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Chen Y, Fu Y, Kong L, Wang F, Peng X, Zhang Z, Shi Q, Wu Q, Wu T. Pal Affects the Proliferation in Macrophages and Virulence of Brucella, and as Mucosal Adjuvants, Provides an Effective Protection to Mice Against Salmonella Enteritidis. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:2. [PMID: 36418790 PMCID: PMC9684781 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the roles of peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal protein) in the proliferation of Brucella in macrophage and bacterial virulence, and to evaluate the immune effect of Pal protein to Salmonella enteritidis. Murine macrophage-like cell line Raw264.7 was stimulated by recombinant Pal protein, and the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ were up-regulated, but not it of IL-1β and IL-6. The macrophages infection and in vitro simulated stress assays showed that deletion of pal gene reduced the proliferation of Brucella in macrophages, the survival in acidic, oxidative and polymyxin B-contained environment. The mice infection assay showed that mice challenged with the pal mutant strain were found to have more severe splenomegaly, but less bacterial load. After oral immunization of mice, Pal protein induced a higher titer of mucosal and humoral antibody (IgA and IgG) against heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis, and a stronger Th1 cellular immune response. The challengte experiments showed Pal protein elevated the survival rate and reduced the bacterial load of spleens in immunized mice. In conclusion, our results revealed the important roles of pal gene in Brucella virulence, and Pal protein was a potentially valuable adjuvant against mucosal pathogens, such as Salmonella enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, NO.123, Road Xueyuan, District Changli, Qinhuangdao, 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Fu
- Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, NO.123, Road Xueyuan, District Changli, Qinhuangdao, 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, NO.123, Road Xueyuan, District Changli, Qinhuangdao, 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiumei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, NO.123, Road Xueyuan, District Changli, Qinhuangdao, 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonglei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, NO.123, Road Xueyuan, District Changli, Qinhuangdao, 066600, People's Republic of China.
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Pang M, Tu T, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ren M, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Haemophilus parasuis based on pan-genome and immunoinformatics approaches. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1053198. [PMID: 36644533 PMCID: PMC9835091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1053198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glässer's disease, caused by Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), is responsible for economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. However, the existing commercial vaccines offer poor protection and there are significant barriers to the development of effective vaccines. Methods In the current study, we aimed to identify potential vaccine candidates and design a multi-epitope vaccine against HPS by performing pan-genomic analysis of 121 strains and using a reverse vaccinology approach. Results The designed vaccine constructs consist of predicted epitopes of B and T cells derived from the outer membrane proteins of the HPS core genome. The vaccine was found to be highly immunogenic, non-toxic, and non-allergenic as well as have stable physicochemical properties. It has a high binding affinity to Toll-like receptor 2. In addition, in silico immune simulation results showed that the vaccine elicited an effective immune response. Moreover, the mouse polyclonal antibody obtained by immunizing the vaccine protein can be combined with different serotypes and non-typable Haemophilus parasuis in vitro. Conclusion The overall results of the study suggest that the designed multi-epitope vaccine is a promising candidate for pan-prophylaxis against different strains of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Teng Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Yin Wang
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Mun SJ, Cho E, Kim JS, Yang CS. Pathogen-derived peptides in drug targeting and its therapeutic approach. J Control Release 2022; 350:716-733. [PMID: 36030988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptides, short stretches of amino acids or small proteins that occupy a strategic position between proteins and amino acids, are readily accessible by chemical and biological methods. With ideal properties for forming high-affinity and specific interactions with host target proteins, they have established an important niche in the drug development spectrum complementing small molecule and biological therapeutics. Among the most successful biomedicines in use today, peptide-based drugs show great promise. This, coupled with recent advances in synthetic and nanochemical biology, has led to the creation of tailor-made peptide therapeutics for improved biocompatibility. This review presents an overview of the latest research on pathogen-derived, host-cell-interacting peptides. It also highlights strategies for using peptide-based therapeutics that address cellular transport challenges through the introduction of nanoparticles that serve as platforms to facilitate the delivery of peptide biologics and therapeutics for treating various inflammatory diseases. Finally, this paper describes future perspectives, specific pathogen-based peptides that can enhance specificity, efficiency, and capacity in functional peptide-based therapeutics, which are in the spotlight as new treatment alternatives for various diseases, and also presents verified sequences and targets that can increase chemical and pharmacological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Mun
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Roles of the Tol/Pal System in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Its Application to Antibacterial Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030422. [PMID: 35335056 PMCID: PMC8953051 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tol/Pal system (also written as “The Tol-Pal system”) is a set of protein complexes produced by most Gram-negative bacteria. It comprises the inner membrane-associated and the outer membrane-anchored subunits composed of the TolA, TolQ, and TolR proteins and the TolB and Pal proteins, respectively. Although the Tol/Pal system was first defined as bacterial proteins involved in colicin uptake of Escherichia coli, its global roles have been characterized in several studies as mentioned in this article. Pathogenesis of many Gram-negative pathogens is sustained by the Tol/Pal system. It is also essential for cell growth and fitness in some pathogens. Therefore, the Tol/Pal system is proposed as a potential target for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Although the tol/pal mutants are low in virulence, they still have the ability to stimulate the immune system. The Pal protein is highly immunogenic and induces both adaptive and innate immune responses. Therefore, the tol/pal mutant strains and Pal proteins also have potential vaccine properties. For these reasons, the Tol/Pal system represents a promising research target in the development of antibacterial therapeutic strategies for refractory infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR), Gram-negative pathogens. In this paper, we summarize studies on the Tol/Pal system associated with bacterial pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Szczepaniak J, Press C, Kleanthous C. The multifarious roles of Tol-Pal in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:490-506. [PMID: 32472934 PMCID: PMC7391070 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1960s several groups reported the isolation and preliminary genetic mapping of
Escherichia coli strains tolerant towards the
action of colicins. These pioneering studies kick-started two new fields in bacteriology;
one centred on how bacteriocins like colicins exploit the Tol (or more commonly Tol-Pal)
system to kill bacteria, the other on the physiological role of this cell
envelope-spanning assembly. The following half century has seen significant advances in
the first of these fields whereas the second has remained elusive, until recently. Here,
we review work that begins to shed light on Tol-Pal function in Gram-negative bacteria.
What emerges from these studies is that Tol-Pal is an energised system with fundamental,
interlinked roles in cell division – coordinating the re-structuring of peptidoglycan at
division sites and stabilising the connection between the outer membrane and underlying
cell wall. This latter role is achieved by Tol-Pal exploiting the proton motive force to
catalyse the accumulation of the outer membrane peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein Pal
at division sites while simultaneously mobilising Pal molecules from around the cell.
These studies begin to explain the diverse phenotypic outcomes of tol-pal
mutations, point to other cell envelope roles Tol-Pal may have and raise many new
questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepaniak
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Cara Press
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Kim SJ, Sin JI, Kim MJ. CD8 + T Cells Directed Against a Peptide Epitope Derived From Peptidoglycan-Associated Lipoprotein of Legionella pneumophila Confer Disease Protection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604413. [PMID: 33363545 PMCID: PMC7752948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterium, may cause life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Mononuclear cells and antibodies have been reported to be associated with the host defense response against L. pneumophila. This study is to determine whether Legionella peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL)-specific CD8+ T cells are directly associated with protection against L. pneumophila, with a focus on potential epitopes. Synthetic peptides derived from PAL of L. pneumophila were obtained and tested through in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays for immunogenicity. PAL DNA vaccines or a peptide epitope with or without CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) was evaluated for protection against L. pneumophila infection in animal models. When mice were immunized with DNA vaccines expressing the PAL of L. pneumophila, they were significantly protected against a lethal challenge with L. pneumophila through induction of antigen-specific CD8+ CTLs. Of the 13 PAL peptides tested, PAL92-100 (EYLKTHPGA) was the most immunogenic and induced the strongest CTL responses. When mice were immunized with the PAL92-100 peptide plus CpG-ODN, they were protected against the lethal challenge, while control mice died within 3–6 days after the challenge. Consistent with lung tissue histological data, bacterial counts in the lungs of immunized mice were significantly lower than those in control mice. Also, the amino acid sequence of PAL92-100 peptides is conserved among various Legionella species. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that PAL92-100-specific CD8+ T cells play a central role in the host defense response against L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Min Ja Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Dyke JS, Huertas-Diaz MC, Michel F, Holladay NE, Hogan RJ, He B, Lafontaine ER. The Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia mallei and provides protection against lethal aerosol challenge. Virulence 2020; 11:1024-1040. [PMID: 32799724 PMCID: PMC7567441 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1804275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the fatal zoonosis glanders. The organism specifies multiple membrane proteins, which represent prime targets for the development of countermeasures given their location at the host-pathogen interface. We investigated one of these proteins, Pal, and discovered that it is involved in the ability of B. mallei to resist complement-mediated killing and replicate inside host cells in vitro, is expressed in vivo and induces antibodies during the course of infection, and contributes to virulence in a mouse model of aerosol infection. A mutant in the pal gene of the B. mallei wild-type strain ATCC 23344 was found to be especially attenuated, as BALB/c mice challenged with the equivalent of 5,350 LD50 completely cleared infection. Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that a vaccine containing the Pal protein elicits protective immunity against aerosol challenge. To achieve this, the pal gene was cloned in the vaccine vector Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) and mice immunized with the virus were infected with a lethal dose of B. mallei. These experiments revealed that a single dose of PIV5 expressing Pal provided 80% survival over a period of 40 days post-challenge. In contrast, only 10% of mice vaccinated with a PIV5 control virus construct survived infection. Taken together, our data establish that the Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal is a critical virulence determinant of B. mallei and effective target for developing a glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan E. Holladay
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Mehdi Abdol M, Mohabati Mobarez A, Khoramabadi N, Papian S, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A. Potent T-cell mediated immune response against Legionella pneumophila in mice following vaccination with detoxified lipopolysaccharide non-covalently combined with recombinant flagellin A and peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104364. [PMID: 32771655 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium and the cause of an atypical pneumonia in humans - legionnaire's disease. Immunological assessment of bacterial antigens clarifies the way that host may develop protection against the pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main antigen of Gram-negative bacteria but is less studied because of its carbohydrate nature. Here, we immunized mice with detoxified LPS in combination with immunogenic proteins and looked into the result of bacterial challenge. METHODS LPS of L. pneumophila was extracted by hot phenol-water method. Purified LPS was detoxified by sodium hydroxide alkaline procedure. BALB/c mice were immunized mainly with non-covalent combination of detoxified LPS (dLPS) and either of recombinant FlaA or PAL separately. Afterwards, specific serum IgG was assessed by ELISA. Mice were challenged intravenously with sublethal dose of L. pneumpphila then splenocytes were cultured. Cytokine responses of splenocytes were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS Polysaccharide antigen did not elicit significant serum IgG. Combination of the dLPS with recombinant FlaA and PAL led to risen IgG and its subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b) against polysaccharide. Mice immunized with combination of the dLPS and recombinant proteins showed significant elevation of cytokine responses in splenocyte culture after being challenged with L. pneumophila. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that combination of polysaccharide antigen derived from Legionella LPS may confer raised cell-mediated responses against the pathogen when combined with Th-1 stimulating protein antigens. Although not covalently bond, Legionella detoxified LPS combination with recombinant FlaA and PAL effectively elicited Th-1 type cytokines and humoral responses against L. pneumophila in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehdi Abdol
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Khoramabadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Papian
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Papian S, Mohabati Mobarez A, Khoramabadi N, Mehdi Abdol M, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A. Investigating the role of L. pnuemophila LPS derivatives in formation of specific cell-mediated immune responses against the pathogen. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104396. [PMID: 32687938 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium and causes legionnaire's disease an -atypical pneumonia in humans. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main antigen of Gram-negative bacteria but is less studied because of its carbohydrate nature. Here, we immunized mice with detoxified LPS and O-antigen polysaccharide in combination with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and explored the immunological responses of mice to the bacterial infection. LPS of L. pneumophila was extracted by hot phenol-water method. Purified LPS was detoxified by sodium hydroxide alkaline procedure. O-polysaccharide antigen (OPS) obtained by acetic acid treatment of LPS. BALB/c mice were immunized mainly with non-covalent combination of detoxified LPS (dLPS) or OPS with BSA separately. Pure polysaccharide antigens did not elicit significant serum IgG against LPS. Combination of the dLPS and OPS with BSA resulted in risen IgG and its subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) against lipopolysaccharide. Mice were challenged intravenously with sublethal dose of L. pneumpphila. Then, splenocytes were cultured and cytokine responses of splenocytes to pathogenic Legionella was studied by ELISA. Mice immunized with combination of the dLPS or OPS and BSA showed significant elevation of cytokine responses to pathogenic L. pneumophila. Our results suggest that combination of the polysaccharide antigen derived from Legionella LPS may confer raised cell-mediated responses against the pathogen when combined with a protein antigen which is capable of eliciting cell-mediated responses. Although not covalently bond, Legionella polysaccharides combined with BSA effectively elicited Th-1 type cytokines and humoral responses against L. pneumophila in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Papian
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Khoramabadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehdi Abdol
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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