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Mangrum MM, Vogel AK, Wagner AS, King AE, Miao J, Zhou Y, Phillips EK, Peters BM, Reynolds TB. Disruption to de novo uridine biosynthesis alters β-1,3-glucan masking in Candida albicans. mSphere 2024; 9:e0028724. [PMID: 39115319 PMCID: PMC11423711 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00287-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The uridine derivatives UDP-glucose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine are important for cell wall construction as they are the precursors for the synthesis of β-1,3-glucan and chitin, respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated attenuated virulence of uridine auxotrophs in mice, which has been attributed to insufficient uridine levels for growth in the host. We have discovered that uridine deprivation in the uridine auxotroph ura3ΔΔ disrupts cell wall architecture by increasing surface mannans, exposing β-1,3-glucan and chitin, and decreasing UDP-sugar levels. Cell wall architecture and UDP-sugars can be rescued with uridine supplementation. The cell wall architectural disruptions in the ura3ΔΔ mutant also impact immune activation since the mutant elicited greater TNFα secretion from RAW264.7 macrophages than wild type. To determine if cell wall defects contributed to decreased virulence in the ura3ΔΔ mutant, we used a murine model of systemic infection. Mice infected with the ura3ΔΔ mutant exhibited increased survival and reduced kidney fungal burden compared with mice infected with wild type. However, suppression of the immune response with cyclophosphamide did not rescue virulence in mice infected with the ura3ΔΔ mutant, indicating the attenuation in virulence of uridine auxotrophs can be attributed to decreased growth in the host but not increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan. Moreover, the ura3ΔΔ mutant is unable to grow on ex vivo kidney agar, which demonstrates its inability to colonize the kidneys due to poor growth. Thus, although uridine auxotrophy elicits changes to cell wall architecture that increase the exposure of immunogenic polymers, metabolic fitness costs more strongly drive the observed virulence attenuation.IMPORTANCECandida albicans is a common cause of bloodstream infections (candidemia). Treatment of these bloodstream infections is made difficult because of increasing antifungal resistance and drug toxicity. Thus, new tactics are needed for antifungal drug development, with immunotherapy being of particular interest. The cell wall of C. albicans is composed of highly immunogenic polymers, particularly β-1,3-glucan. However, β-1,3-glucan is naturally masked by an outer layer of mannoproteins, which hampers the detection of the fungus by the host immune system. Alteration in cell wall components has been shown to increase β-1,3-glucan exposure; however, it is unknown how the inability to synthesize precursors to cell wall components affects unmasking. Here, we demonstrate how cell wall architecture is altered in response to a deficit in precursors for cell wall synthesis and how uridine is a crucial component of these precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla M. Mangrum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda K. Vogel
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ainsley E. King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian Miao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elise K. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Li H, Shi Y, Chen H, Liang J, Zhang S, Li B, Chen J, Li M, Peng X, Zhou X, Ren B, Cheng L. A novel pH-responsive monomer inhibits Candida albicans via a dual antifungal mode of action. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39290132 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00851k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The scarcity of the antifungal drug arsenal highlights an urgent need to develop alternative treatments for candidiasis caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans). As pH is closely associated with C. albicans infection, it could be an essential target in a novel approach for designing antifungal therapy. In this study, a novel intelligent antifungal monomer, dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM), with a pH-responsive tertiary amine group and a methacrylate-derived CC double bond group is developed. It is uncovered that the two functional groups of DMAEM contribute to a dual mode of action. Under acidic pH, the tertiary amine of DMAEM protonates into a cationic fungicide, sharing similar structural and functional characteristics with quaternary ammonium salts, which exerts fungicidal activity by targeting the CHK1 two-component system in C. albicans. At neutral pH, the methacrylate-derived CC double bond group contributes to anti-virulence activity by blocking hyphal formation. In addition, it is also identified that DMAEM suppresses filamentation by altering the extracellular vesicles of C. albicans. These findings support that the novel intelligent pH-responsive monomer could be a therapeutic candidate for treating candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Tchamwa Bamini G, Charpentier E, Guemas E, Chauvin P, Fillaux J, Valentin A, Cassaing S, Ménard S, Berry A, Iriart X. No evidence of pathogenicity of Dientamoeba fragilis following detection in stools: A case-control study. Parasite 2024; 31:40. [PMID: 39052010 PMCID: PMC11271704 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a ubiquitous intestinal parasite with detection in the stools that has become increasingly frequent following the advent of PCR as a routine screening tool. However, the pathogenicity of this parasite is still much debated. In order to assess the potentially pathogenic nature of this protozoan, a retrospective case-control study was carried out between January and December 2020 on patients from Toulouse University Hospital, with the aim of evaluating the potential clinical effects and changes in laboratory parameters linked to the presence and load of D. fragilis in stools. After matching age, sex and mode of care (consultation or hospitalisation), no significant difference was observed in the frequency of clinical signs between the 36 patients who tested positive for Dientamoeba fragilis PCR in their stools and the 72 control patients who were PCR negative for this protozoan. The presence of D. fragilis in the faeces was not associated with changes in laboratory parameters. Furthermore, a high digestive load of D. fragilis had no identifiable impact on clinical and laboratory parameters. Only the concomitant presence of Blastocystis sp. in stools was significantly more frequent in the D. fragilis group (uni- and multivariate analysis). Finally, this study showed no significant difference in clinical or laboratory signs between patients carrying Dientamoeba fragilis and the control group, regardless of the intestinal parasite load, suggesting that D. fragilis could be considered a commensal of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eléna Charpentier
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
| | - Emilie Guemas
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, Paul Sabatier University 31024 Toulouse France
| | - Pamela Chauvin
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
| | - Judith Fillaux
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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RESTORE Institute, UMR 1301-Inserm 5070-CNRS EFS Paul Sabatier University 31100 Toulouse France
| | - Alexis Valentin
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse University 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Sophie Cassaing
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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RESTORE Institute, UMR 1301-Inserm 5070-CNRS EFS Paul Sabatier University 31100 Toulouse France
| | - Sandie Ménard
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Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, Paul Sabatier University 31024 Toulouse France
| | - Antoine Berry
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, Paul Sabatier University 31024 Toulouse France
| | - Xavier Iriart
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Parasitology-Mycology Department, Toulouse University Hospital 31059 Toulouse France
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Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, Paul Sabatier University 31024 Toulouse France
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Ortiz PS, Choudhury A, Kearney CM. Validation of gavage sampling as tool for longitudinal sampling of microbiota of the mouse gastric lumen. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 221:106939. [PMID: 38653334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal samples are commonly used for longitudinal studies of the gut lumen microbiome to track the course of response to infection or drug treatment, but no comparable method has been evaluated for longitudinal analysis of the gastric lumen microbiome in mice. Herein, a buffer flush of the stomach with a flexible gavage needle was used to collect gastric contents at one or several time points without harming the mouse. These samples were compared to samples collected by sacrifice and dissection of the mouse stomach. Microbiota from these samples were sequenced and evaluated in two ways: the composition of samples as measured by beta diversity and the richness of samples as measured by alpha diversity. Additionally, the effect of multiple sampling every two days on these metrics were studied. DNA was extracted from each of these samples and Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. RESULTS First, taxonomic richness of gavage and dissection samples was compared. A greater number of taxa was detected in gavage samples than in dissection samples. Second, taxonomic richness was analyzed over time. No significant difference in taxonomic richness was observed with repeated gavage flushes. Third, a comparison was made of the taxonomic composition of samples collected by gavage versus dissection followed by a comparison of samples collected over multiple samplings. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed no clear differences between collection by gavage flushing or dissection. Using weighted Unifrac and Aitchison taxonomic distances between gavage and dissection samples were not significantly different from distances between gavage samples themselves, and no significant difference was found in the taxonomic composition of mice which were sampled repeatedly. Finally, relative abundances of specific identified taxa were compared, and eleven taxa were found to differ in frequency between collection methods. Using the more stringent Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes (ANCOM), seven was found to differ. Similarly, no significant differences were uncovered using these analyses over multiple samples by gastric flush. CONCLUSION In summary, the consistency of the microbiota collected by gastric flushing recommends its use for microbiome analysis of gastric fluid similar to the use of fecal sampling to study the gut lumen microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Ortiz
- Baylor University, Department of Biology, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ankan Choudhury
- Baylor University, Department of Biology, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX 76706, USA
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5
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. Ascomycetes yeasts: The hidden part of human microbiome. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1641. [PMID: 38228159 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The fungal component of the microbiota, the mycobiota, has been neglected for a long time due to its poor richness compared to bacteria. Limitations in fungal detection and taxonomic identification arise from using metagenomic approaches, often borrowed from bacteriome analyses. However, the relatively recent discoveries of the ability of fungi to modulate the host immune response and their involvement in human diseases have made mycobiota a fundamental component of the microbial communities inhabiting the human host, deserving some consideration in host-microbe interaction studies and in metagenomics. Here, we reviewed recent data on the identification of yeasts of the Ascomycota phylum across human body districts, focusing on the most representative genera, that is, Saccharomyces and Candida. Then, we explored the key factors involved in shaping the human mycobiota across the lifespan, ranging from host genetics to environment, diet, and lifestyle habits. Finally, we discussed the strengths and weaknesses of culture-dependent and independent methods for mycobiota characterization. Overall, there is still room for some improvements, especially regarding fungal-specific methodological approaches and bioinformatics challenges, which are still critical steps in mycobiota analysis, and to advance our knowledge on the role of the gut mycobiota in human health and disease. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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6
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López-Herrero R, Sánchez-de Prada L, Tamayo-Velasco A, Heredia-Rodríguez M, Bardají Carrillo M, Jorge Monjas P, de la Varga-Martínez O, Resino S, Sarmentero-López de Quintana G, Gómez-Sánchez E, Tamayo E. Epidemiology of fungal infection in COVID 19 in Spain during 2020 and 2021: a nationwide study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5203. [PMID: 38433130 PMCID: PMC10909879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We realize a nationwide population-based retrospective study to analyze the characteristics and risk factors of fungal co-infections in COVID-19 hospitalized patients as well as describe their causative agents in the Spanish population in 2020 and 2021. Data were obtained from records in the Minimum Basic Data Set of the National Surveillance System for Hospital Data in Spain, provided by the Ministry of Health, and annually published with two years lag. The assessment of the risk associated with the development of healthcare-associated fungal co-infections was assessed using an adjusted logistic regression model. The incidence of fungal co-infection in COVID-19 hospitalized patients was 1.41%. The main risk factors associated were surgery, sepsis, age, male gender, obesity, and COPD. Co-infection was associated with worse outcomes including higher in-hospital and in ICU mortality, and higher length of stay. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the microorganisms more frequent. This is the first study analyzing fungal coinfection at a national level in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spanish population and one of the few studies available that demonstrate that surgery was an independent risk factor of Aspergillosis coinfection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Herrero
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - L Sánchez-de Prada
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Tamayo-Velasco
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain.
- Haematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Heredia-Rodríguez
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Bardají Carrillo
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - P Jorge Monjas
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - O de la Varga-Martínez
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Sarmentero-López de Quintana
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - E Gómez-Sánchez
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - E Tamayo
- BioCritic, Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
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7
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Alonso-Monge R, Cortés-Prieto I, Román E, Pla J. Morphogenetic transitions in the adaptation of Candida albicans to the mammalian gut. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105253. [PMID: 37977323 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathobiont in humans that forms part of the mycobiota in healthy individuals and can cause different pathologies upon alterations of the host defenses. The mammalian gut is clinically relevant as this niche is the most common pool for bloodstream-derived infections. The ability of C. albicans to switch from yeast to hypha has been related to the commensal-to-pathogen transition and is, therefore, considered relevant in virulence. Recently, filaments have been implicated in the humoral response in the gut. C. albicans exhibits other morphologies that play different roles in pathogenicity and commensalism. This review focuses on the role of these morphological transitions in C. albicans proliferation and its establishment as a commensal in the mammalian gut, paying special attention to the transcription factors involved in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Cortés-Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Teng W, Subsomwong P, Narita K, Nakane A, Asano K. Heat Shock Protein SSA1 Enriched in Hypoxic Secretome of Candida albicans Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect via Regulating Macrophage Function. Cells 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38247818 PMCID: PMC10814802 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that can survive in both normoxic and hypoxic environments. The involvement of C. albicans secretome on host biological processes has been demonstrated. However, the immunoregulatory function of C. albicans secretome released under hypoxic condition remains unclear. This study demonstrated the differences in cytokine responses and protein profiles between secretomes prepared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of heat shock protein SSA1(Ssa1), a protein candidate enriched in the hypoxic secretome, were investigated. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with Ssa1 resulted in the significant production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the significant expression of M2b macrophage markers (CD86, CD274 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14), suggesting that C. albicans Ssa1 may promote macrophage polarization towards an M2b-like phenotype. Proteomic analysis of Ssa1-treated BMMs also revealed that Ssa1 reduced inflammation-related factors (IL-18-binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, OX-2 membrane glycoprotein and cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and enhanced the proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response (CMRF35-like molecule 3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor). Based on these results, we investigated the effect of Ssa1 on C. albicans infection and showed that Ssa1 inhibited the uptake of C. albicans by BMMs. Taken together, our results suggest that C. albicans alters its secretome, particularly by promoting the release of Ssa1, to modulate host immune response and survive under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Kouji Narita
- Insititue for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
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9
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Claypool DJ, Zhang YG, Xia Y, Sun J. Conditional Vitamin D Receptor Deletion Induces Fungal and Archaeal Dysbiosis and Altered Metabolites. Metabolites 2024; 14:32. [PMID: 38248835 PMCID: PMC10819266 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency leads to the dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria and is associated with various diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the impact of a VDR deficiency on fungi and archaea is unknown. We conditionally deleted the VDR in Paneth cells (VDRΔPC), intestinal epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC), or myeloid cells (VDRΔLyz) in mice and collected feces for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. We found that fungi were significantly altered in each knockout (KO) group compared to the VDRLoxp control. The VDRΔLyz mice had the most altered fungi species (three depleted and seven enriched), followed by the VDRΔPC mice (six depleted and two enriched), and the VDRΔIEC mice (one depleted and one enriched). The methanogen Methanofollis liminatans was enriched in the VDRΔPC and VDRΔLyz mice and two further archaeal species (Thermococcus piezophilus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius) were enriched in the VDRΔLyz mice compared to the Loxp group. Significant correlations existed among altered fungi, archaea, bacteria, and viruses in the KO mice. Functional metagenomics showed changes in several biologic functions, including decreased sulfate reduction and increased biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in VDRΔLyz mice relative to VDRLoxp mice. Fecal metabolites were analyzed to examine the involvement of sulfate reduction and other pathways. In conclusion, a VDR deficiency caused the formation of altered fungi and archaea in a tissue- and sex-dependent manner. These results provide a foundation about the impact of a host factor (e.g., VDR deficiency) on fungi and archaea. It opens the door for further studies to determine how mycobiome and cross-kingdom interactions in the microbiome community and metabolites contribute to the risk of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J. Claypool
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.C.); (Y.-G.Z.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yong-Guo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.C.); (Y.-G.Z.)
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.C.); (Y.-G.Z.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (D.J.C.); (Y.-G.Z.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Li L, Huang X, Chen H. Unveiling the hidden players: exploring the role of gut mycobiome in cancer development and treatment dynamics. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2328868. [PMID: 38485702 PMCID: PMC10950292 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2328868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of gut fungal species in tumor-related processes remains largely unexplored, with most studies still focusing on fungal infections. This review examines the accumulating evidence suggesting the involvement of commensal and pathogenic fungi in cancer biological process, including oncogenesis, progression, and treatment response. Mechanisms explored include fungal influence on host immunity, secretion of bioactive toxins/metabolites, interaction with bacterial commensals, and migration to other tissues in certain types of cancers. Attempts to utilize fungal molecular signatures for cancer diagnosis and fungal-derived products for treatment are discussed. A few studies highlight fungi's impact on the responsiveness and sensitivity to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplant. Given the limited understanding and techniques in fungal research, the studies on gut fungi are still facing great challenges, despite having great potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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11
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Guan G, Li S, Bing J, Liu L, Tao L. The Rfg1 and Bcr1 transcription factors regulate acidic pH-induced filamentous growth in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0178923. [PMID: 37933972 PMCID: PMC10715123 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a human commensal and frequent pathogen that encounters a wide range of pH stresses. The ability of C. albicans to adapt to changes in extracellular pH is crucial for its success in colonization and pathogenesis. The Rim101 pH sensing pathway is well known to govern neutral-alkaline pH responses in this pathogen. Here, we report a novel Rfg1-Bcr1 regulatory pathway that governs acidic pH responses and regulates filamentous growth in C. albicans. In addition, the Rim101-Phr1 pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, transcription factors Efg1 and Flo8, and hyphal-specific G1 cyclin Hgc1 cooperate with this regulation. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of acidic pH response in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Guan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaihu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Bing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Henderickx JG, Crobach MJ, Terveer EM, Smits WK, Kuijper EJ, Zwittink RD. Fungal and bacterial gut microbiota differ between Clostridioides difficile colonization and infection. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 3:8. [PMID: 38455084 PMCID: PMC10917615 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Aim: The bacterial microbiota is well-recognized for its role in Clostridioides difficile colonization and infection, while fungi and yeasts remain understudied. The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive value of the mycobiota and its interactions with the bacterial microbiota in light of C. difficile colonization and infection. Methods: The mycobiota was profiled by ITS2 sequencing of fecal DNA from C. difficile infection (CDI) patients (n = 29), asymptomatically C. difficile colonization (CDC) patients (n = 38), and hospitalized controls with C. difficile negative stool culture (controls; n = 38). Previously published 16S rRNA gene sequencing data of the same cohort were used additionally for machine learning and fungal-bacterial network analysis. Results: CDI patients were characterized by a significantly higher abundance of Candida spp. (MD 0.270 ± 0.089, P = 0.002) and Candida albicans (MD 0.165 ± 0.082, P = 0.023) compared to controls. Additionally, they were deprived of Aspergillus spp. (MD -0.067 ± 0.026, P = 0.000) and Penicillium spp. (MD -0.118 ± 0.043, P = 0.000) compared to CDC patients. Network analysis revealed a positive association between several fungi and bacteria in CDI and CDC, although the analysis did not reveal a direct association between Clostridioides spp. and fungi. Furthermore, the microbiota machine learning model outperformed the models based on the mycobiota and the joint microbiota-mycobiota model. The microbiota classifier successfully distinguished CDI from CDC [Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) = 0.884] and CDI from controls (AUROC = 0.905). Blautia and Bifidobacterium were marker genera associated with CDC patients and controls. Conclusion: The gut mycobiota differs between CDI, CDC, and controls and may affect Clostridioides spp. through indirect interactions. The mycobiota data alone could not successfully discriminate CDC from controls or CDI patients and did not have additional predictive value to the bacterial microbiota data. The identification of bacterial marker genera associated with CDC and controls warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie G.E. Henderickx
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Monique J.T. Crobach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. Terveer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ed J. Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Romy D. Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
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13
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Abramov VM, Kosarev IV, Machulin AV, Priputnevich TV, Deryusheva EI, Panin AN, Chikileva IO, Abashina TN, Melnikov VG, Suzina NE, Nikonov IN, Akhmetzyanova AA, Khlebnikov VS, Sakulin VK, Vasilenko RN, Samoilenko VA, Gordeev AB, Sukhikh GT, Uversky VN, Karlyshev AV. Protective Properties of S-layer Protein 2 from Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 against Candida albicans Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1740. [PMID: 38136611 PMCID: PMC10741940 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the protective role of the S-layer protein 2 (Slp2) of the vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 (LC2029) strain against foodborne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H was demonstrated. We demonstrate the new roles of the Slp2-positive LC2029 strain and soluble Slp2 against C. albicans infections. We show that LC2029 bacteria can adhere to the surface of the cervical epithelial HeLa cells, prevent their contact with C. albicans, and block yeast transition to a pathogenic hyphal form. Surface-bound Slp2 provides the ability for LC2029 to co-aggregate with various C. albicans strains, including clinical isolates. C. albicans-induced necrotizing epithelial damage is reduced by colonization with the Slp2-positive LC2029 strain. Slp2 inhibits the adhesion of various strains of C. albicans to different human epithelial cells, blocks yeast transition to a pathogenic hyphal form, and prevents the colonization and pathogenic infiltration of mucosal barriers. Only Slp2 and LC2029 bacteria stimulate the production of protective human β-defensin 3 in various epithelial cells. These findings support the anti-Candida albicans potential of the probiotic LC2029 strain and Slp2 and form the basis for further research on their ability to prevent and manage invasive Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Abramov
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Kosarev
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Machulin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Priputnevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Panin
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
| | - Irina O. Chikileva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health RF, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana N. Abashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav G. Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya E. Suzina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilia N. Nikonov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Akhmetzyanova
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
| | | | - Vadim K. Sakulin
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia (R.N.V.)
| | - Raisa N. Vasilenko
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia (R.N.V.)
| | - Vladimir A. Samoilenko
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey B. Gordeev
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Andrey V. Karlyshev
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
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14
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Alhameed RA, Semreen MH, Hamad M, Giddey AD, Sulaiman A, Al Bataineh MT, Al-Hroub HM, Bustanji Y, Alzoubi KH, Soares NC. Multi-Omics Profiling of Candida albicans Grown on Solid Versus Liquid Media. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2831. [PMID: 38137975 PMCID: PMC10745582 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common pathogenic fungus that presents a challenge to healthcare facilities. It can switch between a yeast cell form that diffuses through the bloodstream to colonize internal organs and a filamentous form that penetrates host mucosa. Understanding the pathogen's strategies for environmental adaptation and, ultimately, survival, is crucial. As a complementary study, herein, a multi-omics analysis was performed using high-resolution timsTOF MS to compare the proteomes and metabolomes of Wild Type (WT) Candida albicans (strain DK318) grown on agar plates versus liquid media. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 1793 proteins and 15,013 peptides. Out of the 1403 identified proteins, 313 proteins were significantly differentially abundant with a p-value < 0.05. Of these, 156 and 157 proteins were significantly increased in liquid and solid media, respectively. Metabolomics analysis identified 192 metabolites in total. The majority (42/48) of the significantly altered metabolites (p-value 0.05 FDR, FC 1.5), mainly amino acids, were significantly higher in solid media, while only 2 metabolites were significantly higher in liquid media. The combined multi-omics analysis provides insight into adaptative morphological changes supporting Candida albicans' life cycle and identifies crucial virulence factors during biofilm formation and bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Abdulsalam Alhameed
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander D. Giddey
- Center for Applied and Translational Genomics, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ashna Sulaiman
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hamza M. Al-Hroub
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Faculdade de Lisboa, NOVA School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Mazandarani M, Lashkarbolouk N, Ejtahed HS, Qorbani M. Does the ketogenic diet improve neurological disorders by influencing gut microbiota? A systematic review. Nutr J 2023; 22:61. [PMID: 37981693 PMCID: PMC10658738 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the changes in gut microbiota (GM) induced by the Ketogenic Diets (KD) as a potential underlying mechanism in the improvement of neurological diseases. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on three electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus until December 2022. The inclusion criteria were studies that described any changes in GM after consuming KD in neurological patients. Full text of studies such as clinical trials and cohorts were added. The quality assessment of cohort studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and for the clinical trials using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The search, screening, and data extraction were performed by two researchers independently. RESULTS Thirteen studies examining the effects of the KD on the GM in neurological patients were included. Studies have shown that KD improves clinical outcomes by reducing disease severity and recurrence rates. An increase in Proteobacteria phylum, Escherichia, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Agaricus, and Mrakia genera and a reduction in Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phyla, Eubacterium, Cronobacter, Saccharomyces, Claviceps, Akkermansia and Dialister genera were reported after KD. Studies showed a reduction in concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids and an increase in beta Hydroxybutyrate, trimethylamine N-oxide, and N-acetylserotonin levels after KD. CONCLUSION The KD prescribed in neurological patients has effectively altered the GM composition and GM-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mazandarani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Narges Lashkarbolouk
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Thavamani A, Sankararaman S, Al-Shakhshir H, Retuerto M, Velayuthan S, Sferra TJ, Ghannoum M. Impact of Erythromycin as a Prokinetic on the Gut Microbiome in Children with Feeding Intolerance-A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1606. [PMID: 37998808 PMCID: PMC10668753 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiome changes upon exposure to systemic antibiotics. There is a paucity of literature regarding impact on the gut microbiome by long-term usage of erythromycin ethyl succinate (EES) when utilized as a prokinetic. METHODS Stool samples from pediatric patients with feeding intolerance who received EES (N = 8) as a prokinetic were analyzed for both bacteriome and mycobiome. Age-matched children with similar clinical characteristics but without EES therapy were included as controls (N = 20). RESULTS In both groups, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacterial phyla. Ascomycota was the most abundant fungal phyla, followed by Basidiomycota. There were no significant differences in richness between the groups for both bacterial and fungal microbiome. Alpha diversity (at genus and species levels) and beta diversity (at the genus level) were not significantly different between the groups for both bacterial and fungal microbiome. At the species level, there was a significant difference between the groups for fungal microbiota, with a p-value of 0.029. We also noted that many fungal microorganisms had significantly higher p-values in the EES group than controls at both genera and species levels. CONCLUSIONS In this observational case-control study, the prokinetic use of EES was associated with changes in beta diversity between the groups for mycobiome at the species level. Many fungal microorganisms were significantly higher in the EES group when compared to the controls. Confirmation of these results in larger trials will provide further evidence regarding the impact of EES on gut microbiota when utilized as a prokinetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Thavamani
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.T.); (S.V.); (T.J.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.T.); (S.V.); (T.J.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hilmi Al-Shakhshir
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA;
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Sujithra Velayuthan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.T.); (S.V.); (T.J.S.)
- Division of Pediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Thomas J. Sferra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.T.); (S.V.); (T.J.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.R.); (M.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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17
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Lohse MB, Ziv N, Johnson AD. Variation in transcription regulator expression underlies differences in white-opaque switching between the SC5314 reference strain and the majority of Candida albicans clinical isolates. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad162. [PMID: 37811798 PMCID: PMC10627253 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a normal member of the human microbiome and an opportunistic fungal pathogen, undergoes several morphological transitions. One of these transitions is white-opaque switching, where C. albicans alternates between 2 stable cell types with distinct cellular and colony morphologies, metabolic preferences, mating abilities, and interactions with the innate immune system. White-to-opaque switching is regulated by mating type; it is repressed by the a1/α2 heterodimer in a/α cells, but this repression is lifted in a/a and α/α mating type cells (each of which are missing half of the repressor). The widely used C. albicans reference strain, SC5314, is unusual in that white-opaque switching is completely blocked when the cells are a/α; in contrast, most other C. albicans a/α strains can undergo white-opaque switching at an observable level. In this paper, we uncover the reason for this difference. We show that, in addition to repression by the a1/α2 heterodimer, SC5314 contains a second block to white-opaque switching: 4 transcription regulators of filamentous growth are upregulated in this strain and collectively suppress white-opaque switching. This second block is missing in the majority of clinical strains, and, although they still contain the a1/α2 heterodimer repressor, they exhibit a/α white-opaque switching at an observable level. When both blocks are absent, white-opaque switching occurs at very high levels. This work shows that white-opaque switching remains intact across a broad group of clinical strains, but the precise way it is regulated and therefore the frequency at which it occurs varies from strain to strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Lohse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Naomi Ziv
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander D Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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18
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Mami W, Znaidi-Marzouki S, Doghri R, Ben Ahmed M, Znaidi S, Messadi E. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Increases the Severity of Myocardial Infarction after Acute Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2945. [PMID: 38001946 PMCID: PMC10669621 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) has been linked to several inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the relationship between IBD and MI remains unclear. Here, we implemented an original mouse model combining IBD and MI to determine IBD's impact on MI severity and the link between the two diseases. (2) Methods: An IBD model was established by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration in drinking water, alone or with oral C. albicans (Ca) gavage. IBD severity was assessed by clinical/histological scores and intestinal/systemic inflammatory biomarker measurement. Mice were subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and MI severity was assessed by quantifying infarct size (IS) and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels. (3) Results: IBD mice exhibited elevated fecal lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and IL-6 levels. DSS mice exhibited almost two-fold increase in IS compared to controls, with serum cTnI levels strongly correlated with IS. Ca inoculation tended to worsen DSS-induced systemic inflammation and IR injury, an observation which is not statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: This is the first proof-of-concept study demonstrating the impact of IBD on MI severity and suggesting mechanistic aspects involved in the IBD-MI connection. Our findings could pave the way for MI therapeutic approaches based on identified IBD-induced inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mami
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Soumaya Znaidi-Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (S.Z.-M.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Raoudha Doghri
- Département d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Institut Salah-Azaeiz, Université El-Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections (LR16IPT02), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (S.Z.-M.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique (LR16IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, INRA, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erij Messadi
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
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19
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Shi Y, Li J, Cai S, Zhao H, Zhao H, Sun G, Yang Y. Proton pump inhibitors induced fungal dysbiosis in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1205348. [PMID: 37662013 PMCID: PMC10469693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1205348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut mycobiota inhabits human gastrointestinal lumen and plays a role in human health and disease. We investigated the influence of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on gastric mucosal and fecal mycobiota in patients with gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) by using Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 sequencing. A total of 65 participants were included, consisting of the healthy control (HC) group, GERD patients who did not use PPIs (nt-GERD), and GERD patients who used PPIs, which were further divided into short-term (s-PPI) and long-term PPI user (l-PPI) groups based on the duration of PPI use. The alpha diversity and beta diversity of gastric mucosal mycobiota in GERD patients with PPI use were significantly different from HCs, but there were no differences between s-PPI and l-PPI groups. LEfSe analysis identified Candida at the genus level as a biomarker for the s-PPI group when compared to the nt-GERD group. Meanwhile, Candida, Nothojafnea, Rhizodermea, Ambispora, and Saccharicola were more abundant in the l-PPI group than in the nt-GERD group. Furthermore, colonization of Candida in gastric mucosa was significantly increased after PPI treatment. However, there was no significant difference in Candida colonization between patients with endoscopic esophageal mucosal breaks and those without. There were significant differences in the fecal mycobiota composition between HCs and GERD patients regardless whether or not they used PPI. As compared to nt-GERD patient samples, there was a high abundance of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Mycenella, Exserohilum, and Clitopilus in the s-PPI group. In addition, there was a significantly higher abundance of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Podospora, Phallus, and Monographella in the l-PPI group than nt-GERD patients. In conclusion, our study indicates that dysbiosis of mycobiota was presented in GERD patients in both gastric mucosal and fecal mycobiota. PPI treatment may increase the colonization of Candida in the gastric mucosa in GERD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuntian Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Edri R, Cohen MJ, Dror D, Korem M. Incidence of Invasive Infections Among Hemato-Oncology Patients with Significant Burden of Candida in Stool. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:371-381. [PMID: 37294507 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Candidemia is a serious infection associated with increased mortality. It is unclear whether a high concentration of Candida in stool in patients with hematologic malignancies is associated with a higher risk for developing candidemia. In this observational historical study in patients hospitalized in hemato-oncology departments, we describe the association between gastrointestinal Candida colonization and the risk for candidemia and other severe outcomes. Data from 166 patients with heavy burden of Candida in stool were collected and compared to a control group of 309 patients with minimal or no Candida in stool, from 2005 to 2020. Severe immunosuppression and recent use of antibiotics were more common in heavily colonized patients. Outcomes of heavily colonized patients were worse as compared to the control group with statistical significance in 1-year mortality (53% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.001) and borderline statistical significance in candidemia rate (12.6% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.07). Risk factors for 1-year mortality were significant colonization of Candida in stool, older age and recent use of antibiotics. In conclusion, significant stool burden of Candida among hospitalized hemato-oncology patients may pose a risk for 1-year mortality and increased candidemia rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Edri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matan J Cohen
- Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem District, affiliated with the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danna Dror
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Korem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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21
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Seelbinder B, Lohinai Z, Vazquez-Uribe R, Brunke S, Chen X, Mirhakkak M, Lopez-Escalera S, Dome B, Megyesfalvi Z, Berta J, Galffy G, Dulka E, Wellejus A, Weiss GJ, Bauer M, Hube B, Sommer MOA, Panagiotou G. Candida expansion in the gut of lung cancer patients associates with an ecological signature that supports growth under dysbiotic conditions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2673. [PMID: 37160893 PMCID: PMC10169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species overgrowth in the human gut is considered a prerequisite for invasive candidiasis, but our understanding of gut bacteria promoting or restricting this overgrowth is still limited. By integrating cross-sectional mycobiome and shotgun metagenomics data from the stool of 75 male and female cancer patients at risk but without systemic candidiasis, bacterial communities in high Candida samples display higher metabolic flexibility yet lower contributional diversity than those in low Candida samples. We develop machine learning models that use only bacterial taxa or functional relative abundances to predict the levels of Candida genus and species in an external validation cohort with an AUC of 78.6-81.1%. We propose a mechanism for intestinal Candida overgrowth based on an increase in lactate-producing bacteria, which coincides with a decrease in bacteria that regulate short chain fatty acid and oxygen levels. Under these conditions, the ability of Candida to harness lactate as a nutrient source may enable Candida to outcompete other fungi in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seelbinder
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Translational Medicine Institute, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mirhakkak
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvia Lopez-Escalera
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Balazs Dome
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Berta
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Edit Dulka
- County Hospital of Torokbalint, Torokbalint, Hungary
| | - Anja Wellejus
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Glen J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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22
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Chancharoenthana W, Kamolratanakul S, Schultz MJ, Leelahavanichkul A. The leaky gut and the gut microbiome in sepsis - targets in research and treatment. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:645-662. [PMID: 37083032 PMCID: PMC10133873 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Both a leaky gut (a barrier defect of the intestinal surface) and gut dysbiosis (a change in the intestinal microbial population) are intrinsic to sepsis. While sepsis itself can cause dysbiosis, dysbiosis can worsen sepsis. The leaky gut syndrome refers to a status with which there is an increased intestinal permeability allowing the translocation of microbial molecules from the gut into the blood circulation. It is not just a symptom of gastrointestinal involvement, but also an underlying cause that develops independently, and its presence could be recognized by the detection, in blood, of lipopolysaccharides and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (major components of gut microbiota). Gut-dysbiosis is the consequence of a reduction in some bacterial species in the gut microbiome, as a consequence of intestinal mucosal immunity defect, caused by intestinal hypoperfusion, immune cell apoptosis, and a variety of enteric neuro-humoral-immunity responses. A reduction in bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids could change the intestinal barriers, leading to the translocation of pathogen molecules, into the circulation where it causes systemic inflammation. Even gut fungi might be increased in human patients with sepsis, even though this has not been consistently observed in murine models of sepsis, probably because of the longer duration of sepsis and also antibiotic use in patients. The gut virobiome that partly consists of bacteriophages is also detectable in gut contents that might be different between sepsis and normal hosts. These alterations of gut dysbiosis altogether could be an interesting target for sepsis adjuvant therapies, e.g., by faecal transplantation or probiotic therapy. Here, current information on leaky gut and gut dysbiosis along with the potential biomarkers, new treatment strategies, and future research topics are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Kamolratanakul
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care and Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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23
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Altered Gut Microbic Flora and Haemorrhoids: Could They Have a Possible Relationship? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062198. [PMID: 36983199 PMCID: PMC10054427 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the exact pathophysiology of haemorrhoids is poorly understood. The different philosophies on haemorrhoids aetiology may lead to different approaches of treatment. A pathogenic theory involving a correlation between altered anal canal microflora, local inflammation, and muscular dyssynergia is proposed through an extensive review of the literature. Since the middle of the twentieth century, three main theories exist: (1) the varicose vein theory, (2) the vascular hyperplasia theory, and (3) the concept of a sliding anal lining. These phenomena determine changes in the connective tissue (linked to inflammation), including loss of organization, muscular hypertrophy, fragmentation of the anal subepithelial muscle and the elastin component, and vascular changes, including abnormal venous dilatation and vascular thrombosis. Recent studies have reported a possible involvement of gut microbiota in gut motility alteration. Furthermore, dysbiosis seems to represent the leading cause of bowel mucosa inflammation in any intestinal district. The alteration of the gut microbioma in the anorectal district could be responsible for haemorrhoids and other anorectal disorders. A deeper knowledge of the gut microbiota in anorectal disorders lays the basis for unveiling the roles of these various gut microbiota components in anorectal disorder pathogenesis and being conductive to instructing future therapeutics. The therapeutic strategy of antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation will benefit the effective application of precision microbiome manipulation in anorectal disorders.
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24
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Lange T, Kasper L, Gresnigt MS, Brunke S, Hube B. "Under Pressure" - How fungi evade, exploit, and modulate cells of the innate immune system. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101738. [PMID: 36878023 PMCID: PMC10109127 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system uses an arsenal of effector mechanisms to prevent and counteract infections. Yet, some fungal species are extremely successful as human pathogens, which can be attributed to a wide variety of strategies by which these fungi evade, exploit, and modulate the immune system. These fungal pathogens normally are either harmless commensals or environmental fungi. In this review we discuss how commensalism, but also life in an environmental niche without human contact, can drive the evolution of diverse and specialized immune evasion mechanisms. Correspondingly, we discuss the mechanisms contributing to the ability of these fungi to cause superficial to life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lange
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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25
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Zhai Z, Yamauchi T, Shangraw S, Hou V, Matsumoto A, Fujita M. Ethanol Metabolism and Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1258. [PMID: 36831600 PMCID: PMC9954650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Despite significant efforts in sun protection education, melanoma incidence is still rising globally, drawing attention to other socioenvironmental risk factors for melanoma. Ethanol and acetaldehyde (AcAH) are ubiquitous in our diets, medicines, alcoholic beverages, and the environment. In the liver, ethanol is primarily oxidized to AcAH, a toxic intermediate capable of inducing tumors by forming adducts with proteins and DNA. Once in the blood, ethanol and AcAH can reach the skin. Although, like the liver, the skin has metabolic mechanisms to detoxify ethanol and AcAH, the risk of ethanol/AcAH-associated skin diseases increases when the metabolic enzymes become dysfunctional in the skin. This review highlights the evidence linking cutaneous ethanol metabolism and melanoma. We summarize various sources of skin ethanol and AcAH and describe how the reduced activity of each alcohol metabolizing enzyme affects the sensitivity threshold to ethanol/AcAH toxicity. Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database also show that three ethanol metabolizing enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1B, P450 2E1, and catalase) and an AcAH metabolizing enzyme (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2) are significantly reduced in melanoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Shangraw
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vincent Hou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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26
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Russell CM, Rybak JA, Miao J, Peters BM, Barrera FN. Candidalysin: Connecting the pore forming mechanism of this virulence factor to its immunostimulatory properties. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102829. [PMID: 36581211 PMCID: PMC9852700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a deadly pathogen responsible for millions of mucosal and systemic infections per year. The pathobiology of C. albicans is largely dependent on the damaging and immunostimulatory properties of the peptide candidalysin (CL), a key virulence factor. When CL forms pores in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, it activates a response network grounded in activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Prior reviews have characterized the resulting CL immune activation schemas but lacked insights into the molecular mechanism of CL membrane damage. We recently demonstrated that CL functions by undergoing a unique self-assembly process; CL forms polymers and loops in aqueous solution prior to inserting and forming pores in cell membranes. This mechanism, the first of its kind to be observed, informs new therapeutic avenues to treat Candida infections. Recently, variants of CL were identified in other Candida species, providing an opportunity to identify the residues that are key for CL to function. In this review, we connect the ability of CL to damage cell membranes to its immunostimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Russell
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rybak
- School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jian Miao
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Francisco N Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
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Brenes LR, Johnson AD, Lohse MB. Farnesol and phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator Efg1 affect Candida albicans white-opaque switching rates. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280233. [PMID: 36662710 PMCID: PMC9858334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a normal member of the human microbiome and an opportunistic fungal pathogen. This species undergoes several morphological transitions, and here we consider white-opaque switching. In this switching program, C. albicans reversibly alternates between two cell types, named "white" and "opaque," each of which is normally stable across thousands of cell divisions. Although switching under most conditions is stochastic and rare, certain environmental signals or genetic manipulations can dramatically increase the rate of switching. Here, we report the identification of two new inputs which affect white-to-opaque switching rates. The first, exposure to sub-micromolar concentrations of (E,E)-farnesol, reduces white-to-opaque switching by ten-fold or more. The second input, an inferred PKA phosphorylation of residue T208 on the transcriptional regulator Efg1, increases white-to-opaque switching ten-fold. Combining these and other environmental inputs results in a variety of different switching rates, indicating that a given rate represents the integration of multiple inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Brenes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Lohse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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De Cesare GB, Hafez A, Stead D, Llorens C, Munro CA. Biomarkers of caspofungin resistance in Candida albicans isolates: A proteomic approach. Virulence 2022; 13:1005-1018. [PMID: 35730400 PMCID: PMC9225221 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2081291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a clinically important polymorphic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Antifungal therapy failure is a substantial clinical problem, due to the emergence of an increasing number of drug-resistant isolates. Caspofungin is a common antifungal drug, often used as first-line therapy that inhibits cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. In this work, the cell surface of different echinocandin-resistant C. albicans clinical isolates was compared with sensitive isolates and their responses to echinocandin treatment analyzed. Proteomic analysis detected changes in the repertoire of proteins involved in cell wall organization and maintenance, in drug-resistant strains compared to susceptible isolates and after incubation with caspofungin. Moreover, an interaction network was created from the differential expression results. Our findings suggest drug resistance may involve not only a different cell wall architecture, but also a different response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Buda De Cesare
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
| | - Ahmed Hafez
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Computer and Information, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - David Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics, Rowett Institute ofNutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carol A. Munro
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
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Saha UB, Saroj SD. Lactic acid bacteria: prominent player in the fight against human pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1435-1453. [PMID: 36154442 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2128765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human microbiome is a unique repository of diverse bacteria. Over 1000 microbial species reside in the human gut, which predominantly influences the host's internal environment and plays a significant role in host health. Lactic acid bacteria have long been employed for multiple purposes, ranging from food to medicines. Lactobacilli, which are often used in commercial food fermentation, have improved to the point that they might be helpful in medical applications. AREAS COVERED This review summarises various clinical and experimental evidence on efficacy of lactobacilli in treating a wide range of infections. Both laboratory based and clinical studies have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION Lactobacilli are widely accepted as safe biological treatments and host immune modulators (GRAS- Generally regarded as safe) by the US Food and Drug Administration and Qualified Presumption of Safety. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of lactobacilli in the treatment and pathogenicity of bacterial infections can help with the prediction and development of innovative therapeutics aimed at pathogens which have gained resistance to antimicrobials. To formulate effective lactobacilli based therapy significant research on the effectiveness of different lactobacilli strains and its association with demographic distribution is required. Also, the side effects of such therapy needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayni B Saha
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune, India
| | - Sunil D Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune, India
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Jena A, Dutta U, Shah J, Sharma V, Prasad KK, Shivaprakash RM, Mandavdhare HS, Samanta J, Sharma P, Popli P, Sharma AK, Sinha SK, Chakrabarti A, Kochhar R. Oral Fluconazole Therapy in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Have Detectable Candida in the Stool : A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:705-711. [PMID: 34516459 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an emerging role of fungal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence of Candida in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) and the effect of fluconazole therapy in reducing disease activity of UC are not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS All consecutive consenting patients with active UC defined as Mayo score ≥3 were evaluated for presence of Candida by stool culture and predictors for presence of Candida were identified. Those who had evidence of Candida in the stool were randomized to receive oral fluconazole 200 mg daily or placebo for 3 weeks along with standard medical therapy. Patients were assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopy, and laboratory parameters at baseline and at 4 weeks. The primary outcome was clinical and endoscopic response at 4 weeks defined by a 3-point reduction in Mayo score. Secondary outcomes were reduction in fecal calprotectin, histologic response, and adverse events. RESULTS Of the 242 patients with active UC, 68 (28%) patients had Candida in stool culture. Independent predictors for presence of Candida in patients with active UC were partial Mayo score of ≥3 and steroid exposure. Among those with Candida on stool culture (n=68), 61 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria and were randomized to receive fluconazole (n=31) or placebo (n=30). Three-point reduction in Mayo score though was numerically higher in the fluconazole group than the placebo group but was not statistically significant [5 (16.1%) vs. 1 (3.33%); P =0.19]. Postintervention median Mayo score was lower in fluconazole than placebo group [4 (3, 5) vs. 5 (4, 6); P =0.034]. Patients in fluconazole group had more often reduction in fecal calprotectin [26 (83.9%) vs. 11 (36.7%); P =0.001] and histologic scores [23 (74.1%) vs. 10 (33.3%); P =0.001] compared with placebo. All patients were compliant and did not report any serious adverse event. CONCLUSION Candida colonization is found in 28% of patients with UC. Steroid exposure and active disease were independent predictors for the presence of Candida . There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who achieved 3-point reduction in Mayo score between 2 groups. However, clinical, histologic, and calprotectin levels showed significant improvement in fluconazole group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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31
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Nguyen TK, Nguyen HH, Nguyen CL, Luong TH, Dinh LD, Le VD, Dang KK, Tran TL. Case report: Candidiasis of gastrojejunostomosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Preliminary experience from two cases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:888927. [PMID: 36091142 PMCID: PMC9449841 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.888927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasive Candida infection, or candidiasis, especially in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an infrequent but aggressive disease caused by Candida species. Candidiasis of gastrojejunostomosis after extensive gastrointestinal surgery may cause serious complications such as perforative peritonitis and anastomotic stenosis, which requires surgical interventions. Case presentation Our two patients had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), respectively, due to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreatic head. Both the patients were malnutritioned and debilitated before the surgery, and they required reoperation for postoperative Candidiasis-relevant complication.In the first case, the patient was readmitted to the hospital with symptoms of perforative peritonitis, for which he underwent surgery and had Candida found in both gastrojejunostomosis ulcer and peritoneal fluid. In our second case, the patient was admitted to the hospital twice after the first operation and diagnosed with Candida-induced gastrojejunostomosis stenosis by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and endoscopic biopsy. Fluconazole was indicated for a 2-week regimen. Blood sample withdrawn afterward showed no evidence of fungal agents, and the anastomotic stenosis responded well to treatment. However, after 3 weeks, he came back with cachexia and symptoms of gastrojejunostomotic stenosis. EGD showed no image of fungal agents but anastomotic stenosis due to chronic inflammatory process. The patient was then reoperated to redo his gastrojejunostomosis. Conclusion Candidiasis of gastrojejunostomosis after extensive gastrointestinal surgery such as PD is a very aggressive condition that may cause perforative peritonitis and anastomotic stenosis. However, there have been no publications on this disorder, and the strategic treatment remains unknown. We hereby present a report of two cases with postoperative gastrojejunostomosis candidiasis presenting with non-specific but aggressive and early clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Khiem Nguyen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ham Hoi Nguyen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cong Long Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Hiep Luong
- Department of Surgery, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Tuan Hiep Luong,
| | - Long Doan Dinh
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Duy Le
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kim Khue Dang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Tran
- Pathology Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Gerstein AC, Sethi P. Experimental evolution of drug resistance in human fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101965. [PMID: 35952557 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution in vitro is a powerful tool to uncover the factors that contribute to resistance evolution and understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Here, we discuss recent experimental evolution studies from human fungal pathogens. We synthesize the results to highlight the common threads that influence resistance acquisition. The picture that emerges is that drug resistance consistently appears readily and rapidly. Mutations are often found in an overlapping set of genes and genetic pathways known to be involved in drug resistance, including whole or partial chromosomal aneuploidy. The likelihood of acquiring resistance and cross-resistance between drugs seems to be influenced by the specific drug (not just drug class), level of drug, and strain genetic background. We discuss open questions, such as the potential for increases in drug tolerance to evolve in static drugs. We highlight opportunities to use this framework to probe how different factors influence the rate and nature of adaptation to antifungal drugs in fungal microbes through a call for increased reporting on all replicates that were evolved, not just those that acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Statistics, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 318 Machray Hall, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Parul Sethi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 45 Chancellor Circle, 213 Buller Building, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Parslow BY, Thornton CR. Continuing Shifts in Epidemiology and Antifungal Susceptibility Highlight the Need for Improved Disease Management of Invasive Candidiasis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061208. [PMID: 35744725 PMCID: PMC9228503 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a systemic life-threatening infection of immunocompromised humans, but remains a relatively neglected disease among public health authorities. Ongoing assessments of disease epidemiology are needed to identify and map trends of importance that may necessitate improvements in disease management and patient care. Well-established incidence increases, largely due to expanding populations of patients with pre-disposing risk factors, has led to increased clinical use and pressures on antifungal drugs. This has been exacerbated by a lack of fast, accurate diagnostics that have led treatment guidelines to often recommend preventative strategies in the absence of proven infection, resulting in unnecessary antifungal use in many instances. The consequences of this are multifactorial, but a contribution to emerging drug resistance is of primary concern, with high levels of antifungal use heavily implicated in global shifts to more resistant Candida strains. Preserving and expanding the utility and number of antifungals should therefore be of the highest priority. This may be achievable through the development and use of biomarker tests, bringing about a new era in improved antifungal stewardship, as well as novel antifungals that offer favorable profiles by targeting Candida pathogenesis mechanisms over cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Y. Parslow
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
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34
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Buakaew W, Pankla Sranujit R, Noysang C, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Thongsri Y, Potup P, Daowtak K, Usuwanthim K. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Proteins Involved in the Mode of Action of β-Citronellol Identified From Citrus hystrix DC. Leaf Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894637. [PMID: 35677908 PMCID: PMC9168680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungus that lives primarily on the mucosal surfaces of healthy humans, such as the oral cavity, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. This commensal organism can be controlled by other microbiota, while certain conditions can increase the risk of C. albicans outgrowth and cause disease. Prevalence of the drug-resistant phenotype, as well as the severity of C. albicans infection in immunocompromised patients, presents a challenge for scientists to develop novel, effective treatment, and prevention strategies. β-Citronellol is an intriguing active compound of several plants that has been linked to antifungal activity, but data on the mechanism of action in terms of proteomic profiling are lacking. Here, β-citronellol identified from Citrus hystrix DC. leaf against C. albicans were evaluated. A proteomic approach was used to identify potential target proteins involved in the mode of action of β-citronellol. This study identified and discussed three protein groups based on the 126 major proteins that were altered in response to β-citronellol treatment, 46 of which were downregulated and 80 of which were upregulated. Significant protein groups include cell wall proteins (e.g., Als2p, Rbt1p, and Pga4p), cellular stress response enzymes (e.g., Sod1p, Gst2p, and Ddr48p), and ATP synthesis-associated proteins (e.g., Atp3p, Atp7p, Cox1p, and Cobp). Results demonstrated the complexities of protein interactions influenced by β-citronellol treatment and highlighted the potential of antifungal activity for future clinical and drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watunyoo Buakaew
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chanai Noysang
- Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Yordhathai Thongsri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pachuen Potup
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Krai Daowtak
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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35
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Roles of the gut virome and mycobiome in faecal microbiota transplantation. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:472-484. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Liu ZZ, Sun JH, Wang WJ. Gut microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:2976-2989. [PMID: 35647135 PMCID: PMC9082698 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is a micro-ecosystem composed of all microorganisms in the human intestine. The interaction between GM and the host plays an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions in the host. Dysbiosis of the GM may cause various diseases. GM has been demonstrated to be associated with human health and disease, and changes during individual development and disease. Pregnancy is a complicated physiological process. Hormones, the immune system, metabolism, and GM undergo drastic changes during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy, such as hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and pre-eclampsia, can affect both maternal and fetal health. The dysregulation of GM during pregnancy may lead to a variety of diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases. Herein, we review recent research articles on GM in pregnancy-related gastrointestinal diseases, discuss the interaction of the GM with the host under normal physiological conditions, gastrointestinal diseases, and pregnancy-specific disorders. As more attention is paid to reproductive health, the pathogenic mechanism of GM in gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy will be further studied to provide a theoretical basis for the use of probiotics to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhen Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Hua Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong Province, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong Province, China
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Del Rio M, Radicioni MB, Mello ÉO, Ribeiro SFF, Taveira GB, Carvalho AO, de la Canal L, Gomes VM, Regente M. A plant mannose-binding lectin and fluconazole: key targets combination against Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4310-4320. [PMID: 35332971 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of a mannose-binding lectin Helja with fluconazole (FLC) on Candida albicans and to get insights about the joint action mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS The fungal growth was assessed following the optical density at 630 nm. Fungal cell morphology and nucleus integrity were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy using Calcofluor White (CFW) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, respectively. The basis of Helja+FLC action on cell wall and plasma membrane was analyzed using perturbing agents. The Helja+FLC combination exhibited an inhibitory effect of fungal growth about three times greater than the sum of both compounds separately and inhibited fungal morphological plasticity, an important virulence attribute associated with drug resistance. Cells treated with Helja+FLC showed morphological changes, nucleus disintegration and formation of multimera structures, leading to cell collapse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the Helja+FLC combination exhibited a potent antifungal activity based on their simultaneous action on different microbial cell targets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The combination of a natural protein with conventional drugs might be helpful for the design of effective therapeutic strategies against Candida, contributing to minimize the development of drug resistance and host cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Del Rio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Melisa B Radicioni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Érica O Mello
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzanna F F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel B Taveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - André O Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Valdirene M Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Regente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Ventin-Holmberg R, Saqib S, Korpela K, Nikkonen A, Peltola V, Salonen A, de Vos WM, Kolho KL. The Effect of Antibiotics on the Infant Gut Fungal Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:328. [PMID: 35448562 PMCID: PMC9032081 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used drugs in infants, causing disruptions in the developing gut microbiota with possible detrimental long-term effects such as chronic inflammatory diseases. The focus has been on bacteria, but research shows that fungi might have an important role as well. There are only a few studies on the infant gut fungal microbiota, the mycobiota, in relation to antibiotic treatment. Here, the aim was to investigate the impact of antibiotics on the infant gut mycobiota, and the interkingdom associations between bacteria and fungi. We had 37 antibiotic-naïve patients suffering from respiratory syncytial virus, of which 21 received one to four courses of antibiotics due to complications, and 16 remained antibiotic-naïve throughout the study. Fecal samples were collected before, during and after antibiotic treatment with a follow-up period of up to 9.5 months. The gut mycobiota was studied by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS1 region. We found that antibiotic use affected the gut mycobiota, most prominently seen as a higher relative abundance of Candida (p < 0.001), and a higher fungal diversity (p = 0.005−0.04) and richness (p = 0.03) in the antibiotic-treated infants compared to the antibiotic-naïve ones at multiple timepoints. This indicates that the gut mycobiota could contribute to the long-term consequences of antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Ventin-Holmberg
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Schahzad Saqib
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
| | - Katri Korpela
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
| | - Anne Nikkonen
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.V.-H.); (S.S.); (K.K.); (A.S.); (W.M.d.V.)
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Synergistic Effects of Licorice Root and Walnut Leaf Extracts on Gastrointestinal Candidiasis, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0235521. [PMID: 35262409 PMCID: PMC9045305 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02355-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis closely associated with intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis. Drug resistance, side effects of available antifungal agents, and the high recurrence of candidiasis highlight the need for new treatments. We investigated the effects of hydroethanolic extracts of licorice root (LRE) and walnut leaf (WLE) on GI colonization by C. albicans, colon inflammation, and gut microbiota composition in C57BL/6 female mice. Oral administration of LRE and WLE alone or in combination once daily for 12 days before C. albicans infection and then for 5 days after infection significantly reduced the level of C. albicans in the feces of gastrointestinal infected mice as well as colonization of the GI tract, both extracts showing robust antifungal activity. Although total bacterial content was unaffected by the extracts (individually or combined), the abundance of protective bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, increased with the combination, in contrast to that of certain pathobiont bacteria, which decreased. Interestingly, the combination induced a more robust decrease in the expression of proinflammatory genes than either extract alone. The anti-inflammatory activity of the combination was further supported by the reciprocal increase in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the significant decrease in enzymes involved in the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that LRE and WLE have synergistic effects and that the LRE/WLE combination could be a good candidate for limiting GI candidiasis and associated inflammation, likely by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. IMPORTANCE The adverse effects and emergence of resistance of currently available antifungals and the high recurrence of candidiasis prompt the need for alternative and complementary strategies. We demonstrated that oral administration of hydroethanolic extracts of licorice root (LRE) and walnut leaf (WLE) separately or in combination significantly reduced the colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by C. albicans, highlighting a robust antifungal activity of these plant extracts. Interestingly, our data indicate a correlation between LRE and WLE consumption, in particular the combination, and a shift within the gut microbiome toward a protective profile, a decrease in colonic inflammation and prooxidant enzymes, suggesting a synergistic effect. This study highlights the significant prebiotic potential of the LRE/WLE combination and suggests that the health benefits are due, at least in part, to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and protect against opportunistic infection.
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Zou Y, Chen X, Liu L, Qi W, Huang X, Chen C, Liu NN. Fungal commensalism modulated by a dual-action phosphate transceptor. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110293. [PMID: 35081357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful host colonization by fungi in fluctuating niches requires response and adaptation to multiple environmental stresses. However, our understanding about how fungal species thrive in the gastrointestinal (GI) ecosystem by combing multifaceted nutritional stress with respect to homeostatic host-commensal interactions is still in its infancy. Here, we discover that depletion of the phosphate transceptor Pho84 across multiple fungal species encountered a substantial cost in gastrointestinal colonization. Mechanistically, Pho84 enhances the gastrointestinal commensalism via a dual-action activity, coordinating both phosphate uptake and TOR activation by induction of the transcriptional regulator Try4 and downstream commensalism-related transcription. As such, Pho84 promotes Candida albicans commensalism, but this does not translate into enhanced pathogenicity. Thus, our study uncovers a specific nutrient-dependent dual-action regulatory pathway for Pho84 on fungal commensalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun Zou
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wanjun Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhua Huang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Husain F, Pathak P, Román E, Pla J, Panwar SL. Adaptation to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Candida albicans Relies on the Activity of the Hog1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794855. [PMID: 35069494 PMCID: PMC8770855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to ER stress is linked to the pathogenicity of C. albicans. The fungus responds to ER stress primarily by activating the conserved Ire1-Hac1-dependent unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Subsequently, when ER homeostasis is re-established, the UPR is attenuated in a timely manner, a facet that is unexplored in C. albicans. Here, we show that C. albicans licenses the HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol) MAPK pathway for abating ER stress as evidenced by activation and translocation of Hog1 to the nucleus during tunicamycin-induced ER stress. We find that, once activated, Hog1 attenuates the activity of Ire1-dependent UPR, thus facilitating adaptation to ER stress. We use the previously established assay, where the disappearance of the UPR-induced spliced HAC1 mRNA correlates with the re-establishment of ER homeostasis, to investigate attenuation of the UPR in C. albicans. hog1Δ/Δ cells retain spliced HAC1 mRNA levels for longer duration reflecting the delay in attenuating Ire1-dependent UPR. Conversely, compromising the expression of Ire1 (ire1 DX mutant strain) results in diminished levels of phosphorylated Hog1, restating the cross-talk between Ire1 and HOG pathways. Phosphorylation signal to Hog1 MAP kinase is relayed through Ssk1 in response to ER stress as inactivation of Ssk1 abrogates Hog1 phosphorylation in C. albicans. Additionally, Hog1 depends on its cytosolic as well as nuclear activity for mediating ER stress-specific responses in the fungus. Our results show that HOG pathway serves as a point of cross-talk with the UPR pathway, thus extending the role of this signaling pathway in promoting adaptation to ER stress in C. albicans. Additionally, this study integrates this MAPK pathway into the little known frame of ER stress adaptation pathways in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Husain
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Pathak
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-IRYCIS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sneh Lata Panwar
- Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A CLOSER LOOK AT THE MYCOBIOME IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: FUNGAL SPECIES, PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSION. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1291-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
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Herman A, Herman AP. Could Candida Overgrowth Be Involved in the Pathophysiology of Autism? J Clin Med 2022; 11:442. [PMID: 35054136 PMCID: PMC8778531 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current acquiredknowledge of Candida overgrowth in the intestine as a possible etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The influence of Candida sp. on the immune system, brain, and behavior of children with ASD isdescribed. The benefits of interventions such as a carbohydrates-exclusion diet, probiotic supplementation, antifungal agents, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) will be also discussed. Our literature query showed that the results of most studies do not fully support the hypothesis that Candida overgrowth is correlated with gastrointestinal (GI) problems and contributes to autism behavioral symptoms occurrence. On the one hand, it was reported that the modulation of microbiota composition in the gut may decrease Candida overgrowth, help reduce GI problems and autism symptoms. On the other hand, studies on humans suggesting the beneficial effects of a sugar-free diet, probiotic supplementation, FMT and MTT treatment in ASD are limited and inconclusive. Due to the increasing prevalence of ASD, studies on the etiology of this disorder are extremely needed and valuable. However, to elucidate the possible involvement of Candida in the pathophysiology of ASD, more reliable and well-designed research is certainly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 20 18, 19 Street, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Street, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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Saracino IM, Foschi C, Pavoni M, Spigarelli R, Valerii MC, Spisni E. Antifungal Activity of Natural Compounds vs. Candida spp.: A Mixture of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol Shows Promising In Vitro Results. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 35052950 PMCID: PMC8773119 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are commensal organisms of the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, blood, and vagina of animals and humans. In recent decades, the incidence of human fungal infections has increased, with Candida spp. (mainly C. albicans) infections being the most frequent, and the treatment of fungal infections is still a clinical challenge. Colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by Candida spp. is significant because infections (e.g., candidemia and vulvovaginal candidiasis) frequently arise from commensal microorganisms. The aim of this study was to test in vitro the antifungal activity and the eventual synergistic effect of five pure components of essential oils: cinnamaldehyde, α-pinene, limonene, eucalyptol, and eugenol. These compounds were tested on 18 Candida strains (15 C. albicans, 2 C. glabrata, and 1 C. lusitaniae) derived from a culture collection of vaginal clinical strains. METHODS Fungistatic activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. For fungicidal activity, microdilution and time-kill curve protocols were set up. The checkerboard method was chosen to evaluate a possible synergistic effect of these compounds when mixed. RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol gave the best results, inhibiting all the Candida strains and showing a highly additive effect (FICI 0.625). The cinnamaldehyde inhibition zone (IZ), MIC, and MFC means were 69 mm, 50.05 mg/L, and 109.26 mg/L respectively. Cinnamaldehyde led to the total loss of viable Candida cells within 4 h. Eugenol IZ, MIC, and MFC means were 35.2 mm, 455.42 mg/L, and 690.09 mg/L, respectively. Eugenol led to the total loss of viable fungal cells within 1 h. Treatment with α-pinene inhibited 88.9% of Candida strains, with an IZ mean of 21.2 mm, a MIC mean of 195.41 mg/L, and a MFC mean of 251.27 mg/L; this compound led to the total loss of viable fungal cells only after 24 h. Limonene inhibited only 33.3% of the tested strains and eucalyptol did not produce an inhibition halo, so these compounds were not tested further. CONCLUSIONS These characteristics, together with the well-known safety of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol for human use, make these two natural compounds the perfect candidates for the treatment of candidiasis. This was a pilot study, the purpose of which was to evaluate the best composition of a mixture to be used against intestinal and vulvovaginal candidiasis; in vivo studies are needed to confirm these very encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Maria Saracino
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico St. Orsola Polyclinic, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Claudio Foschi
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico St. Orsola Polyclinic, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Pavoni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico St. Orsola Polyclinic, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Renato Spigarelli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Chiara Valerii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.S.); (M.C.V.); (E.S.)
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Hu W, Huang L, Zhou Z, Yin L, Tang J. Diallyl Disulfide (DADS) Ameliorates Intestinal Candida albicans Infection by Modulating the Gut microbiota and Metabolites and Providing Intestinal Protection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:743454. [PMID: 35071031 PMCID: PMC8777027 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.743454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a garlic extract also known as allicin, has been reported to have numerous biological activities, including anticancer, antifungal, and inflammation-inhibiting activities, among others. Although many studies have assessed whether DADS can treat Candida albicans infection in vitro, its in vivo function and the underlying mechanism are still not clear. Accumulated evidence has implicated the gut microbiota as an important factor in the colonization and invasion of C. albicans. Thus, this study aimed to identify the mechanism by which DADS ameliorates dextran sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal C. albicans infection based on the systematic analysis of the gut microbiota and metabolomics in mice. Here, we determined the body weight, survival, colon length, histological score, and inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum and intestines of experimental mice. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota and metabolite analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics, respectively. DADS significantly alleviated DSS-induced intestinal C. albicans infection and altered the gut microbial community structure and metabolic profile in the mice. The abundances of some pathogenic bacteria, such as Proteobacteria, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus, were notably decreased after treatment with DADS. In contrast, SCFA-producing bacteria, namely, Ruminiclostridium, Oscillibacter, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013, greatly increased in number. The perturbance of metabolites in infectious mice was improved by DADS, with increases in secondary bile acids, arachidonic acid, indoles and their derivatives, which were highly related to the multiple differentially altered metabolic pathways, namely, bile secretion, arachidonic acid metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. This study indicated that DADS could modulate gut microbiota and metabolites and protect the gut barrier to alleviate DSS-induced intestinal C. albicans infection in mice. Moreover, this work might also provide novel insight into the treatment of C. albicans infection using DADS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Begum N, Harzandi A, Lee S, Uhlen M, Moyes DL, Shoaie S. Host-mycobiome metabolic interactions in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2121576. [PMID: 36151873 PMCID: PMC9519009 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities (mycobiome) have an important role in sustaining the resilience of complex microbial communities and maintenance of homeostasis. The mycobiome remains relatively unexplored compared to the bacteriome despite increasing evidence highlighting their contribution to host-microbiome interactions in health and disease. Despite being a small proportion of the total species, fungi constitute a large proportion of the biomass within the human microbiome and thus serve as a potential target for metabolic reprogramming in pathogenesis and disease mechanism. Metabolites produced by fungi shape host niches, induce immune tolerance and changes in their levels prelude changes associated with metabolic diseases and cancer. Given the complexity of microbial interactions, studying the metabolic interplay of the mycobiome with both host and microbiome is a demanding but crucial task. However, genome-scale modelling and synthetic biology can provide an integrative platform that allows elucidation of the multifaceted interactions between mycobiome, microbiome and host. The inferences gained from understanding mycobiome interplay with other organisms can delineate the key role of the mycobiome in pathophysiology and reveal its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Begum
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Azadeh Harzandi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David L. Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnosing and Treatment Challenges and the Possibility of Jarisch-Herxheimer Reactions If High Infectious Loads Are Present. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111537. [PMID: 34828583 PMCID: PMC8623232 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex multi-system disease with no cure and no FDA-approved treatment. Approximately 25% of patients are house or bedbound, and some are so severe in function that they require tube-feeding and are unable to tolerate light, sound, and human touch. The overall goal of this case report was to (1) describe how past events (e.g., chronic sinusitis, amenorrhea, tick bites, congenital neutropenia, psychogenic polydipsia, food intolerances, and hypothyroidism) may have contributed to the development of severe ME/CFS in a single patient, and (2) the extensive medical interventions that the patient has pursued in an attempt to recover, which enabled her to return to graduate school after becoming bedridden with ME/CFS 4.5 years prior. This paper aims to increase awareness of the harsh reality of ME/CFS and the potential complications following initiation of any level of intervention, some of which may be necessary for long-term healing. Treatments may induce severe paradoxical reactions (Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction) if high infectious loads are present. It is our hope that sharing this case will improve research and treatment options for ME/CFS.
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Kavyashree M, Pal B, Dutta S, Ashok Badhe B, Nelamangala Ramakrishnaiah VP. Gastric Candidiasis Leading to Perforation: An Unusual Presentation. Cureus 2021; 13:e17878. [PMID: 34660077 PMCID: PMC8502732 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidal infection of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is rare but has recently increased due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients, injudicious use of antibacterial agents, and prolonged use of antacid drugs in immunocompetent patients. The most frequent organ involved in GIT candidiasis is the esophagus, followed by the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The clinical spectrum of gastric candidiasis ranges from asymptomatic to gastric perforation and even shock. This case report presents a 58-year-old immunocompetent male patient diagnosed with Candida tropicalis-induced gastric perforation peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Kavyashree
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
| | - Bishal Pal
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
| | - Souradeep Dutta
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
| | - Bhawana Ashok Badhe
- Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
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Thomas-Rüddel D, Schlattmann P, Pletz M, Kurzai O, Bloos F. Risk factors for invasive candida infection in critically ill patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2021; 161:345-355. [PMID: 34673022 PMCID: PMC8941622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current guidelines recommend empirical antifungal therapy in patients with sepsis with high risk of invasive Candida infection. However, many different risk factors have been derived from multiple studies. These risk factors lack specificity, and broad application would render most ICU patients eligible for empirical antifungal therapy. Research Question What risk factors for invasive Candida infection can be identified by a systematic review and meta-analysis? Study Design and Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Biomed Central, and Cochrane and extracted the raw and adjusted OR for each risk factor associated with invasive Candida infection. We calculated pooled ORs for risk factors present in more than one study. Results We included 34 studies in our meta-analysis resulting in the assessment of 29 possible risk factors. Risk factors for invasive Candida infection included demographic factors, comorbid conditions, and medical interventions. Although demographic factors do not play a role for the development of invasive Candida infection, comorbid conditions (eg, HIV, Candida colonization) and medical interventions have a significant impact. The risk factors associated with the highest risk for invasive Candida infection were broad-spectrum antibiotics (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 3.6-8.8), blood transfusion (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.5-16.3), Candida colonization (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.6-14.3), central venous catheter (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.7-8.1), and total parenteral nutrition (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 3.3-6.3). However, dependence between the various risk factors is probably high. Interpretation Our systematic review and meta-analysis identified patient- and treatment-related factors that were associated with the risk for the development of invasive Candida infection in the ICU. Most of the factors identified were either related to medical interventions during intensive care or to comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thomas-Rüddel
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany;; Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany;.
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Institut für Medizinische Statistik, Informatik und Datenwissenschaften (IMSID), Jena University Hospital Jena
| | - Mathias Pletz
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany;; Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital Jena
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany;; National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena; University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Germany
| | - Frank Bloos
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany;; Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Cordell B, Kanodia A, Miller GK. Factors in an Auto-Brewery Syndrome group compared to an American Gut Project group: a case-control study. F1000Res 2021; 10:457. [PMID: 34567530 PMCID: PMC8422346 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52743.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Auto-Brewery Syndrome (ABS), also known as Gut Fermentation Syndrome, is a rare but underdiagnosed condition. While scores of case studies of ABS are published, only one previous study examined ABS patients’ demographics, health history, lifestyle factors, and diet compared to a control group of household members. Methods: We designed a case-control study to identify factors that individuals with a diagnosis of ABS and those who live with them might have that differ from a larger general group. We administered a survey to 46 patients known to have a diagnosis of ABS and their household members. Here, we compare our group of survey takers to a cohort of the American Gut Project (AGP) participants (N=11,297) for the 30 questions that were identical. Results: With a response rate of 88% and using Rank Sum Tests, the data demonstrate that patients with ABS and their household members are more likely than participants of the AGP to own a pet (p=.03 for cat; p=.0001 for dog), get less sleep (p=.0001), and have lesser quality of bowel movements (p=.03). In addition, the ABS group consumes more water (p=.02) and less alcohol (p=.0004), eats at home more often (p=.0056), and reports more aversion to sweets (p=.01). The most striking difference is a higher presence of non-food allergies in all five subcategories of the survey in the ABS group compared to the AGP group. Conclusion: Patients with ABS and their household members show several significant differences in their lifestyle and health, diet, and medical history compared to a large group of AGP participants. These differences lead to several hypotheses about co-morbidities that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cordell
- Department of Nursing, Panola College, Carthage, TX, 75633, USA
| | - Anup Kanodia
- Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gregory K Miller
- Department of Statistics, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, 75962, USA
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