1
|
Chatterjee RP, Chatterjee A, Ansari S, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee S, Chakraborty N. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of chikungunya virus among dengue-negative patients in Kolkata, India. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301644. [PMID: 38573991 PMCID: PMC10994276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya are co-circulating vector-borne diseases that share a significant number of clinical symptoms. To identify variables to aid physicians in making rapid and effective diagnostic decisions, we performed molecular diagnosis of the chikungunya virus and examined the clinical manifestations of chikungunya cases to identify the prevalence among dengue-negative individuals in Kolkata. Dengue suspected patients' samples were collected during January 2020-December 2021 and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods have been performed to confirm the prevalence of chikungunya infection among dengue-negative patients. By performing phylogenetic analysis, comparing clinical classifications, identifying disease aetiology using clinical and laboratory factors, and evaluating the time course of several clinical variables, we have evaluated the clinical manifestations linked to dengue and chikungunya virus infections. Chikungunya infection was found in 15.1% and 6.3% of the 635 dengue-negative patients, as determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Arthritis and myalgia were more common in chikungunya-infected patients at the time of hospital admission while conjunctivitis, photosensitivity, arthralgia, Anorexia, fatigue, retro-orbital pain, vomiting, dermatitis, or swollen glands were significantly presented as an overlapping symptom. Although dengue and chikungunya infections have significant clinical overlap, basic clinical and laboratory criteria can predict these diseases at presentation for proper management. Effective management enables doctors to treat and care for patients properly and contributes to the development of control measures for these infections in a medical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aroni Chatterjee
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sabbir Ansari
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shilpa Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alagarasu K, Patil J, Jadhav S, Chowdhury D, Bote M, Punekar M, More A, Kakade M, Bachal R, Gurav Y, Cherian S, Parashar D. Understanding the resurgence of chikungunya virus during 2020-2021 in Pune, India, based on genomic analyses: A seven year study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29253. [PMID: 38009608 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A surge in chikungunya was observed during 2020-21 in Pune district of Maharashtra, India. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 21 samples/sequences revealed them as Indian ocean lineage of East Central South African genotype. Two distinct sequence clusters were found to circulate during 2020-21; one with E1:K211E and E2:V264A mutations while the other had E1:I317V mutation along with E1:K211E and E2: V264A mutations. The former, the predominant cluster (n = 18), clustered with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) strains of pre 2014 period while the latter (n = 3) clustered with 2016-2018 period Indian strains. Though E1: A226V was not detected in any of the 21 sequences, several unique mutations were detected in the strains which might have played key roles in the enhanced virus transmission during the period. The study highlights parallel evolution, introduction from the neighboring regions and cocirculation of two sequence clusters of CHIKV in Pune. The complete genome data can be useful to determine how the circulating strains differ from candidate vaccines and might help to predict the protective efficacy of chikungunya vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashri Patil
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santoshkumar Jadhav
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika Chowdhury
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minal Bote
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhura Punekar
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwini More
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahadeo Kakade
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupali Bachal
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Health Technology Assessment Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepti Parashar
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Diagnostic Reagent Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verma M, Panwar S, Sahoo SS, Grover GS, Aggarwal S, Tripathy JP, Shah J, Kakkar R. Mapping the stability of febrile illness hotspots in Punjab from 2012 to 2019- a spatial clustering and regression analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2014. [PMID: 37845663 PMCID: PMC10580620 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Febrile illnesses (FI) represent a typical spectrum of diseases in low-resource settings, either in isolation or with other common symptoms. They contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality in India. The primary objective was to study the burden of FI based on Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) data in Punjab, analyze geospatial and temporal trends and patterns, and identify the potential hotspots for effective intervention. METHODS A retrospective ecological study used the district-level IDSP reports between 2012 and 2019. Diseases responsible for FI on a large scale, like Dengue, Chikungunya, Malaria (Plasmodium Falciparum, P. Vivax), Enteric fever, and Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO), were included in the analysis. The digital map of Punjab was obtained from GitHub. Spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis were done using Moran's I and Getis-Ord G* to determine hotspots of FI using the incidence and crude disease numbers reported under IDSP. Further, negative binomial regression was used to determine the association between Spatio-temporal and population variables per the census 2011. Stable hotspots were depicted using heat maps generated from district-wise yearly data. RESULTS PUO was the highest reported FI. We observed a rising trend in the incidence of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Enteric fever, which depicted occasional spikes during the study period. FI expressed significant inter-district variations and clustering during the start of the study period, with more dispersion in the latter part of the study period. P.Vivax malaria depicted stable hotspots in southern districts of Punjab. In contrast, P. Falciparum malaria, Chikungunya, and PUO expressed no spatial patterns. Enteric Fever incidence was high in central and northeastern districts but depicted no stable spatial patterns. Certain districts were common incidence hotspots for multiple diseases. The number of cases in each district has shown over-dispersion for each disease and has little dependence on population, gender, or residence as per regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that information obtained through IDSP can describe the spatial epidemiology of FI at crude spatial scales and drive concerted efforts against FI by identifying actionable points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Verma
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Shweta Panwar
- Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soumya Swaroop Sahoo
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh Grover
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Punjab and State Programme Officer, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Aggarwal
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Punjab and State Programme Officer, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program Punjab, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jitendra Shah
- Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kakkar
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su L, Lou X, Yan H, Yang Z, Mao H, Yao W, Sun Y, Pan J, Zhang Y. Importation of a novel Indian Ocean lineage carrying E1-K211E and E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2019. Virus Genes 2023; 59:693-702. [PMID: 37468826 PMCID: PMC10499945 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is widespread. In Zhejiang province, China, CHIKV infection is often associated with travelers from tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study, three CHIKV isolates from serum samples of travelers in Zhejiang province in 2019 were sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed to study their molecular characteristics. Sequence analysis showed that the non-structural protein and the structural protein had 37 and 28 amino acid mutations, respectively; no mutation site was found at the E1-A226 residue, which could increase the adaptability of CHIKV to Aedes albopictus. All three samples carried two mutations, namely, E1-K211E and E2-V264A, which were introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these three CHIKVs were Indian Ocean lineage of the East Africa/Central/South Africa genotype (ECSA) and that the MF773566 strain from Bangladesh (Australia/Bangladesh 2017) had the closest evolutionary relationship. The three CHICKs imported into Zhejiang province in 2019 belonged to the ECSA genotype and had multiple amino acid variation sites. The variation in the three samples provides a certain reference for the subsequent research on CHIKV evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Hao Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Zhangnv Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Wenwu Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Junhang Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phadungsombat J, Imad HA, Nakayama EE, Leaungwutiwong P, Ramasoota P, Nguitragool W, Matsee W, Piyaphanee W, Shioda T. Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:354. [PMID: 35208808 PMCID: PMC8878743 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, which originated in Kenya, spread to the Indian ocean and the Indian subcontinent, and then expanded through Southeast Asia in the previous decade. It carried an adaptive mutation E1-A226V, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. However, the IOL CHIKV of the most recent outbreaks during 2016-2020 in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand, and Kenya lacked E1-A226V but carried E1-K211E and E2-V264A. Recent CHIKV genome sequences of the Maldives and Thailand were determined, and their phylogenetic relationships were further investigated together with IOL sequences reported in 2004-2020 in the database. The results showed that the ancestral IOLs diverged to a sub-lineage E1-K211E/E2-V264A, probably in India around 2008, and caused sporadic outbreaks in India during 2010-2015 and in Kenya in 2016. The massive expansion of this new sub-lineage occurred after the acquisition of E1-I317V in other neighboring and remote regions in 2014-2020. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree indicated that independent clades formed according to the geographical regions and introduction timing. The present results using all available partial or full sequences of the recent CHIKVs emphasized the dynamics of the IOL sub-lineages in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.A.I.); (E.E.N.)
| | - Hisham A. Imad
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.A.I.); (E.E.N.)
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.A.I.); (E.E.N.)
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research (CEAR), Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wasin Matsee
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (W.M.); (W.P.)
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Piyaphanee
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (W.M.); (W.P.)
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.A.I.); (E.E.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anukumar B, Asia Devi T, Koshy J, Nikhil NT, Sugunan AP. Molecular characterization of chikungunya virus isolates from two localized outbreaks during 2014-2019 in Kerala, India. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2895-2899. [PMID: 34351521 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After the 2005-2009 chikungunya epidemic, intermittent outbreaks were reported in many parts of India. The outbreaks were caused by either locally circulating strains or imported viruses. Virus transmission routes can be traced by complete genome sequencing studies. We investigated two outbreaks in 2014 and 2019 in Kerala, India. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from the samples, and whole genomes were sequenced for a 2014 isolate and a 2019 isolate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates formed a separate group with a 2019 isolate from Pune, Maharashtra, and belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, Indian subcontinent sublineage of the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). A novel mutation at amino acid position 76 of the E2 gene was observed in the group. The phylogenetic results suggest that the outbreaks might have been caused by a virus that had been circulating in India since 2014. A detailed study is needed to investigate the evolution of CHIKV in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Anukumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India.
| | - T Asia Devi
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - N T Nikhil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2-6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fourié T, Dia A, Savreux Q, Pommier de Santi V, de Lamballerie X, Leparc-Goffart I, Simon F. Emergence of Indian lineage of ECSA chikungunya virus in Djibouti, 2019. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:198-201. [PMID: 33823279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) originated from Africa and has spread worldwide. Since 2017, multiple chikungunya outbreaks have been reported in the Horn of Africa, without molecular characterization. In November 2019, an autochthonous acute chikungunya infection was diagnosed in a French patient living in Djibouti, marking the re-emergence of the virus in the country. The strain was isolated and fully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Djiboutian strain belongs to the Indian lineage of the Eastern/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. Two mutations highly increasing the virus's fitness in Aedes aegypti, the sole vector present in Djibouti city, were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toscane Fourié
- Centre National de Référence des Arbovirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Virologie, Marseille, France; Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France.
| | - Aissata Dia
- Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin Savreux
- French Military Medical-Surgical Center, Djibouti City, Djibouti
| | | | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- Centre National de Référence des Arbovirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Virologie, Marseille, France; Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Simon
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France; Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection in India, 2017: a cross-sectional population-based serosurvey. THE LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e41-e47. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
10
|
A Novel Sub-Lineage of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype Indian Ocean Lineage Caused Sequential Outbreaks in Bangladesh and Thailand. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111319. [PMID: 33213040 PMCID: PMC7698486 DOI: 10.3390/v12111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become geographically widespread. In 2004, the CHIKV East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype moved from Africa to Indian ocean islands and India followed by a large epidemic in Southeast Asia. In 2013, the CHIKV Asian genotype drove an outbreak in the Americas. Since 2016, CHIKV has re-emerged in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. In the present study, CHIKVs were obtained from Bangladesh in 2017 and Thailand in 2019, and their nearly full genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the recent CHIKVs were of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of genotype ECSA, similar to the previous outbreak. However, these CHIKVs were all clustered into a new distinct sub-lineage apart from the past IOL CHIKVs, and they lacked an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 226 of the E1 envelope glycoprotein, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. Instead, all the re-emerged CHIKVs possessed mutations of lysine-to-glutamic acid at position 211 of E1 and valine-to-alanine at position 264 of E2. Molecular clock analysis suggested that the new sub-lineage CHIKV was introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. These results suggest that re-emerged CHIKVs have acquired different adaptations than the previous CHIKVs.
Collapse
|