Real-Time PCR of ten selected genes validated the RNA-Seq results as the correlation between them is 0.98. Functional and network analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) showed altered regulation of ElF2 signalling, mTOR signalling, proliferation of cells of the lymphoid system, signalling by Rho family GTPases and synaptogenesis signalling in spleen. We have also identified modified expression of IFIT5, PI3K, AGT and PLP1 genes in NDV-GVII infected chickens. Our findings in activation of autophagy-mediated cell death, lymphotropic and synaptogenesis signalling pathways provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this newly emerged NDV-GVII.
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Marcano VC, Cardenas-Garcia S, Diel DG, Antoniassi da Silva LH, Gogal RM, Miller PJ, Brown CC, Butt SL, Goraichuk IV, Dimitrov KM, Taylor TL, Williams-Coplin D, Olivier TL, Stanton JB, Afonso CL. A Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Vaccine Improves Post- In Ovo Vaccination Survival with Sustained Protection against Virulent Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090953. [PMID: 34579191 PMCID: PMC8472951 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In ovo vaccination has been employed by the poultry industry for over 20 years to control numerous avian diseases. Unfortunately, in ovo live vaccines against Newcastle disease have significant limitations, including high embryo mortality and the inability to induce full protection during the first two weeks of life. In this study, a recombinant live attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine containing the antisense sequence of chicken interleukin 4 (IL-4), rZJ1*L-IL4R, was used. The rZJ1*L-IL4R vaccine was administered in ovo to naïve specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and evaluated against a homologous challenge. Controls included a live attenuated recombinant genotype VII vaccine based on the virus ZJ1 (rZJ1*L) backbone, the LaSota vaccine and diluent alone. In the first of two experiments, ECEs were vaccinated at 18 days of embryonation (DOE) with either 104.5 or 103.5 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50/egg) and chickens were challenged at 21 days post-hatch (DPH). In the second experiment, 103.5 EID50/egg of each vaccine was administered at 19 DOE, and chickens were challenged at 14 DPH. Chickens vaccinated with 103.5 EID50/egg of rZJ1*L-IL4R had hatch rates comparable to the group that received diluent alone, whereas other groups had significantly lower hatch rates. All vaccinated chickens survived challenge without displaying clinical disease, had protective hemagglutination inhibition titers, and shed comparable levels of challenge virus. The recombinant rZJ1*L-IL4R vaccine yielded lower post-vaccination mortality rates compared with the other in ovo NDV live vaccine candidates as well as provided strong protection post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C. Marcano
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.C.B.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.C.B.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Luciana H. Antoniassi da Silva
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Patti J. Miller
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Corrie C. Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.C.B.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Salman Latif Butt
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.C.B.); (J.B.S.)
- Department of Pathology, UAF Sub Campus TTS, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 83 Pushkinska St., 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Kiril M. Dimitrov
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Tonya L. Taylor
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Dawn Williams-Coplin
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - Timothy L. Olivier
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.C.B.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Claudio L. Afonso
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA; (V.C.M.); (S.C.-G.); (D.G.D.); (L.H.A.d.S.); (P.J.M.); (S.L.B.); (I.V.G.); (K.M.D.); (T.L.T.); (D.W.-C.); (T.L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Koeppel KN, Kemp LV, Maartens LH, Thompson PN. Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill ( Bucorvus leadbeateri). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:229-236. [PMID: 33099975 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja N Koeppel
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa, .,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Lucy V Kemp
- Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, Bela-Bela 0480, Limpopo, South Africa.,Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystem Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Louis H Maartens
- Research and Development Section, Deltamune Pty Ltd, Lyttelton, Pretoria 0140, South Africa
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
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Nooruzzaman M, Barman LR, Mumu TT, Chowdhury EH, Dimitrov KM, Islam MR. A Pigeon-Derived Sub-Genotype XXI.1.2 Newcastle Disease Virus from Bangladesh Induces High Mortality in Chickens. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081520. [PMID: 34452385 PMCID: PMC8402815 DOI: 10.3390/v13081520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a significant pathogen of poultry; however, variants also affect other species, including pigeons. While NDV is endemic in Bangladesh, and poultry isolates have been recently characterized, information about viruses infecting pigeons is limited. Worldwide, pigeon-derived isolates are commonly of low to moderate virulence for chickens. Here, we studied a pigeon-derived NDV isolated in Bangladesh in 2010. To molecularly characterize the isolate, we sequenced its complete fusion gene and performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. We further studied the biological properties of the virus by estimating mean death time (MDT) and by experimentally infecting 5-week-old naïve Sonali chickens. The studied virus clustered in sub-genotype XXI.1.2 with NDV from pigeons from Pakistan isolated during 2014–2018. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed a polybasic fusion protein cleavage site motif, typical for virulent NDV. The performed in vivo pathogenicity testing showed a MDT of 40.8 h, and along with previously established intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.51, these indicated a velogenic pathotype for chickens, which is not typical for pigeon-derived viruses. The experimental infection of chickens resulted in marked neurological signs and high mortality starting at 7 days post infection (dpi). Mild congestion in the thymus and necrosis in the spleen were observed at an advanced stage of infection. Microscopically, lymphoid depletion in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were found at 5 dpi, which progressed to severe in the following days. Mild to moderate proliferation of glial cells was noticed in the brain starting at 2 dpi, which gradually progressed with time, leading to focal nodular aggregation. This study reports the velogenic nature for domestic chickens of a pigeon-derived NDV isolate of sub-genotype XXI.1.2. Our findings show that not all pigeon-derived viruses are of low virulence for chickens and highlight the importance of biologically evaluating the pathogenicity of NDV isolated from pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.N.); (L.R.B.); (T.T.M.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Lalita Rani Barman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.N.); (L.R.B.); (T.T.M.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.N.); (L.R.B.); (T.T.M.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.N.); (L.R.B.); (T.T.M.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Kiril M. Dimitrov
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 483 Agronomy Rd, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.D.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.N.); (L.R.B.); (T.T.M.); (E.H.C.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.D.); (M.R.I.)
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Simbizi V, Moerane R, Ramsay G, Mubamba C, Abolnik C, Gummow B. A study of rural chicken farmers, diseases and remedies in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105430. [PMID: 34303288 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The source of emerging diseases and antimicrobial resistance is of increasing interest to epidemiologists. This paper looks at village chickens as such a source. In addition, infectious diseases constitute a major challenge to the growth and profitability of the rural poultry sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. A serological survey was conducted to estimate the apparent seroprevalence of selected chicken diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa alongside a sociological survey of poultry farmers and the remedies most commonly used to prevent diseases in their flocks. Sera collected from village chickens (n = 1007) in the province were screened for specific antibodies against Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI), avian infectious bronchitis (IB) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The overall seroprevalence of ND, AI, IB and MG in the province was found to be 69.2 % (95 % CI 51.9-86.5%); 1.8 % (95 % CI 0.2-3.4%); 78.5 % (95 % CI 74.9-82%) and 55.8 % (95 % CI 41.3-70.3%) respectively with clustering found at the District level. Cross hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests indicated that the chickens were exposed to the ND vaccine. AI ELISA-positive samples were tested using HIs against the H5, H6 and H7-subtypes, but only H6-specific antibodies were detected. Avian influenza strains shared the common ancestor responsible for the 2002 chicken outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal Province. The majority of chicken farmers were females and pensioners (69 % and 66.1 % respectively) and had a primary school education (47.1 %). Traditional remedies were commonly used by farmers (47.15 %) and among the remedies, Aloe plant (Aloe ferox Mill.) or ikhala (Xhosa) was the most commonly used product (28.23 %) for preventing and reducing mortalities among village chickens. The findings stress the importance of village chickens as a substitute for social welfare and highlight the exposure of village chickens to important chicken pathogens. The economic impact of these pathogens on the development of this sub-sector needs further investigation. Village chickens are a potential source of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) because of the lack of vaccination and biosecurity. They may serve as amplification hosts which increases the probability that virulent NDV could spill over into commercial poultry flocks due to large amounts of circulating virus. The zoonotic threat of circulating H6N2 viruses raise concern due to their mutation and reassortment among chickens and a potential movement of infected birds within the province. Finally, the use of antibiotics by untrained chicken farmers constitute another major concern as it could serve as a source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Simbizi
- State Veterinary Services, Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform, Lady Frere, 5410, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia.
| | - R Moerane
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - G Ramsay
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, 2650, Australia
| | - C Mubamba
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, 50060, Zambia
| | - C Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - B Gummow
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
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Efficacy of Vaccination against Infection with Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes VI and VII 1.1 Strains in Japanese Quails. J Comp Pathol 2021; 186:35-50. [PMID: 34340803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a major pathogen of poultry worldwide, causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. To characterize the ability of recently isolated virulent strains of NDV genotypes VI and VII to cause disease in quails, and to evaluate the efficacy of two NDV vaccines against such strains, Japanese quails were experimentally inoculated with either NDV genotype VI (Pigeon F-VI strain) or VII 1.1 (GHB-328 strain) with or without vaccination with inactivated NDV vaccine of genotype II (La Sota strain) or VII (KBNP strain). Mild to severe neurological signs developed in quails inoculated with the Pigeon F-VI strain from 3 to 14 days post infection (PI) and from 4 to 10 days PI in birds infected with the GHB-328 strain. The mortality rates were 46% and 33% for birds inoculated with NDV VI and NDV VII 1.1, respectively. The severity of histopathological changes depended on the viral isolates used. Vaccination with the La Sota or KBNP vaccine strain successfully protected quails against NDV-induced mortality and decreased the severity of clinical signs, pathological changes and cloacal viral shedding. This study showed that these virulent NDV isolates had mild to moderate pathogenicity in quails and that both vaccines protected against challenge with both virus strains. NDV vaccine genotype VII improved the level of protection against challenge with the VII 1.1 genotype compared with the classic vaccine, but failed to protect quails against challenge with the VI genotype.
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Omony JB, Wanyana A, Mugimba KK, Kirunda H, Nakavuma JL, Otim-Onapa M, Byarugaba DK. Epitope Peptide-Based Predication and Other Functional Regions of Antigenic F and HN Proteins of Waterfowl and Poultry Avian Avulavirus Serotype-1 Isolates From Uganda. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:610375. [PMID: 34212016 PMCID: PMC8240872 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.610375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda is a Newcastle disease (ND) endemic country where the disease is controlled by vaccination using live LaSota (genotype II) and I2 (genotype I) vaccine strains. Resurgent outbreak episodes call for an urgent need to understand the antigenic diversity of circulating wild Avian Avulavirus serotype-1 (AAvV-1) strains. High mutation rates and the continuous emergence of genetic and antigenic variants that evade immunity make non-segmented RNA viruses difficult to control. Antigenic and functional analysis of the key viral surface proteins is a crucial step in understanding the antigen diversity between vaccine lineages and the endemic wild ND viruses in Uganda and designing ND peptide vaccines. In this study, we used computational analysis, phylogenetic characterization, and structural modeling to detect evolutionary forces affecting the predicted immune-dominant fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins of AAvV-1 isolates from waterfowl and poultry in Uganda compared with that in LaSota vaccine strain. Our findings indicate that mutational amino acid variations at the F protein in LaSota strain, 25 poultry wild-type and 30 waterfowl wild-type isolates were distributed at regions including the functional domains of B-cell epitopes or N-glycosylation sites, cleavage site, fusion site that account for strain variations. Similarly, conserved regions of HN protein in 25 Ugandan domestic fowl isolates and the representative vaccine strain varied at the flanking regions and potential linear B-cell epitope. The fusion sites, signal peptides, cleavage sites, transmembrane domains, potential B-cell epitopes, and other specific regions of the two protein types in vaccine and wild viruses varied considerably at structure by effective online epitope prediction programs. Cleavage site of the waterfowl isolates had a typical avirulent motif of 111GGRQGR'L117 with the exception of one isolate which showed a virulent motif of 111GGRQKR'F117. All the poultry isolates showed the 111GRRQKR'F117 motif corresponding to virulent strains. Amino acid sequence variations in both HN and F proteins of AAvV-1 isolates from poultry, waterfowl, and vaccine strain were distributed over the length of the proteins with no detectable pattern, but using the experimentally derived 3D structure data revealed key-mapped mutations on the surfaces of the predicted conformational epitopes encompassing the experimental major neutralizing epitopes. The phylogenic tree constructed using the full F gene and partial F gene sequences of the isolates from poultry and waterfowl respectively, showed that Ugandan ND aquatic bird and poultry isolates share some functional amino acids in F sequences yet do remain unique at structure and the B-cell epitopes. Recombination analyses showed that the C-terminus and the rest of the F gene in poultry isolates originated from prevalent velogenic strains. Altogether, these could provide rationale for antigenic diversity in wild ND isolates of Uganda compared with the current ND vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bosco Omony
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Uganda Industrial Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agnes Wanyana
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kizito K Mugimba
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Halid Kirunda
- Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jessica L Nakavuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maxwell Otim-Onapa
- Directorate of Science, Research and Innovation, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Hosseini SS, Aghaiypour Kolyani K, Rafiei Tabatabaei R, Goudarzi H, Akhavan Sepahi A, Salemi M. In silico prediction of B and T cell epitopes based on NDV fusion protein for vaccine development against Newcastle disease virus. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:157-165. [PMID: 34345381 PMCID: PMC8328245 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.98625.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is known as the most common diseases of economic importance worldwide. Vaccination against virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has failed during some outbreaks. Here, we aimed to assess the epitopes of NDV fusion protein as targets for a peptide-based vaccine. To explore the most antigenic epitopes on the F protein, we retrieved virulent strains of genotype VII from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were identified. Moreover, T-cell epitopes with high and moderate binding affinities to human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II alleles were predicted using bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, the overlapped epitopes of B-cell and MHC class I and MHC class II were determined. To validate our predictions, the best epitopes were docked, to chicken MHC class I (B-F) alleles using the HADDOCK flexible docking server. Seven ‘high ranked epitopes’ were identified. Among them, ‘LYCTRIVTF’ and ‘MRATYLETL’ showed the highest scores. The other five epitopes including LSGEFDATY, LTTPPYMALK, LYLTELTTV, DCIKITQQV and SIAATNEAV obtained very encouraging results as well. SIAATNEAV had been recognized as a neutralizing epitope of F protein using monoclonal antibodies before. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the identified epitopes needed to be tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khosrow Aghaiypour Kolyani
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Robab Rafiei Tabatabaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Central Laboratory Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, AREEO, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Akhavan Sepahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salemi
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Karamendin K, Kydyrmanov A. Cormorants as a Potentially Important Reservoir and Carrier of Newcastle Disease Virus on the Asian Continent. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648091. [PMID: 34195243 PMCID: PMC8236515 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous disease prevention measures and control programs, Newcastle disease (ND) remains one of the most significant infections in poultry worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is known that wild birds, mainly of the Anseriformes order, are the main carrier of lentogenic (non-pathogenic) variants of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in nature. But the question of the reservoir of velogenic (highly pathogenic) NDV in nature still remains open. In the 1970s, 1990s, and 2000s in North America during epizootics among cormorants, velogenic NDV strains were isolated. It was later concluded that cormorants play an important role in the maintenance and circulation of NDV in North America. New data have been obtained on the circulation of velogenic NDV strains in wild birds in Central Asia: VIIb and XIII genotype strains were isolated from cormorants for the first time in Kazakhstan. Interestingly, outbreaks of NDV registered in poultry in Central and Southern Asia were phylogenetically close to the viruses from cormorants that support the idea that cormorants can serve as the potential reservoir of velogenic NDV in developing countries of Asia. The seasonal migrations of cormorants may contribute to the distribution of the virus throughout Asia but more evidence must be obtained to confirm this hypothesis. There is increasing evidence of the introduction of NDV into the poultry farms from wild nature worldwide. This article continues the discussion on the likelihood of cormorants to serve as a reservoir and carrier of NDV on the Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobey Karamendin
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Scientific and Production Center of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Scientific and Production Center of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Yang R, Zhang S, Yu Y, Hong X, Wang D, Jiang Y, Yang W, Huang H, Shi C, Zeng Y, Wang N, Cao X, Wang J, Wang C. Adjuvant effects of bacterium-like particles in the intranasal vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109144. [PMID: 34111627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Given that the respiratory mucosa is an important site for the initial replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), developing intranasal vaccines for chickens is an effective strategy to protect against this disease. The low immunogenicity of inactivated NDV administered by the mucosal route motivated us to identify a safe and potent adjuvant. Previous studies have shown that bacterium-like particles (BLPs), which serve as mucosal adjuvants, induce effective local and systemic immune responses through TLR2 signaling in both mammals and humans. Here, we report that BLPs could activate the innate immune system of chickens in a manner that was dependent on the combination of chicken TLR2 type 1 (chTLR2t1) and chicken TLR1 type 1 (chTLR1t1). The chicken macrophage-like HD11 cell line was stimulated with BLPs, resulting in the production of nitric oxide and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6. Chickens intranasally immunized with inactivated NDV vaccines mixed with BLP adjuvants exhibited significantly increased levels of local SIgA in their tracheal lavage fluid and as well as hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in serum samples. The strong systemic and local immune responses induced by BLP-adjuvanted vaccines provided 100 % protection against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of virulent NDV without showing any signs of disease. These results indicate that BLPs should be considered for use as a potential mucosal adjuvant for inactivated NDV vaccines and other vaccines for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shubo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinya Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Li Y, Rehman ZU, Li M, Manzoor Z, Liu W, Qiu X, Sun Y, Liao Y, Tan L, Song C, Liu W, Yu S, Ding C, Meng C. Comparison of the protective antigen variabilities of prevalent Newcastle disease viruses in response to homologous/heterologous genotype vaccines. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101267. [PMID: 34237546 PMCID: PMC8267594 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine has begun to replace the traditional genotype II NDV vaccine and is widely used in the commercial poultry of China. However, the effect of homologous and heterogeneous anti-NDV serum on the evolution of prevalent NDV is unknown. To understand the effect of genotype II and VII anti-NDV serum on the evolution of genotype VII NDV strains, ZJ1 (waterfowl origin) and CH/SD/2008/128 (ND128; chicken origin) were used for serial passage of 30 generations in DF-1 cells without anti-NDV serum or with genotype II and VII anti-NDV serum independently. The F and HN genes of the 2 viruses were amplified for the 10th, 20th, and 30th generations of each serial passage group and compared with their respective original viruses. We found that there was only one mutation at position 248 in the F gene of ZJ1 due to the serum pressure of genotype VII anti-NDV. Similarly, mutations at residue 527 of the F gene, and position 9 and 319 of the HN gene of ND128 were noted in both anti-NDV serum groups. The results show that the nonsynonymous (NS)-to-synonymous (S) ratio of the F gene of ZJ1 virus was 1.6, and for the HN gene, it was 2.5 in the anti-II serum group. In the anti-VII serum group, the NS/S ratio for the F gene was 2.1, and for the HN gene, it was 2.5. The NS/S ratio of the F gene of the ND128 virus was 0.8, and for the HN gene, it was 3 in the anti-II serum group. Furthermore, the NS/S ratio of the F gene was 0.8, and the HN gene was 2.3 in the anti-VII group. Taken together, our findings highlight that there was no significant difference in the variation of protective antigens in genotype VII NDV under the selection pressure of homologous and heterogeneous genotype NDV inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zaib Ur Rehman
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300 Pakistan
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zahid Manzoor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300 Pakistan
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China.
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Hu Z, Gu H, Ni J, Hu S, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Matrix metalloproteinase-14 regulates collagen degradation and migration of mononuclear cells during infection with genotype VII Newcastle disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33090092 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, a major driven force of extracellular-matrix (ECM) remodelling and cell migration, correlates with ECM breakdown and pathologic manifestation of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. However, the functional relevance between MMP-14 and pathogenesis of genotype VII NDV remains to be investigated. In this study, expression, biofunction and regulation of MMP-14 induced by genotype VII NDV were analysed in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results showed that JS5/05 significantly increased expression and membrane accumulation of MMP-14 in PBMCs, correlating to enhanced collagen degradation and cell migration. Specific MMP-14 inhibition significantly impaired collagen degradation and migration of JS5/05-infected cells, suggesting dependence of these features on MMP-14. In addition, MMP-14 upregulation correlated with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway upon JS5/05 infection, and blockage of the ERK signalling significantly suppressed MMP-14-mediated collagen degradation and migration of JS5/05-infected cells. Using a panel of chimeric NDVs derived from gene exchange between genotype VII and IV NDV, the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes were identified as the major viral determinants for MMP-14 expression and activity. In conclusion, MMP-14 was defined as a critical regulator of collagen degradation and cell migration of chicken PBMCs infected with genotype VII NDV, which may contribute to pathology of the virus. Our findings add novel information to the body of knowledge regarding virus-host biology and NDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Han Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
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Naguib MM, Höper D, Elkady MF, Afifi MA, Erfan A, Abozeid HH, Hasan WM, Arafa AS, Shahein M, Beer M, Harder TC, Grund C. Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:849-863. [PMID: 33955204 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian orthoavulavirus type-1 (NDV), is endemic in poultry in many regions of the world and causes continuing outbreaks in poultry populations. In the Middle East, genotype XXI, used to be present in poultry in Egypt but has been replaced by genotype VII. We investigated whether virus evolution contributed to superseding and focussed on the antigenic sites within the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) spike protein. Full-length sequences of an NDV genotype VII isolate currently circulating in Egypt was compared to a genotype XXI isolate that was present as co-infection with vaccine-type viruses (II) in a historical virus isolated in 2011. Amino acid differences in the HN glycoprotein for both XXI and VII viruses amounted to 11.7% and 11.9%, respectively, compared to the La Sota vaccine type. However, mutations within the globular head (aa 126-570), bearing relevant antigenic sites, were underrepresented (a divergence of 8.8% and 8.1% compared to 22.4% and 25.6% within the protein domains encompassing cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane part and stalk regions (aa 1-125) for genotypes XXI and VII, respectively). Nevertheless, reaction patterns of HN-specific monoclonal antibodies inhibiting receptor binding revealed differences between vaccine-type viruses and genotype XXI and VII viruses for epitopes located in the head domain. Accordingly, compared to Egyptian vaccine-type isolates and the La Sota vaccine reference strain, single aa substitutions in 6 of 10 described neutralizing epitopes of HN were found. However, the same alterations in neutralization sensitive epitopes were present in old genotype XXI as well as in newly emerged genotype VII isolates. In addition, isolates were indistinguishable by polyclonal chicken sera raised against different genotypes including vaccine viruses. These findings suggest that factors other than antigenic differences within the HN protein account for facilitating the spread of genotype VII versus genotype XXI viruses in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald Insel-Riems, Germany
| | - Magdy F Elkady
- Department of poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Manal A Afifi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassanein H Abozeid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M Hasan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Satar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz Shahein
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald Insel-Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald Insel-Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald Insel-Riems, Germany
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Hidaka C, Soda K, Nomura F, Kashiwabara Y, Ito H, Ito T. The chicken-derived velogenic Newcastle disease virus can acquire high pathogenicity in domestic ducks via serial passaging. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:1-12. [PMID: 33576245 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1889461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, which show high mortality in chickens, generally do not cause severe disease in waterfowl such as ducks. To elucidate the difference in the pathogenic mechanisms of NDV between chickens and ducks, a chicken-derived velogenic strain (9a5b) was passaged in domestic ducks five times in their air sacs, followed by 20 times in their brains. Eventually, 9a5b acquired higher intracerebral and intranasal pathogenicity in ducks. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) value increased from 1.10 to 1.88. All one-week-old ducks intranasally inoculated with the passaged virus (d5a20b) died by 5 days post-inoculation, whereas 70% of the ducks inoculated with parental 9a5b survived for 8 days. The d5a20b strain replicated in broader systemic tissues in ducks compared with the 9a5b strain. The velogenic profile of 9a5b in chickens was maintained after passaging in ducks. The d5a20b suppressed IFN-β gene expression in duck embryo fibroblasts and replicated more rapidly than 9a5b. A total of 11 amino acid substitutions were found in the P, V, M, F, HN, and L proteins of d5a20b. These results suggest that chicken-derived velogenic NDVs have the potential to become virulent in both chickens and ducks during circulation in domesticated waterfowl populations. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSChicken-derived NDV acquired high pathogenicity in ducks with serial passaging.The passaged NDV showed intracerebral and intranasal pathogenicity in ducks.The passaged NDV efficiently replicated in systemic tissues in ducks.Of 11 amino acid substitutions some or all are likely involved in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Hidaka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Fumie Nomura
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukie Kashiwabara
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Lu X, Wang X, Zhan T, Sun Y, Wang X, Xu N, Liao T, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu S, Liu X, Liu X. Surveillance of Class I Newcastle Disease Virus at Live Bird Markets and Commercial Poultry Farms in Eastern China Reveals the Epidemic Characteristics. Virol Sin 2021; 36:818-822. [PMID: 33723810 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Tianxing Liao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
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Rogers KH, Mete A, Ip HS, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Crossley B. Emergence and molecular characterization of pigeon Paramyxovirus-1 in non-native Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) in California, USA. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104809. [PMID: 33727141 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) were introduced into Florida in the 1980s and have since established populations throughout the continental United States. Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a species-adapted genotype VI Avian orthoavulavirus 1, has caused periodic outbreaks among collared doves in the U.S. since 2001 with outbreaks occasionally involving native doves. In California, PPMV-1 mortality events were first documented in Riverside County in 2014 with subsequent outbreaks in 23 additional counties from southern to northern California between 2015 and 2019. Affected collared doves exhibited torticollis and partial paralysis. Pale kidneys were frequently visible on gross necropsy (65.4%; 51/78) while lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis often with acute tubular necrosis (96.0%; 24/25) and pancreatic necrosis (80.0%; 20/25) were common findings on histopathology. In total, PPMV-1 was confirmed by rRT-PCR and sequence analysis from oropharyngeal and/or cloacal swabs in 93.0% (40/43) of the collared doves tested from 16 California counties. In 2017, Avian orthoavulavirus 1 was confirmed in a native mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) found dead during a PPMV-1 outbreak in collared doves by rRT-PCR from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, after the initial rRT-PCR from swabs failed to detect the virus. Molecular sequencing of the fusion protein of isolates collected from collared doves during outbreaks in 2014, 2016, and 2017 identified two distinct subgenotypes, VIa and VIn. Subgenotype VIn has been primarily isolated from collared doves in the southern U.S., while VIa has been isolated from mixed avian species in the northeastern U.S., indicating two independent introductions into California. While populations of collared doves are not expected to be substantially impacted by this disease, PPMV-1 may pose a threat to already declining populations of native columbids. This threat could be assessed by monitoring native and non-native columbids for PPMV-1. Based on our study, swab samples may not be sufficient to detect infection in native columbids and may require the use of non-traditional diagnostic approaches, such as FFPE tissues, to ensure virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta H Rogers
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road Suite D, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA.
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hon S Ip
- National Wildlife Health Center, United States Geological Survey, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Mary L Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Putri N, Ernawati R, Rahmahani J, Suwarno S, Rantam FA. Phylogenetic relationship and genotype variation of six Newcastle disease viruses isolated from duck in Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:276-284. [PMID: 33642815 PMCID: PMC7896909 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.276-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) are frequently acquired from all ages and types of bird species. In general, ducks are considered as potential reservoirs for different genotypes of NDV and are resistant even to velogenic NDV strains. This research was conducted to genotypically and phylogenetically characterize NDV isolates collected from unvaccinated ducks from Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples were collected through cloacal swabs and were inoculated in the allantoic sacs of 8-day-old specific pathogen-free eggs. Hemagglutination (HA) activity was analyzed through a HA test, and isolated viruses were characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction targeting the complete fusion (F)-gene of NDV using three primer sets. One primer set was specific for the F protein cleavage site sequences of velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic NDV strains. Results: The results demonstrated that three isolates (NDV/Duck/B104/19, NDV/Duck/B125/19, and NDV/Duck/BK43/19) belonged to genotype VII and one (NDV/Duck/TD19/19) to genotype VI. Other isolates (NDV/Duck/A74/19 and NDV/Duck/M147/19) belonged to genotype II Class II. Based on the F protein cleavage site and the pathogenicity tests, two isolates (NDV/Duck/B104/19 and NDV/Duck/B125/19) were categorized as velogenic viruses and four (NDV/Duck/BK43/19, NDV/Duck/TD19/19, NDV/Duck/A74/19, and NDV/Duck/M147/19) as lentogenic viruses. Conclusion: The results indicate that NDVs from unvaccinated ducks from Indonesia carry various genotypes and pathotypes of NDVs; therefore, these viruses are still circulating in the environment and might pose a risk of Newcastle disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimah Putri
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rahaju Ernawati
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Jola Rahmahani
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suwarno Suwarno
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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50
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Virulence during Newcastle Disease Viruses Cross Species Adaptation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010110. [PMID: 33467506 PMCID: PMC7830468 DOI: 10.3390/v13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that host adaptation in virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) has been accompanied by virulence modulation is reviewed here. Historical records, experimental data, and phylogenetic analyses from available GenBank sequences suggest that currently circulating NDVs emerged in the 1920-1940's from low virulence viruses by mutation at the fusion protein cleavage site. These viruses later gave rise to multiple virulent genotypes by modulating virulence in opposite directions. Phylogenetic and pathotyping studies demonstrate that older virulent NDVs further evolved into chicken-adapted genotypes by increasing virulence (velogenic-viscerotropic pathotypes with intracerebral pathogenicity indexes [ICPIs] of 1.6 to 2), or into cormorant-adapted NDVs by moderating virulence (velogenic-neurotropic pathotypes with ICPIs of 1.4 to 1.6), or into pigeon-adapted viruses by further attenuating virulence (mesogenic pathotypes with ICPIs of 0.9 to 1.4). Pathogenesis and transmission experiments on adult chickens demonstrate that chicken-adapted velogenic-viscerotropic viruses are more capable of causing disease than older velogenic-neurotropic viruses. Currently circulating velogenic-viscerotropic viruses are also more capable of replicating and of being transmitted in naïve chickens than viruses from cormorants and pigeons. These evolutionary virulence changes are consistent with theories that predict that virulence may evolve in many directions in order to achieve maximum fitness, as determined by genetic and ecologic constraints.
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