1
|
Petry ÉR, Dresch DDF, Carvalho C, Medeiros PC, Rosa TG, de Oliveira CM, Martins LAM, Guma FCR, Marroni NP, Wannmacher CMD. Oral glutamine supplementation relieves muscle loss in immobilized rats, altering p38MAPK and FOXO3a signaling pathways. Nutrition 2024; 118:112273. [PMID: 38096603 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle synthesizes, stores, and releases body L-glutamine (GLN). Muscle atrophy due to disabling diseases triggers the activation of proteolytic and pro-apoptotic cell signaling, thus impairing the body's capacity to manage GLN content. This situation has a poor therapeutic prognosis. OBJECTIVE Evaluating if oral GLN supplementation can attenuate muscle wasting mediated by elevated plasma cortisol and activation of caspase-3, p38MAPK, and FOXO3a signaling pathways in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of rats submitted to 14-day bilateral hindlimbs immobilization. METHODS Animals were randomly distributed into six groups: non-immobilized rats (Control), control orally supplemented with GLN (1 g kg-1) in solution with L-alanine (ALA: 0.61 g kg-1; GLN+ALA), control orally supplemented with dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP; 1.49 g kg-1), hindlimbs immobilized rats (IMOB), IMOB orally GLN+ALA supplemented (GLN+ALA-IMOB), and IMOB orally DIP supplemented (DIP-IMOB). Plasma and muscle GLN concentration, plasma cortisol level, muscle caspase-3 activity, muscle p38MAPK and FOXO3a protein content (total and phosphorylated forms), and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured. RESULTS Compared to controls, IMOB rats presented: a) increased plasma cortisol levels; b) decreased plasma and muscle GLN concentration; c) increased muscle caspase-3 activity; d) increased total and phosphorylated p38MAPK protein content; e) increased FOXO3a and decreased phosphorylated FOXO3a protein content; f) reduced muscle weight and CSA befitting to atrophy. Oral supplementation with GLN+ALA and DIP was able to significantly attenuate these effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings attest that oral GLN supplementation in GLN+ALA solution or DIP forms attenuates rats' skeletal muscle mass wasting caused by disuse-mediated muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éder Ricardo Petry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Diego de Freitas Dresch
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarice Carvalho
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia Calçada Medeiros
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Gomes Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculdades Integradas de Taquara (FACCAT), Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cleverson Morais de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leo Anderson Meira Martins
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fátima Costa Rodrigues Guma
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Norma Possas Marroni
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiology, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Pulmonological Sciences: Inflammation, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Milton Duval Wannmacher
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ou BR, Hsu MH, Haung LY, Lin CJ, Kuo LL, Tsai YT, Chang YC, Lin WY, Huang TC, Wu YC, Yeh JY, Liang YC. Systematic Myostatin Expression Screening Platform for Identification and Evaluation of Myogenesis-Related Phytogenic in Pigs. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1113. [PMID: 37892843 PMCID: PMC10604025 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth in livestock impacts meat quantity and quality. Concerns arise because certain feed additives, like beta-agonists, may affect food safety. Skeletal muscle is a specialized tissue consisting of nondividing and multinucleated muscle fibers. Myostatin (MSTN), a protein specific to skeletal muscle, is secreted and functions as a negative regulator of muscle mass by inhibiting the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. To enhance livestock muscle growth, phytogenic feed additives could be an alternative as they inhibit MSTN activity. The objective of this study was to establish a systematic screening platform using MSTN activity to evaluate phytogenics, providing scientific evidence of their assessment and potency. In this study, we established a screening platform to monitor myostatin promoter activity in rat L8 myoblasts. Extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GUE), an oriental herbal medicine, was identified through this screening platform, and the active fractions of GUE were identified using a process-scale liquid column chromatography system. For in vivo study, GUE as a feed additive was investigated in growth-finishing pigs. The results showed that GUE significantly increased body weight, carcass weight, and lean content in pigs. Microbiota analysis indicated that GUE did not affect the composition of gut microbiota in pigs. In summary, this established rodent myoblast screening platform was used to identify a myogenesis-related phytogenic, GUE, and further demonstrated that the active fractions and compounds inhibited MSTN expression. These findings suggest a novel application for GUE in growth performance enhancement through modulation of MSTN expression. Moreover, this well-established screening platform holds significant potential for identifying and assessing a diverse range of phytogenics that contribute to the process of myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Rung Ou
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Ling-Ya Haung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Chuan-Ju Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.)
| | - Li-Li Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.)
| | - Yu-Ting Tsai
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.)
| | - Wen-Yuh Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Tsung-Chien Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Yun-Chu Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (B.-R.O.); (L.-Y.H.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Jan-Ying Yeh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.)
- College of Agriculture and Health, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng Q, Zheng Y, Jia RB, Luo D, Chen C, Zhao M. Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharide alleviates type 2 diabetes in rats via remodeling gut microbiota and regulating glycolipid metabolism-related gene expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:126504. [PMID: 37625739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic activity and underlying mechanisms of Fucus vesiculosus polysaccharide (FVP) were studied in type 2 diabetic rats. Our results exhibited that FVP intervention reversed body weight loss, alleviated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diabetic rats. FVP also had the potential to ameliorate dyslipidemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, decrease oxidative stress, promote glycogen synthesis, and boost short-chain fatty acid production and total bile acid excretion. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggested that FVP interfered with the gut microbiota in a beneficial manner. Moreover, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the antidiabetic activity of FVP in connection with the acceleration of blood glucose absorption and glycogen synthesis, the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and the regulation of lipid metabolism in the liver. These findings suggested that FVP had antidiabetic effects on high-fat diet and STZ-induced diabetic rats and could be a potential resource for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Rui-Bo Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China.
| | - Donghui Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Chong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061914. [PMID: 34199575 PMCID: PMC8227811 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of protein homeostasis, with excessive protein degradation compared with protein synthesis, leads to the development of muscle atrophy resulting in a decrease in muscle mass and consequent muscle weakness and disability. Potential triggers of muscle atrophy include inflammation, malnutrition, aging, cancer, and an unhealthy lifestyle such as sedentariness and high fat diet. Nutraceuticals with preventive and therapeutic effects against muscle atrophy have recently received increasing attention since they are potentially more suitable for long-term use. The implementation of nutraceutical intervention might aid in the development and design of precision medicine strategies to reduce the burden of muscle atrophy. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the importance of nutraceuticals in the prevention of skeletal muscle mass loss and recovery of muscle function. We also highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these nutraceuticals and their possible pharmacological use, which is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dexamethasone-Induced Perturbations in Tissue Metabolomics Revealed by Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS analysis. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020042. [PMID: 31973046 PMCID: PMC7074358 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) drug commonly used clinically for the treatment of several inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Despite its broad range of indications, the long-term use of Dex is known to be associated with specific abnormalities in several tissues and organs. In this study, the metabolomic effects on five different organs induced by the chronic administration of Dex in the Sprague–Dawley rat model were investigated using the chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CIL LC-MS) platform, which targets the amine/phenol submetabolomes. Compared to controls, a prolonged intake of Dex resulted in significant perturbations in the levels of 492, 442, 300, 186, and 105 metabolites in the brain, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, and heart tissues, respectively. The positively identified metabolites were mapped to diverse molecular pathways in different organs. In the brain, perturbations in protein biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis were identified, while in the heart, pyrimidine metabolism and branched amino acid biosynthesis were the most significantly impaired pathways. In the kidney, several amino acid pathways were dysregulated, which reflected impairments in several biological functions, including gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis. Beta-alanine metabolism and uridine homeostasis were profoundly affected in liver tissues, whereas alterations of glutathione, arginine, glutamine, and nitrogen metabolism pointed to the modulation of muscle metabolism and disturbances in energy production and muscle mass in skeletal muscle. The differential expression of multiple dipeptides was most significant in the liver (down-regulated), brain (up-regulation), and kidney tissues, but not in the heart or skeletal muscle tissues. The identification of clinically relevant pathways provides holistic insights into the tissue molecular responses induced by Dex and understanding of the underlying mechanisms associated with their side effects. Our data suggest a potential role for glutathione supplementation and dipeptide modulators as novel therapeutic interventions to mitigate the side effects induced by Dex therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stern RA, Dasarathy S, Mozdziak PE. Ammonia Induces a Myostatin-Mediated Atrophy in Mammalian Myotubes, but Induces Hypertrophy in Avian Myotubes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
7
|
Haba Y, Fujimura T, Oyama K, Kinoshita J, Miyashita T, Fushida S, Harada S, Ohta T. Effect of Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Glutamine Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Atrophy After Total Gastrectomy in Rat Model. J Surg Res 2019; 243:281-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
8
|
Pérez-Pérez M, Pérez-Rodríguez G, Fdez-Riverola F, Lourenço A. Using Twitter to Understand the Human Bowel Disease Community: Exploratory Analysis of Key Topics. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e12610. [PMID: 31411142 PMCID: PMC6711036 DOI: 10.2196/12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the use of social media is part of daily life, with more and more people, including governments and health organizations, using at least one platform regularly. Social media enables users to interact among large groups of people that share the same interests and suffer the same afflictions. Notably, these channels promote the ability to find and share information about health and medical conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the bowel disease (BD) community on Twitter, in particular how patients understand, discuss, feel, and react to the condition. The main questions were as follows: Which are the main communities and most influential users?; Where are the main content providers from?; What are the key biomedical and scientific topics under discussion? How are topics interrelated in patient communications?; How do external events influence user activity?; What kind of external sources of information are being promoted? METHODS To answer these questions, a dataset of tweets containing terms related to BD conditions was collected from February to August 2018, accounting for a total of 24,634 tweets from 13,295 different users. Tweet preprocessing entailed the extraction of textual contents, hyperlinks, hashtags, time, location, and user information. Missing and incomplete information about the user profiles was completed using different analysis techniques. Semantic tweet topic analysis was supported by a lexicon-based entity recognizer. Furthermore, sentiment analysis enabled a closer look into the opinions expressed in the tweets, namely, gaining a deeper understanding of patients' feelings and experiences. RESULTS Health organizations received most of the communication, whereas BD patients and experts in bowel conditions and nutrition were among those tweeting the most. In general, the BD community was mainly discussing symptoms, BD-related diseases, and diet-based treatments. Diarrhea and constipation were the most commonly mentioned symptoms, and cancer, anxiety disorder, depression, and chronic inflammations were frequently part of BD-related tweets. Most patient tweets discussed the bad side of BD conditions and other related conditions, namely, depression, diarrhea, and fibromyalgia. In turn, gluten-free diets and probiotic supplements were often mentioned in patient tweets expressing positive emotions. However, for the most part, tweets containing mentions to foods and diets showed a similar distribution of negative and positive sentiments because the effects of certain food components (eg, fiber, iron, and magnesium) were perceived differently, depending on the state of the disease and other personal conditions of the patients. The benefits of medical cannabis for the treatment of different chronic diseases were also highlighted. CONCLUSIONS This study evidences that Twitter is becoming an influential space for conversation about bowel conditions, namely, patient opinions about associated symptoms and treatments. So, further qualitative and quantitative content analyses hold the potential to support decision making among health-related stakeholders, including the planning of awareness campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Ourense, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Spain.,Next Generation Computer Systems Group, School of Computer Engineering, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Galician Health Service - University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Gael Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Ourense, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Spain.,Next Generation Computer Systems Group, School of Computer Engineering, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Galician Health Service - University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Ourense, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Spain.,Next Generation Computer Systems Group, School of Computer Engineering, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Galician Health Service - University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Anália Lourenço
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Ourense, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Spain.,Next Generation Computer Systems Group, School of Computer Engineering, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Galician Health Service - University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stern RA, Mozdziak PE. Glutamine synthetase in avian muscle contributes to a positive myogenic response to ammonia compared with mammalian muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R214-R221. [PMID: 31067078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00232.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian models of cirrhosis, plasma ammonia concentration increases, having numerous adverse effects, including sarcopenia. The objective of this study was to identify differences between avian and mammalian myogenic response to applied ammonia and glutamine. Primary chicken breast and thigh, primary rat, and C2C12 myotubes were treated with ammonium acetate (AA, 10 mM) or glutamine (10 mM) for 24 h and compared with sodium acetate (10 mM) and untreated controls. Myostatin mRNA was significantly higher in C2C12 and rat myotubes treated with AA compared with glutamine and controls (P < 0.01), whereas myostatin was unchanged in chicken myotubes. AA-treated C2C12 myotubes had significantly higher glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA expression compared with controls, but GS protein expression was unchanged. In contrast, GS mRNA expression was unchanged in thigh myotubes, but GS protein expression was significantly higher in AA-treated thigh myotubes (P < 0.05). In both breast and thigh myotubes, intracellular glutamine concentration was significantly increased in AA- and glutamine-treated myotubes compared with controls but was only increased in glutamine-treated C2C12 and rat myotubes (P < 0.05). Glutamine concentration was significantly higher in all treatment media collected from avian myotube cultures compared with both C2C12 and rat media (P < 0.01). Myotube diameter was significantly larger in avian myotubes after treatment with both AA and glutamine (P < 0.05). C2C12 and rat myotubes had a significantly smaller myotube diameter after AA treatment (P < 0.001). Altogether, these data support species differences in skeletal muscle ammonia metabolism and suggest that glutamine synthesis is a mechanism of ammonia utilization in avian muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allysa Stern
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Paul E Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grade CVC, Mantovani CS, Alvares LE. Myostatin gene promoter: structure, conservation and importance as a target for muscle modulation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:32. [PMID: 31044074 PMCID: PMC6477727 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is one of the key factors regulating myogenesis. Because of its role as a negative regulator of muscle mass deposition, much interest has been given to its protein and, in recent years, several studies have analysed MSTN gene regulation. This review discusses the MSTN gene promoter, focusing on its structure in several animal species, both vertebrate and invertebrate. We report the important binding sites considering their degree of phylogenetic conservation and roles they play in the promoter activity. Finally, we discuss recent studies focusing on MSTN gene regulation via promoter manipulation and the potential applications they have both in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vermeulen Carvalho Grade
- 1Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, UNILA, Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Avenida Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos, 1000, Foz do Iguaçu, PR CEP 85870-901 Brazil
| | - Carolina Stefano Mantovani
- 2Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- 2Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stern RA, Dasarathy S, Mozdziak PE. Ammonia elicits a different myogenic response in avian and murine myotubes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:99-110. [PMID: 27573411 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased myostatin expression, resulting in muscle loss, has been associated with hyperammonemia in mammalian models of cirrhosis. However, there is evidence that hyperammonemia in avian embryos results in a reduction of myostatin expression, suggesting a proliferative myogenic environment. The present in vitro study examines species differences in myotube and liver cell response to ammonia using avian and murine-derived cells. Primary myoblasts and liver cells were isolated from embryonic day 15 and 17 chick embryos to be compared with mouse myoblasts (C2C12) and liver (AML12) cells. Cells were exposed to varying concentrations of ammonium acetate (AA; 2.5, 5, or 10 mM) to determine the effects of ammonia on the cells. Relative expression of myostatin mRNA, determined by quantitative real-time PCR, was significantly increased in AA (10 mM) treated C2C12 myotubes compared to both ages of chick embryonic myotube cultures after 48 h (P < 0.02). Western blot analysis of myostatin protein confirmed an increase in myostatin expression in AA-treated C2C12 myotubes compared to the sodium acetate (SA) controls, while myostatin expression was decreased in the chick embryonic myotube cultures when treated with AA. Myotube diameter was significantly decreased in AA-treated C2C12 myotubes compared to controls, while avian myotube diameter increased with AA treatment (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between avian and murine liver cell viability, assessed using 2', 7'- bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6-)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester, when treated with AA. However, after 24 h, AA-treated avian myotubes showed a significant increase in cell viability compared to the C2C12 myotubes (P < 0.05). Overall, it appears that there is a positive myogenic response to hyperammonemia in avian myotubes compared to murine myotubes, which supports a proliferative myogenic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Stern
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7608, USA.
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Paul E Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang R, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin H. Glucocorticoids Enhance Muscle Proteolysis through a Myostatin-Dependent Pathway at the Early Stage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156225. [PMID: 27227776 PMCID: PMC4882021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted proteins, is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle. It negatively regulates muscle mass and is associated with glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. However, it remains unclear whether myostatin is involved in glucocorticoid-induced muscle protein turnover. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of myostatin in protein metabolism during dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. Protein synthesis rates and the expression of the genes for myostatin, ubiquitin-proteasome atrogin-1, MuRF1, FoxO1/3a and mTOR/p70S6K were determined. The results show that DEX decreased (P<0.05) protein synthesis rates while increasing the abundance of myostatin. DEX increased (P<0.05) the level of phospho-FoxO1/3a (Thr 24/32) and the expression of MuRF1. In contrast, DEX treatment had no detectable effect on atrogin-1 protein levels (P>0.05). The phosphorylation levels of mTOR and p70S6K were decreased by DEX treatment (P<0.05). Follistatin treatment inhibited the DEX-induced increase in myostatin (P<0.05) and the activation of phosphor-FoxO1/3a (Thr 24/32) (P< 0.05) and MuRF1 (P<0.05). Follistatin treatment had no influence on the protein synthesis rate or on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR (Ser 2448) and p70S6K (Thr 389) (P> 0.05). In conclusion, the present study suggests that the myostatin signalling pathway is associated with glucocorticoid-induced muscle protein catabolism at the beginning of exposure. Myostatin is not a main pathway associated with the suppression of muscle protein synthesis by glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Girven M, Dugdale HF, Owens DJ, Hughes DC, Stewart CE, Sharples AP. l-glutamine Improves Skeletal Muscle Cell Differentiation and Prevents Myotube Atrophy After Cytokine (TNF-α) Stress Via Reduced p38 MAPK Signal Transduction. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2720-32. [PMID: 26991744 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) is chronically elevated in conditions where skeletal muscle loss occurs. As l-glutamine can dampen the effects of inflamed environments, we investigated the role of l-glutamine in both differentiating C2C12 myoblasts and existing myotubes in the absence/presence of TNF-α (20 ng · ml(-1) ) ± l-glutamine (20 mM). TNF-α reduced the proportion of cells in G1 phase, as well as biochemical (CK activity) and morphological differentiation (myotube number), with corresponding reductions in transcript expression of: Myogenin, Igf-I, and Igfbp5. Furthermore, when administered to mature myotubes, TNF-α induced myotube loss and atrophy underpinned by reductions in Myogenin, Igf-I, Igfbp2, and glutamine synthetase and parallel increases in Fox03, Cfos, p53, and Bid gene expression. Investigation of signaling activity suggested that Akt and ERK1/2 were unchanged, JNK increased (non-significantly) whereas P38 MAPK substantially and significantly increased in both myoblasts and myotubes in the presence of TNF-α. Importantly, 20 mM l-glutamine reduced p38 MAPK activity in TNF-α conditions back to control levels, with a corresponding rescue of myoblast differentiation and a reversal of atrophy in myotubes. l-glutamine resulted in upregulation of genes associated with growth and survival including; Myogenin, Igf-Ir, Myhc2 & 7, Tnfsfr1b, Adra1d, and restored atrophic gene expression of Fox03 back to baseline in TNF-α conditions. In conclusion, l-glutamine supplementation rescued suppressed muscle cell differentiation and prevented myotube atrophy in an inflamed environment via regulation of p38 MAPK. l-glutamine administration could represent an important therapeutic strategy for reducing muscle loss in catabolic diseases and inflamed ageing. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 231: 2720-2732, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Girven
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F Dugdale
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Centre de Recherche en Myologie (CRM), GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris 13, France
| | - David C Hughes
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Topical ocular dexamethasone decreases intraocular pressure and body weight in rats. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:5. [PMID: 26971048 PMCID: PMC4789283 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, topical dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension and a consequent loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have been described in mice. This has been proposed as a model of steroid-induced glaucoma. In this study, we set up and evaluated a similar model in rats. Results Ten-week old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (N = 12) were used to evaluate the effect of topical 0.1 % dexamethasone (50 μl) administered 3 times daily for 4 weeks. Sodium chloride (0.9 %) was used in another group of rats (N = 12) that served as the controls. After 1 week, we observed a progressive decrease in body weight in the dexamethasone-treated rats compared both to the pre-treatment baseline and the vehicle-treated rats. In contrast to earlier work that showed elevated Intraocular pressure (IOP) following dexamethasone instillation in mice, IOP in the rats unexpectedly fell to 11.3 ± 1.3 mmHg in the treated eyes, compared to 14.8 ± 2.4 mmHg in the untreated eyes, after 3 weeks of topical dexamethasone (P = 0.032). Blood tests performed after 4 weeks of treatment showed a 3.3-fold increase in both plasma cholesterol (P < 0.001) and alanine transaminase (P = 0.019) in the dexamethasone-treated rats compared to the control rats. Meanwhile, topical steroid did not induce changes in either plasma blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). We also did not detect changes in the expression of RGC markers (with real-time PCR) following the treatment. Conclusions In contrast to mice, which previously showed increased IOP following the topical administration of dexamethasone, the rats displayed a paradoxical reduction in IOP following a similar treatment. This was accompanied by a loss of body weight without affecting the level of blood glucose. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0048-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang W, Choi RH, Solares GJ, Tseng HM, Ding Z, Kim K, Ivy JL. l-Alanylglutamine inhibits signaling proteins that activate protein degradation, but does not affect proteins that activate protein synthesis after an acute resistance exercise. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1389-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
16
|
The effect of hyperammonemia on myostatin and myogenic regulatory factor gene expression in broiler embryos. Animal 2015; 9:992-9. [PMID: 25689990 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is facilitated by four myogenic regulatory factors and is significantly inhibited by myostatin. The objective of the current study was to examine embryonic gene regulation of myostatin/myogenic regulatory factors, and subsequent manipulations of protein synthesis, in broiler embryos under induced hyperammonemia. Broiler eggs were injected with ammonium acetate solution four times over 48 h beginning on either embryonic day (ED) 15 or 17. Serum ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos for both ED17 and ED19 collected samples when compared with sham-injected controls. Expression of mRNA, extracted from pectoralis major of experimental and control embryos, was measured using real-time quantitative PCR for myostatin, myogenic regulatory factors myogenic factor 5, myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor 4 and paired box 7. A significantly lower (P<0.01) myostatin expression was accompanied by a higher serum ammonia concentration in both ED17 and ED19 collected samples. Myogenic factor 5 expression was higher (P<0.05) in ED17 collected samples administered ammonium acetate. In both ED17 and ED19 collected samples, myogenic regulatory factor 4 was lower (P⩽0.05) in ammonium acetate injected embryos. No significant difference was seen in myogenic determination factor 1, myogenin or paired box 7 expression between treatment groups for either age of sample collection. In addition, there was no significant difference in BrdU staining of histological samples taken from treated and control embryos. Myostatin protein levels were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and also showed lower myostatin expression (P<0.05). Overall, it appears possible to inhibit myostatin expression through hyperammonemia, which is expected to have a positive effect on embryonic myogenesis and postnatal muscle growth.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rodriguez J, Vernus B, Chelh I, Cassar-Malek I, Gabillard JC, Hadj Sassi A, Seiliez I, Picard B, Bonnieu A. Myostatin and the skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4361-71. [PMID: 25080109 PMCID: PMC11113773 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and is conserved in many species, from rodents to humans. Myostatin inactivation can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, while its overexpression or systemic administration causes muscle atrophy. As it represents a potential target for stimulating muscle growth and/or preventing muscle wasting, myostatin regulation and functions in the control of muscle mass have been extensively studied. A wealth of data strongly suggests that alterations in skeletal muscle mass are associated with dysregulation in myostatin expression. Moreover, myostatin plays a central role in integrating/mediating anabolic and catabolic responses. Myostatin negatively regulates the activity of the Akt pathway, which promotes protein synthesis, and increases the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to induce atrophy. Several new studies have brought new information on how myostatin may affect both ribosomal biogenesis and translation efficiency of specific mRNA subclasses. In addition, although myostatin has been identified as a modulator of the major catabolic pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome systems, the underlying mechanisms are only partially understood. The goal of this review is to highlight outstanding questions about myostatin-mediated regulation of the anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways in skeletal muscle. Particular emphasis has been placed on (1) the cross-regulation between myostatin, the growth-promoting pathways and the proteolytic systems; (2) how myostatin inhibition leads to muscle hypertrophy; and (3) the regulation of translation by myostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rodriguez
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - B. Vernus
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - I. Chelh
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - I. Cassar-Malek
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - J. C. Gabillard
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - A. Hadj Sassi
- INRA-USC2009, Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
| | - I. Seiliez
- INRA, UR1067 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - B. Picard
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A. Bonnieu
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hasselgren PO. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and prevention of muscle wasting. Metabolism 2014; 63:5-8. [PMID: 24140096 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Olof Hasselgren
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue ST 919, Boston, MA 02115.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Akhmedov D, Berdeaux R. The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration. Front Physiol 2013; 4:371. [PMID: 24381559 PMCID: PMC3865699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus are accompanied by increased lipid deposition in adipose and non-adipose tissues including liver, pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle. Recent publications report impaired regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle following injury in obese mice. Although muscle regeneration has not been thoroughly studied in obese and type 2 diabetic humans and mechanisms leading to decreased muscle regeneration in obesity remain elusive, the initial findings point to the possibility that muscle satellite cell function is compromised under conditions of lipid overload. Elevated toxic lipid metabolites and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as insulin and leptin resistance that occur in obese animals may contribute to decreased regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. In addition, obesity-associated alterations in the metabolic state of skeletal muscle fibers and satellite cells may directly impair the potential for satellite cell-mediated repair. Here we discuss recent studies that expand our understanding of how obesity negatively impacts skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Akhmedov
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Busquets S. Mechanisms and treatment of cancer cachexia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23 Suppl 1:S19-S24. [PMID: 22749678 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to a recent consensus, cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterised by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. The prominent clinical feature of cachexia is weight loss. Cachexia occurs in the majority of terminal cancer patients and it is responsible for the deaths of 22% of cancer patients. Although body weight is, indeed, an important factor to be taken into consideration in any cachexia treatment, body composition, physical performance and quality of life should be monitored. From the results presented here, one can speculate that a single therapy may not be completely successful in the treatment of cachexia. From this point of view, treatments involving different combinations are more likely to be successful. The objectives of any therapeutical combination are two: an anticatabolic aim directed towards both fat and muscle catabolism and an anabolic objective leading to the synthesis of macromolecules such as contractile proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gabillard JC, Biga PR, Rescan PY, Seiliez I. Revisiting the paradigm of myostatin in vertebrates: insights from fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:45-54. [PMID: 24018114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGFβ superfamily, has emerged as a strong inhibitor of muscle growth in mammals. In fish many studies reveal a strong conservation of mstn gene organization, sequence, and protein structures. Because of ancient genome duplication, teleostei may have retained two copies of mstn genes and even up to four copies in salmonids due to additional genome duplication event. In sharp contrast to mammals, the different fish mstn orthologs are widely expressed with a tissue-specific expression pattern. Quantification of mstn mRNA in fish under different physiological conditions, demonstrates that endogenous expression of mstn paralogs is rarely related to fish muscle growth rate. In addition, attempts to inhibit MSTN activity did not consistently enhance muscle growth as in mammals. In vitro, MSTN stimulates myotube atrophy and inhibits proliferation but not differentiation of myogenic cells as in mammals. In conclusion, given the strong mstn expression non-muscle tissues of fish, we propose a new hypothesis stating that fish MSTN functions as a general inhibitors of cell proliferation and cell growth to control tissue mass but is not specialized into a strong muscle regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Gabillard
- INRA, UR1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Equipe Croissance et Qualité de la Chair des Poissons, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Castillero E, Alamdari N, Lecker SH, Hasselgren PO. Suppression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 prevents dexamethasone-induced atrophy of cultured myotubes. Metabolism 2013; 62:1495-502. [PMID: 23866982 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanistic role of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting is not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is at least in part linked to atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression and that the ubiquitin ligases are regulated by compensatory mechanisms. METHODS The expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 was suppressed individually or in combination in cultured L6 myotubes by using siRNA technique. Myotubes were treated with dexamethasone followed by determination of mRNA and protein levels for atrogin-1 and MuRF1, protein synthesis and degradation rates, and myotube morphology. RESULTS Suppression of atrogin-1 resulted in increased expression of MuRF1 and vice versa, suggesting that the ubiquitin ligases are regulated by compensatory mechanisms. Simultaneous suppression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 resulted in myotube hypertrophy, mainly reflecting stimulated protein synthesis, and prevented dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy, mainly reflecting inhibited protein degradation. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for a link between upregulated atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression and glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. The study also suggests that atrogin-1 and MuRF1 levels are regulated by compensatory mechanisms and that inhibition of both ubiquitin ligases may be needed to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscle proteolysis and atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Castillero
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2163-72. [PMID: 23806868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological states characterized by muscle atrophy (e.g., sepsis, cachexia, starvation, metabolic acidosis and severe insulinopenia) are associated with an increase in circulating glucocorticoids (GC) levels, suggesting that GC could trigger the muscle atrophy observed in these conditions. GC-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch, glycolytic muscles atrophy illustrated by decreased fiber cross-sectional area and reduced myofibrillar protein content. GC-induced muscle atrophy results from increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis. Increased muscle proteolysis, in particular through the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome and the lysosomal systems, is considered to play a major role in the catabolic action of GC. The stimulation by GC of these two proteolytic systems is mediated through the increased expression of several Atrogenes ("genes involved in atrophy"), such as FOXO, Atrogin-1, and MuRF-1. The inhibitory effect of GC on muscle protein synthesis is thought to result mainly from the inhibition of the mTOR/S6 kinase 1 pathway. These changes in muscle protein turnover could be explained by changes in the muscle production of two growth factors, namely Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, a muscle anabolic growth factor and Myostatin, a muscle catabolic growth factor. This review will discuss the recent progress made in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in GC-induced muscle atrophy and consider the implications of these advancements in the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating GC-induced myopathy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chiu CS, Peekhaus N, Weber H, Adamski S, Murray EM, Zhang HZ, Zhao JZ, Ernst R, Lineberger J, Huang L, Hampton R, Arnold BA, Vitelli S, Hamuro L, Wang WR, Wei N, Dillon GM, Miao J, Alves SE, Glantschnig H, Wang F, Wilkinson HA. Increased Muscle Force Production and Bone Mineral Density in ActRIIB-Fc-Treated Mature Rodents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1181-92. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
25
|
Perkins KJ, Davies KE. Recent advances in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:141-164. [PMID: 30890885 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s26637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an allelic X-linked progressive muscle-wasting disease, is one of the most common single-gene disorders in the developed world. Despite knowledge of the underlying genetic causation and resultant pathophysiology from lack of dystrophin protein at the muscle sarcolemma, clinical intervention is currently restricted to symptom management. In recent years, however, unprecedented advances in strategies devised to correct the primary defect through gene- and cell-based therapeutics hold particular promise for treating dystrophic muscle. Conventional gene replacement and endogenous modification strategies have greatly benefited from continued improvements in encapsidation capacity, transduction efficiency, and systemic delivery. In particular, RNA-based modifying approaches such as exon skipping enable expression of a shorter but functional dystrophin protein and rapid progress toward clinical application. Emerging combined gene- and cell-therapy strategies also illustrate particular promise in enabling ex vivo genetic correction and autologous transplantation to circumvent a number of immune challenges. These approaches are complemented by a vast array of pharmacological approaches, in particular the successful identification of molecules that enable functional replacement or ameliorate secondary DMD pathology. Animal models have been instrumental in providing proof of principle for many of these strategies, leading to several recent trials that have investigated their efficacy in DMD patients. Although none has reached the point of clinical use, rapid improvements in experimental technology and design draw this goal ever closer. Here, we review therapeutic approaches to DMD, with particular emphasis on recent progress in strategic development, preclinical evaluation and establishment of clinical efficacy. Further, we discuss the numerous challenges faced and synergistic approaches being devised to combat dystrophic pathology effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Perkins
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology.,MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Kay E Davies
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
AMP-activated protein kinase stimulates myostatin expression in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:36-40. [PMID: 22995402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle; AMPK induces muscle protein degradation but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Myostatin is a powerful negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and growth in mammalian species. We hypothesized that AMPK stimulates myostatin expression, which provides an explanation for the negative role of AMPK in muscle growth. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that AMPK stimulates myostatin expression using C2C12 cells as a model. Activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-riboruranoside (AICAR) dramatically increased the mRNA expression and protein content of myostatin in C2C12 myotubes, and to a lesser degree in myoblasts. Metformin, another AMPK activator, also stimulated myostatin expression at low concentrations. In addition, ectopic expression of AMPK wild-type α subunit (enhancing AMPK activity) and AMPK K45R mutant (knockdown AMPK activity) enhanced and reduced myostatin expression, respectively. These results indicate that AMPK stimulates myostatin expression in C2C12 cells, providing an explanation for the negative effect of AMPK on muscle growth.
Collapse
|
27
|
Elliott B, Renshaw D, Getting S, Mackenzie R. The central role of myostatin in skeletal muscle and whole body homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:324-40. [PMID: 22340904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a powerful negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass in mammalian species. It plays a key role in skeletal muscle homeostasis and has now been well described since its discovery. Myostatin is capable of inducing muscle atrophy via its inhibition of myoblast proliferation, increasing ubiquitin-proteasomal activity and downregulating activity of the IGF-Akt pathway. These well-recognized effects are seen in multiple atrophy causing situations, including injury, diseases such as cachexia, disuse and space flight, demonstrating the importance of the myostatin signalling mechanism. Based on this central role, significant work has been pursued to inhibit myostatin's actions in vivo. Importantly, several new studies have uncovered roles for myostatin distinct from skeletal muscle size. Myostatin has been suggested to play a role in cardiomyocyte homeostasis, glucose metabolism and adipocyte proliferation, all of which are examined in detail below. Based on these effects, myostatin inhibition has potential to be widely utilized in many Western diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type II diabetes and obesity. However, if myostatin inhibitors are to successfully translate from bench-top to bedside in the near future, awareness must be raised on these non-traditional effects of myostatin away from skeletal muscle. Indeed, further research into these novel areas is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Elliott
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - D. Renshaw
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - S. Getting
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| | - R. Mackenzie
- Infection & Immunity Group; Department of Human & Health Science, School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsien CD, McCullough AJ, Dasarathy S. Late evening snack: exploiting a period of anabolic opportunity in cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:430-41. [PMID: 22004479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cirrhosis is a state of accelerated starvation with impaired protein synthesis. Increased rate of gluconeogenesis and alterations in skeletal muscle signaling pathways result in anabolic resistance and consequent loss of muscle mass or sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Late evening snack (LES) is an intervention to reduce the postabsorptive (fasting) phase with the potential to improve substrate utilization and reverse sarcopenia. Published reports were evaluated to examine the effect of LES on regulation of substrate utilization (short-term studies) and nutritional outcomes (long-term studies). METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and OVID databases were searched. All studies published on LES in cirrhosis were included. Studies that included few (n < 3) subjects and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. RESULTS Late evening snack decreased lipid oxidation and improved nitrogen balance, irrespective of the composition or type of formulation used. Daytime isocaloric isonitrogenous snacks did not have the metabolic or clinical benefit of LES. LES decreased skeletal muscle proteolysis. No studies have examined its effect on muscle protein synthesis. There was inconsistent translation into an increase in lean body or skeletal muscle mass. Improved quality of life occurs but decreased mortality or need for transplantation has not been reported. The optimal composition of LES has not been defined, but based on mechanistic considerations, a branched chain supplemented LES holds most promise. CONCLUSIONS Late evening snack holds the most promise as an intervention to reverse anabolic resistance and sarcopenia of cirrhosis with improved quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Long term benefit and improved survival need critical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Tsien
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Myostatin: more than just a regulator of muscle mass. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:702-9. [PMID: 22342983 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The presence of sufficient skeletal muscle mass is of paramount importance for body function and the myostatin cascade is known to inhibit muscle growth in mammals. In addition, myostatin seems to have an important role in the cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and is involved in insulin sensitivity. In this article we highlight the latest developments related to the myostatin system, emphasizing therapeutic implications for wasting diseases and also the involvement of the system in other organs, in addition to skeletal muscle, such as heart or adipose tissue. Moreover, we highlight the possible role of the myostatin system in the cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, an important aspect that deserves consideration in wasting diseases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Carnac G, Vernus B, Bonnieu A. Myostatin in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:415-22. [PMID: 19412331 PMCID: PMC2647158 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783591672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is an endogenous, negative regulator of muscle growth determining both muscle fiber number and size. The myostatin pathway is conserved across diverse species ranging from zebrafish to humans. Experimental models of muscle growth and regeneration have implicated myostatin as an important mediator of catabolic pathways in muscle cells. Inhibition of this pathway has emerged as a promising therapy for muscle wasting. Here we discuss the recent developments and the controversies in myostatin research, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of myostatin on skeletal muscle and the potential therapeutic role of myostatin on muscle-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Carnac
- INSERM, ERI 25-Muscle et Pathologies, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Bât. A Craste de Paulet, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hayot M, Rodriguez J, Vernus B, Carnac G, Jean E, Allen D, Goret L, Obert P, Candau R, Bonnieu A. Myostatin up-regulation is associated with the skeletal muscle response to hypoxic stimuli. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:38-47. [PMID: 20884321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin and hypoxia signalling pathways are able to induce skeletal muscle atrophy, but whether a relationship between these two pathways exists is currently unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a potential mechanism for hypoxia effect on skeletal muscle may be through regulation of myostatin. We reported an induction of myostatin expression in muscles of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Interestingly, we also demonstrated increased skeletal muscle myostatin protein expression in skeletal muscle of hypoxemic patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel studies in human skeletal muscle cell cultures showed that induction of myostatin expression in myotubes treated with hypoxia-mimicking agent such as cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) is associated with myotube atrophy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of myostatin by means of genetic deletion of myostatin or treatment with blocking antimyostatin antibodies inhibits the CoCl(2)-induced atrophy in muscle cells. Finally, addition of recombinant myostatin restored the CoCl(2)-induced atrophy in myostatin deficient myotubes. These results strongly suggest that myostatin can play an essential role in the adaptation of skeletal muscle to hypoxic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Hayot
- INSERM, ERI 25-Muscle et Pathologies, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Bât. A Craste de Paulet, F-34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of secreted growth factors that negatively regulates skeletal muscle size. Mice null for the myostatin gene have a dramatically increased mass of individual muscles, reduced adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity, and resistance to obesity. Myostatin inhibition in adult mice also increases muscle mass which raises the possibility that anti-myostatin therapy could be a useful approach for treating diseases such as obesity or diabetes in addition to muscle wasting diseases. In this review I will describe the present state of our understanding of the role of myostatin and the closely related growth factor growth/differentiation factor 11 on metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C McPherron
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bonetto A, Penna F, Minero VG, Reffo P, Costamagna D, Bonelli G, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Glutamine prevents myostatin hyperexpression and protein hypercatabolism induced in C2C12 myotubes by tumor necrosis factor-α. Amino Acids 2010; 40:585-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
34
|
Balmayor ER, Feichtinger GA, Azevedo HS, van Griensven M, Reis RL. Starch-poly-epsilon-caprolactone microparticles reduce the needed amount of BMP-2. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:3138-48. [PMID: 19557487 PMCID: PMC2772940 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BMP-2 is currently administered clinically using collagen matrices often requiring large amounts of BMP-2 due to burst release over a short period of time. We developed and tested a novel injectable drug delivery system consisting of starch-poly-epsilon-caprolactone microparticles for inducing osteogenesis and requiring smaller amounts of BMP-2. We evaluated BMP-2 encapsulation efficiency and the in vitro release profile by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BMP-2 was rapidly released during the first 12 hours, followed by sustained release for up to 10 days. We then evaluated the osteogenic potential of dexamethasone (standard osteogenic induction agent) and BMP-2 after incorporation and during release using an osteo/myoblast cell line (C2C12). Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased by released BMP-2. Mineralization occurred after stimulation with BMP-2-loaded microparticles. A luciferase assay for osteocalcin promoter activity showed high levels of activity upon treatment with BMP-2-loaded microparticles. In contrast, no osteogenesis occurred in C2C12 cells using dexamethasone-loaded microparticles. However, human adipose stem cells exposed to the microparticles produced high amounts of alkaline phosphatase. The data suggest starch-poly-epsilon-caprolactone microparticles are suitable carriers for the incorporation and controlled release of glucocorticoids and growth factors. Specifically, they reduce the amount of BMP-2 needed and allow more sustained osteogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Balmayor
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Salem M, Kenney PB, Rexroad CE, Yao J. Proteomic signature of muscle atrophy in rainbow trout. J Proteomics 2009; 73:778-89. [PMID: 19903543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle deterioration arises as a physiological response to elevated energetic demands of fish during sexual maturation and spawning. Previously, we used this model to characterize the transcriptomic mechanisms associated with fish muscle degradation and identified potential biological markers of muscle growth and quality. However, transcriptional measurements do not necessarily reflect changes in active mature proteins. Here we report the characterization of proteomic profile in degenerating muscle of rainbow trout in relation to the female reproductive cycle using a LC/MS-based label-free protein quantification method. A total of 146 significantly changed proteins in atrophying muscles (FDR <5%) was identified. Proteins were clustered according to their gene ontology identifiers. Muscle atrophy was associated with decreased abundance in proteins of anaerobic respiration, protein biosynthesis, monooxygenases, follistatins, and myogenin, as well as growth hormone, interleukin-1 and estrogen receptors. In contrast, proteins of MAPK/ERK kinase, glutamine synthetase, transcription factors, Stat3, JunB, Id2, and NFkappaB inhibitor, were greater in atrophying muscle. These changes are discussed in light of the mammalian muscle atrophy paradigm and proposed fish-specific mechanisms of muscle degradation. These data will help identify genes associated with muscle degeneration and superior flesh quality in rainbow trout, facilitating identification of genetic markers for muscle growth and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body mass. An increased resting energy expenditure is seen, possibly arising from an increased thermogenesis in skeletal muscle due to an increased expression of uncoupling protein, and increased operation of the Cori cycle. Loss of adipose tissue is due to an increased lipolysis by tumor or host products. Loss of skeletal muscle in cachexia results from a depression in protein synthesis combined with an increase in protein degradation. The increase in protein degradation may include both increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and lysosomes. The decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduced level of the initiation factor 4F, decreased elongation, and decreased binding of methionyl-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit through increased phosphorylation of eIF2 on the alpha-subunit by activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, which also increases expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway through activation of NFkappaB. Tumor factors such as proteolysis-inducing factor and host factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, angiotensin II, and glucocorticoids can all induce muscle atrophy. Knowledge of the mechanisms of tissue destruction in cachexia should improve methods of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tisdale
- Nutritional Biomedicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mok E, Letellier G, Cuisset JM, Denjean A, Gottrand F, Alberti C, Hankard R. Lack of functional benefit with glutamine versus placebo in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomized crossover trial. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5448. [PMID: 19421321 PMCID: PMC2673684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral glutamine decreases whole body protein breakdown in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We evaluated the functional benefit of 4 months oral glutamine in DMD. Methodology/Principal Findings 30 ambulant DMD boys were included in this double-blind, randomized crossover trial with 2 intervention periods: glutamine (0.5 g/kg/d) and placebo, 4 months each, separated by a 1-month wash-out, at 3 outpatient clinical investigation centers in France. Functional benefit was tested by comparing glutamine versus placebo on change in walking speed at 4 months. Secondary outcome measures were: 2-minute walk test, work, power, muscle mass (urinary creatinine), markers of myofibrillar protein breakdown (urinary 3-methyl-histidine/creatinine), serum creatine phospho-kinase, body composition (fat free mass, fat mass percentage), safety and oral nutrient intake. There was no improvement in the primary end point (walking speed) or in secondary measures of muscle function (2-minute walk test, work, power) in the glutamine group compared with placebo. However, subjects receiving glutamine or placebo showed no deterioration in functional measures over the course of the 9-month trial. No differences in muscle mass, markers of protein breakdown or serum creatine phosho-kinase were observed, except for a blunted increase in fat free mass in the glutamine group which led to a greater increase in fat mass percentage. Glutamine was safe and well-tolerated. Conclusions This trial did not identify additional benefit of 4 months oral glutamine over placebo on muscle mass or function in ambulatory DMD boys. Although apparently safe, current data cannot support routine supplementation in this population as a whole, until further research proves otherwise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00296621
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mok
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- EA3813 Laboratoire Adaptation Physiologique aux Activités Physiques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guy Letellier
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9301, CHR&U de Lille, Lille, France
- Service de Neuropédiatrie et Centre de Référence National des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHR&U de Lille, Hôpital Roger-Salengro, Lille, France
| | - André Denjean
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9202, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9301, CHR&U de Lille, Lille, France
- EA 3925, IFR 114, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Alberti
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique et INSERM, CIE5, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Régis Hankard
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- EA3813 Laboratoire Adaptation Physiologique aux Activités Physiques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McFarlane C, Sharma M, Kambadur R. Myostatin is a procachectic growth factor during postnatal myogenesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:422-7. [PMID: 18542002 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830007e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the most relevant recent observations concerning the molecular mechanisms behind myostatin-induced muscle wasting. RECENT FINDINGS The main theme of this review is to summarize the biology and function of myostatin. Myostatin is a secreted growth factor that negatively regulates muscle growth. While inactivation of myostatin leads to muscle growth in vivo, excess levels of myostatin induces cachectic-like muscle wasting. Molecular analyses reveal that excess levels of myostatin induce Atrogin-1 expression by reducing Akt phosphorylation and thereby increasing FoxO1 activity. Recent findings have further speculated that myostatin may also play a role in cardiac cachexia. SUMMARY As myostatin is a potent inducer of muscle wasting, antagonists to myostatin have been speculated to have great therapeutic value in alleviating muscle wasting. Indeed, myostatin peptide antagonists and antibodies have shown great promise in containing muscle loss in animal models of muscle wasting. Given the beneficial effects of myostatin antagonists in animal models, clinical trials are underway with myostatin antibodies, peptibodies and soluble receptor. Therefore, this review article on the role of myostatin in muscle wasting is highly relevant to current themes in muscle biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig McFarlane
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Genomics and Genetics Division, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Menconi M, Fareed M, O'Neal P, Poylin V, Wei W, Hasselgren PO. Role of glucocorticoids in the molecular regulation of muscle wasting. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:S602-8. [PMID: 17713416 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000279194.11328.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review glucocorticoid-regulated molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting. DESIGN Review of recent literature describing the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of proteolytic mechanisms, transcription factors, and nuclear cofactors in skeletal muscle during various catabolic conditions. MAIN RESULTS Catabolic doses of glucocorticoids induce muscle atrophy both in vivo and in vitro by stimulating protein breakdown and inhibiting protein synthesis. Signaling pathways that regulate muscle protein synthesis at the translational level are inhibited by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids increase the expression and activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, a major proteolytic mechanism of muscle atrophy. The expression and activity of muscle wasting-related transcription factors, including C/EBPbeta and delta and Forkhead box O 1, 3, and 4, as well as the nuclear cofactor p300, are up-regulated by glucocorticoid excess. CONCLUSIONS Muscle wasting in various catabolic conditions is, at least in part, regulated by glucocorticoids. The role of glucocorticoids in muscle wasting is complex and reflects regulation at the molecular level of multiple mechanisms influencing both synthesis and degradation of muscle proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Menconi
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
The effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 102:205-13. [PMID: 17924133 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin decreases muscle mass and this is accomplished, in part, by inhibiting muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins (e.g. p21 and cdk2) and myogenic regulatory factors (e.g. myogenin and MyoD). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether protein ingestion before and after a resistance exercise (RE) bout affects myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression. Strength-trained middle-aged to older men were divided into a protein group (61.4 +/- 4.3 years, n = 9) or a placebo group (62.1 +/- 4.2 years, n = 9). Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were taken at rest and 1 and 48 h after a 5 x 10 repetition leg press RE bout. Protein (15 g whey) or non-caloric placebo was taken immediately before and after the RE bout. mRNA expression levels of myostatin and related genes (AcvrIIb, FLRG, p21, p27, cdk2, myogenin and MyoD) were determined by Taqman probe-based real-time RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH mRNA. Myostatin mRNA decreased after a RE bout, but only in the placebo group (P < or = 0.05). Conversely, myostatin-binding protein FLRG and cell-cycle kinase cdk2 mRNA increased only in the protein group (P < or = 0.05). p21 mRNA was increased at 1 h post-RE in placebo (P < or = 0.05) and tended to be increased in the protein group (P = 0.08). Myostatin, its binding protein and cell cycle-related gene expressions are affected by single RE bout and these responses are further modified by whey protein intake. Therefore, controlling nutrition intake is important when studying gene expression responses to exercise.
Collapse
|