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Markich SJ. Comparative embryo/larval sensitivity of Australian marine bivalves to ten metals: A disjunct between physiology and phylogeny. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147988. [PMID: 34323817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination within the urbanized coastal zon is one threat linked to a decline in the abundance, distribution and/or species diversity of wild marine bivalve populations. This study determined the 48-h embryo/larval sensitivity (no-effect concentration (NEC) and median-effect concentration (EC50)) of ten marine bivalve species (nine endemic to Australia) to aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), key metal contaminants impacting urbanized coastal zones in south-eastern Australia, in natural seawater (20-22 °C, 30‰ salinity, pH 7.8-7.9, 1.2 mg/L dissolved organic carbon). For all metals, except Fe, the order of sensitivity was oysters > mussels ≥ scallops ≥ cockles ≥ clams, where the economically-important oysters, Magallana gigas and Saccostrea glomerata, were 2.6 (Al) to 4.2 (Cd) times more sensitive than the least sensitive clam species. For all bivalve species, the order of metal sensitivity was Cu > Pb > Zn = Ni > Co > Cd > Al > Cr(VI) > Mn ≥ Fe(III), where Cu was eight times more toxic than Zn or Ni, 28 times more toxic than Cd, 220 times more toxic than Cr(VI) and 570 times more toxic than Fe(III). Iron, unlike the other nine soluble metals, occurred as particulate Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, where EC50 values decreased with increasing exposure time as the larval (D-veliger) stage. There was no significant (p > 0.05) effect of embryo/larval mass, or surface area/volume, on metal sensitivity. Further, there was no significant (p > 0.05) relationship between metal sensitivity and phylogeny (genetic distance). Divalent metal sensitivity was positively related (r2 = 0.87) to cell surface metal-binding affinity. The current Australian marine water quality guideline for Ni is not protective of the ten bivalve species (NECs were 2-6-fold below the guideline), while the guideline for Zn is not protective of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Markich
- Aquatic Solutions International, North Narrabeen Beach, NSW 2101, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Mijangos L, Ziarrusta H, Ros O, Kortazar L, Fernández LA, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Prieto A, Etxebarria N. Occurrence of emerging pollutants in estuaries of the Basque Country: Analysis of sources and distribution, and assessment of the environmental risk. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:152-163. [PMID: 30308374 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the spatial and temporal-distribution of 41-multiclass organic compounds were assessed in three estuaries of the Basque Country, from winter 2016 to winter 2017 by grab (active) sampling methods and an extra campaign combining both, grab and passive sampling methods. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents were also evaluated to assess their impact on the estuaries. Moreover, the physicochemical features (phosphate and nitrate concentrations, pH, etc.) of each site were measured and included in the statistical analysis. Anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac and acetaminophen), hypertensive drugs (irbesartan and valsartan), a stimulant (caffeine), an artificial sweetener (acesulfame) and a corrosion inhibitor (2-hydroxybenzothiazole) were the most ubiquitous compounds. Due to the stratification of the waters in the estuary of Bilbao two independent sources were identified: WWTP and harbour activities. In the case of Gernika and Plentzia, both are estuaries with a high tidal dilution, and the main sources were localized in the effluents of the WWTPs. In addition to this, the use of POCIS provides an efficient way to monitor emerging pollutants over a relatively long sampling period. Finally, risk quotient (RQ) values of each contaminant were estimated from the maximum values determined at each estuary and WWTP effluent for acute and chronic effects. In the case of acute toxicity the highest RQ values (»1) were obtained for the angiotensin II receptor blockers (telmisartan, eprosartan, etc.), diuron and diclofenac. In the case of the chronic toxicity the highest RQ values (»1) were estimated for caffeine, diclofenac, bezafibrate and sulfadiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Haizea Ziarrusta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Oihana Ros
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Leire Kortazar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Luis Angel Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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