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Cechetto V, Di Felice L, Gallucci F. Advances and Perspectives of H 2 Production from NH 3 Decomposition in Membrane Reactors. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2023; 37:10775-10798. [PMID: 37554726 PMCID: PMC10406105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is often regarded as an ideal energy carrier. Its use in energy conversion devices does in fact not produce any pollutants. However, due to challenges related to its transportation and storage, liquid hydrogen carriers are being investigated. Among the liquid hydrogen carriers, ammonia is considered very promising because it is easy to store and transport, and its conversion to hydrogen has only nitrogen as a byproduct. This work focuses on a review of the latest results of studies dealing with ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production. After a general introduction to the topic, this review specifically focuses on works presenting results of membrane reactors for ammonia decomposition, particularly describing the different reactor configurations and operating conditions, membrane properties, catalysts, and purification steps that are required to achieve pure hydrogen for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cechetto
- Inorganic
Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612
AP Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Luca Di Felice
- Inorganic
Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612
AP Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic
Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612
AP Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
- Eindhoven
Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Brencio C, Di Felice L, Gallucci F. Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactor for the Direct Dehydrogenation of Propane: Proof of Concept. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36557118 PMCID: PMC9785522 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the fluidized bed membrane reactor (FBMR) technology for the direct dehydrogenation of propane (PDH) was demonstrated at a laboratory scale. Double-skinned PdAg membranes were used to selectively remove H2 during dehydrogenation tests over PtSnK/Al2O3 catalyst under fluidization. The performance of the fluidized bed membrane reactor was experimentally investigated and compared with the conventional fluidized bed reactor (FBR) by varying the superficial gas velocity over the minimum fluidization velocity under fixed operating conditions (i.e., 500 °C, 2 bar and feed composition of 30vol% C3H8-70vol% N2). The results obtained in this work confirmed the potential for improving the PDH performance using the FBMR system. An increase in the initial propane conversion of c.a. 20% was observed, going from 19.5% in the FBR to almost 25% in the FBMR. The hydrogen recovery factor displayed a decrease from 70% to values below 50%, due to the membrane coking under alkene exposure. Despites this, the hydrogen extraction from the reaction environment shifted the thermodynamic equilibrium of the dehydrogenation reaction and achieved an average increase of 43% in propylene yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Brencio
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Di Felice
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Toro L, Moscardini E, Baldassari LM, Forte F, Coletta J, Palo E, Cosentino V, Angelini F, Arratibel Plazaola A, Pagnanelli F, Altimari P. Regeneration of Exhausted Palladium-Based Membranes: Recycling Process and Economics. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070723. [PMID: 35877926 PMCID: PMC9321769 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is the recycling treatment of tubular α-Al2O3-supported ceramic membranes with a Pd/Ag selective layer, employed in hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture. A nitric acid leaching treatment was investigated, and recovered ceramic supports were characterized, demonstrating their suitability for the production of novel efficient membranes. The main objective was the metal dissolution that preserved the support integrity in order to allow the recovered membrane to be suitable for a new deposition of the selective layer. The conditions that obtained a satisfactory dissolution rate of the Pd/Ag layer while avoiding the support to be damaged are as follows: nitric acid 3 M, 60 °C and 3.5 h of reaction time. The efficiency of the recovered supports was determined by nitrogen permeance and surface roughness analysis, and the economic figures were analysed to evaluate the convenience of the regeneration process and the advantage of a recycled membrane over a new membrane. The experimentation carried out demonstrates the proposed process feasibility both in terms of recycling and economic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Toro
- Eco Recycling Srl, Via Francesco Siacci, 4, 00197 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (E.M.); (L.M.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Emanuela Moscardini
- Eco Recycling Srl, Via Francesco Siacci, 4, 00197 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (E.M.); (L.M.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Ludovica M. Baldassari
- Eco Recycling Srl, Via Francesco Siacci, 4, 00197 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (E.M.); (L.M.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Flavia Forte
- Eco Recycling Srl, Via Francesco Siacci, 4, 00197 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (E.M.); (L.M.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Jacopo Coletta
- Eco Recycling Srl, Via Francesco Siacci, 4, 00197 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (E.M.); (L.M.B.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emma Palo
- KT—Kinetics Technology Spa, Viale Castello della Magliana, 27, 00148 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Vittoria Cosentino
- KT—Kinetics Technology Spa, Viale Castello della Magliana, 27, 00148 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Fabio Angelini
- KT—Kinetics Technology Spa, Viale Castello della Magliana, 27, 00148 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (V.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Alba Arratibel Plazaola
- Membrane Technology and Process Intensification/Materials and Processes, TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 2, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Francesca Pagnanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (P.A.)
| | - Pietro Altimari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (P.A.)
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Versatile and Resistant Electroless Pore-Plated Pd-Membranes for H2-Separation: Morphology and Performance of Internal Layers in PSS Tubes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050530. [PMID: 35629856 PMCID: PMC9143512 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pd-membranes are interesting in multiple ultra-pure hydrogen production processes, although they can suffer inhibition by certain species or abrasion under fluidization conditions in membrane reactors, thus requiring additional protective layers to ensure long and stable operation. The ability to incorporate intermediate and palladium films with enough adherence on both external and internal surfaces of tubular porous supports becomes crucial to minimize their complexity and cost. This study addresses the incorporation of CeO2 and Pd films onto the internal side of PSS tubes for applications in which further protection could be required. The membranes so prepared, with a Pd-thickness around 12–15 μm, show an excellent mechanical resistance and similar performance to those prepared on the external surface. A good fit to Sieverts’ law with an H2-permeance of 4.571 × 10−3 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−0.5 at 400 °C, activation energy around 15.031 kJ mol−1, and complete ideal perm-selectivity was observed. The permeate fluxes reached in H2 mixtures with N2, He, or CO2 decreased with dilution and temperature due to the inherent concentration-polarization. The presence of CO in mixtures provoked a higher decrease because of a further inhibition effect. However, the original flux was completely recovered after feeding again with pure hydrogen, maintaining stable operation for at least 1000 h.
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Rosseau LR, Middelkoop V, Willemsen HA, Roghair I, van Sint Annaland M. Review on Additive Manufacturing of Catalysts and Sorbents and the Potential for Process Intensification. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.834547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of catalyst and sorbent materials promises to unlock large design freedom in the structuring of these materials, and could be used to locally tune porosity, shape and resulting parameters throughout the reactor along both the axial and transverse coordinates. This contrasts catalyst structuring by conventional methods, which yields either very dense randomly packed beds or very open cellular structures. Different 3D-printing processes for catalytic and sorbent materials exist, and the selection of an appropriate process, taking into account compatible materials, porosity and resolution, may indeed enable unbounded options for geometries. In this review, recent efforts in the field of 3D-printing of catalyst and sorbent materials are discussed. It will be argued that these efforts, whilst promising, do not yet exploit the full potential of the technology, since most studies considered small structures that are very similar to structures that can be produced through conventional methods. In addition, these studies are mostly motivated by chemical and material considerations within the printing process, without explicitly striving for process intensification. To enable value-added application of 3D-printing in the chemical process industries, three crucial requirements for increased process intensification potential will be set out: i) the production of mechanically stable structures without binders; ii) the introduction of local variations throughout the structure; and iii) the use of multiple materials within one printed structure.
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Yang X, Wang S, Liu S, He Y. Erosion behaviors of membrane tubes in a fluidized bed reactor with hydrogen separation. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effective H 2 Separation through Electroless Pore-Plated Pd Membranes Containing Graphite Lead Barriers. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120410. [PMID: 33322000 PMCID: PMC7764324 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen promotion as a clean energy vector could provide an efficient strategy for realizing real decarbonization of the current energy system. Purification steps are usually required in most H2-production processes, providing the use of Pd-based membranes, particularly those supported on porous stainless steel (PSS), important advantages against other alternatives. In this work, new composite membranes were prepared by modifying PSS supports with graphite, as an intermediate layer, before incorporating a palladium film by electroless pore-plating. Fully dense Pd layers were reached, with an estimated thickness of around 17 μm. Permeation measurements were carried out in two different modes: H2 permeation from the inner to the outer side of the membrane (in-out) and in the opposite way (out-in). H2 permeances between 3.24 × 10-4 and 4.33 × 10-4 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-0.5 with αH2/N2 ≥ 10,000 were reached at 350-450 °C when permeating from the outer to the inner surface. Despite a general linear trend between permeating H2 fluxes and pressures, the predicted intercept in (0,0) by the Sieverts' law was missed due to the partial Pd infiltration inside the pores. H2-permeances progressively decreased up to around 33% for binary H2-N2 mixtures containing 40 vol% N2 due to concentration-polarization phenomena. Finally, the good performance of these membranes was maintained after reversing the direction of the permeate flux. This fact practically demonstrates an adequate mechanical resistance despite generating tensile stress on the Pd layer during operation, which is not accomplished in other Pd membranes.
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Abstract
The integration of membranes inside a catalytic reactor is an intensification strategy to combine separation and reaction steps in one single physical unit. In this case, a selective removal or addition of a reactant or product will occur, which can circumvent thermodynamic equilibrium and drive the system performance towards a higher product selectivity. In the case of an inorganic membrane reactor, a membrane separation is coupled with a reaction system (e.g., steam reforming, autothermal reforming, etc.), while in a membrane bioreactor a biological treatment is combined with a separation through the membranes. The objective of this article is to review the latest developments in membrane reactors in both inorganic and membrane bioreactors, followed by a report on new trends, applications, and future perspectives.
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Influence of Si and Fe/Cr oxides as intermediate layers in the fabrication of supported Pd membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Preliminary Equipment Design for On-Board Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming in Palladium Membrane Reactors. CHEMENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, can take the main role in the transition to a new energy model based on renewable sources. However, its application in the transport sector is limited by its difficult storage and the lack of infrastructure for its distribution. On-board H2 production is proposed as a possible solution to these problems, especially in the case of considering renewable feedstocks such as bio-ethanol or bio-methane. This work addresses a first approach for analyzing the viability of these alternatives by using Pd-membrane reactors in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) vehicles. It has been demonstrated that the use of Pd-based membrane reactors enhances hydrogen productivity and provides enough pure hydrogen to feed the PEM-FC requirements in one single step. Both alternatives seem to be feasible, although the methane-based on-board hydrogen production offers some additional advantages. For this case, it is possible to generate 1.82 kmol h−1 of pure H2 to feed the PEM-FC while minimizing the CO2 emissions to 71 g CO2/100 km. This value would be under the future emissions limits proposed by the European Union (EU) for year 2020. In this case, the operating conditions of the on-board reformer are T = 650 °C, Pret = 10 bar and H2O/CH4 = 2.25, requiring 1 kg of catalyst load and a membrane area of 1.76 m2.
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