1
|
Chiappini FA, Pinto L, Alcaraz MR, Omidikia N, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares and second-order advantage in first-order calibration. A systematic characterisation for three-component analytical systems. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1328:343159. [PMID: 39266192 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent interest has been focused on the application of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to systems involving the measurement of first-order and non-bilinear second-order data. The latter pose important challenges to bilinear decomposition models, due to the phenomenon of rotational ambiguity in the solutions, even under the application of the full set of chemical constraints that is usually employed in MCR-ALS calibration. RESULTS After the analysis of several simulated and experimental datasets, important conclusions regarding the role of the selectivity patterns in the constituent spectra have been drawn concerning the achievement of the second-order advantage. Theoretical considerations based on the calculation of the areas of feasible solutions helped to support the observations regarding the predictive ability of MCR- ALS in the various datasets. SIGNIFICANCE The understanding of the impact of rotational ambiguity in obtaining the second-order advantage with both first-order and non-bilinear second-order data is of paramount importance in the future development of analytical protocols of complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Chiappini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Licarion Pinto
- Laboratório de tecnologia analítica de processos, Departamento de química analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirta R Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Nematollah Omidikia
- Department of Marine Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 't Horntje (Texel), the Netherlands
| | - Hector C Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, S3000ZAA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, (C1425FQB), Argentina; Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Alejandro C Olivieri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, (C1425FQB), Argentina; Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario, (S2002LRK), Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alaoui Mansouri M, Kharbach M, Bouklouze A. Current Applications of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Review. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:856-865. [PMID: 38072117 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The present review encompasses various applications of multivariate curve resolution- alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) as a promising data handling, which is issued by analytical techniques in pharmaceutics. It involves different sections starting from a concise theory of MCR-ALS and four detailed applications in drugs analysis. Dissolution, stability, polymorphism, and quantification are the main four detailed applications. The data generated by analytical techniques associated with MCR-ALS deals accurately with different challenges compared to other chemometric tools. For each reviewed purpose, it was explained how MCR-ALS was applied and detailed information was given. Different approaches were introduced to overcome challenges that limit the use of MCR-ALS efficiently in pharmaceutical mixture were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé HUB, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alaoui Mansouri M, Kharbach M, El Maouardi M, Barra I, Bouklouze A. Quantification of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical products from various brands using FT-NIR: A comparative investigation of PLS and MCR-ALS. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123268. [PMID: 37597354 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify ciprofloxacin in commercial tablets with varying excipient compositions using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and chemometric models: Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). Matrix variation, arising from differences in excipient compositions among the tablets, can impact quantification accuracy. We discuss this phenomenon, emphasizing potential issues introduced by varying certain excipients and its importance in reliable ciprofloxacin quantification. We evaluated the performance of PLS and MCR-ALS models independently on two sets of tablets, each containing the same drug substance but different excipients. The statistical results revealed promising results with PLS prediction error of 0.38% w/w of the first set and 0.47% w/w of the second set, while MCR-ALS achieved prediction errors of 0.67% w/w of the first set and 1.76% w/w of the second set. To address the challenge of matrix variation, we developed single models for PLS and MCR-ALS using a dataset combining both first and second sets. The PLS single model demonstrated a prediction error of 4.3% w/w and a relative error of 6.41% w/w, while the MCR-ALS single model showed a prediction error of 1.88% w/w and a relative error of 1.29% w/w. We then assessed the performance of the single PLS and MCR-ALS models developed based on the combination of the first and the second set in quantifying ciprofloxacin in various commercial tablet brands containing new excipients. The PLS model achieved a prediction error ranging between 6.2% w/w and 8.39% w/w, with relative errors varied between 8.53% w/w and 12.82% w/w. On the other hand, the MCR-ALS model had a prediction error between 1.11% w/w and 2.66% w/w, and the relative errors ranging from 0.8% to 1.74% w/w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alaoui Mansouri
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé HUB, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - M Kharbach
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - M El Maouardi
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - I Barra
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; Center of Excellence in Soil and Fertilizer Research in Africa, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - A Bouklouze
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castro RC, Ribeiro DSM, Santos JLM, Nunes C, Reis S, N M J Páscoa R. Chemometric-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for metformin determination using gold nanoparticles as substrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122118. [PMID: 36401918 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A fast, simple, and reliable method for determination of metformin was developed by coupling surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with chemometric methods. This relayed on the utilization of a portable Raman spectrometer and of citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as substrate, to carry out the measurement of SERS scattering signals, thus assuring improved sensitivity. The obtained datasets were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Upon optimization of the PLS model, in terms of latent variables, spectral region and pre-processing techniques, RMSECV and R2CV values of 0.42 mg/L and 0.94, respectively, were obtained. The optimized PLS regression model was further validated with the projection of commercial pharmaceutical samples, providing good results in terms of R2P (0.97), RE (4.54 %) and analytical sensitivity (2.13 mg/L).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Castro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - David S M Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João L M Santos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N M J Páscoa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biancolillo A, Battistoni S, Presutto R, Marini F. Green Multi-Platform Solution for the Quantification of Levodopa Enantiomeric Excess in Solid-State Mixtures for Pharmacological Formulations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164944. [PMID: 34443532 PMCID: PMC8398775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to develop a green multi-platform methodology for the quantification of l-DOPA in solid-state mixtures by means of MIR and NIR spectroscopy. In order to achieve this goal, 33 mixtures of racemic and pure l-DOPA were prepared and analyzed. Once spectra were collected, partial least squares (PLS) was exploited to individually model the two different data blocks. Additionally, three different multi-block approaches (mid-level data fusion, sequential and orthogonalized partial least squares, and sequential and orthogonalized covariance selection) were used in order to simultaneously handle data from the different platforms. The outcome of the chemometric analysis highlighted the quantification of the enantiomeric excess of l-DOPA in enantiomeric mixtures in the solid state, which was possible by coupling NIR and PLS, and, to a lesser extent, by using MIR. The multi-platform approach provided a higher accuracy than the individual block analysis, indicating that the association of MIR and NIR spectral data, especially by means of SO-PLS, represents a valid solution for the quantification of the l-DOPA excess in enantiomeric mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Biancolillo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Stefano Battistoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Regina Presutto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiappini FA, Gutierrez F, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Interference-free calibration with first-order instrumental data and multivariate curve resolution. When and why? Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1161:338465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Pinto L, Jardim ICSF, Rutledge DN, Breitkreitz MC. Multiblock modelling on the study of the kinetic degradation of rosuvastatin calcium in the presence of retention time shifts and rank deficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1133:77-87. [PMID: 32993876 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical development, forced degradation studies are mandatory before the commercialization of any drug product. They aim at identifying the possible degradation routes and the potential products that may be formed during drug product shelf life. The most widely used techniques for monitoring this in the pharmaceutical industry are hyphenated techniques such as Liquid Chromatography coupled to ultraviolet diode array detector (LC-DAD). There are however some drawbacks, such as long analysis times required for the elution of all compounds and coelution, which is not easily detected since degradation products usually have spectra very similar to that of the drug. Chemometrics methods applied to LC-DAD data are capable of solving this issue, but the approaches described in the literature first require peak alignment to solve the rank deficiency problem, which is a delicate preprocessing method for high order data. The present work describes another approach where extra information - the kinetic degradation profiles - is included for the modelling, generating a third-order data set for each sample, resulting in a four-way array (sample x retention times x spectra x degradation profile). This approach has the advantage of using the information in the third mode to solve the peak co-elution problem without the need for peak alignment among samples. With the proposed approach, it was possible to study the degradation of calcium rosuvastatin, a modern cholesterol lowering drug, using a 2 min-run, despite all the challenges in the modelling of this data. The proposed strategy was compared to an approach based on augmenting the matrix in the spectral/kinetic modes (second order modelling strategy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Licarion Pinto
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Douglas Neil Rutledge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 75005, Paris, France; National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Márcia Cristina Breitkreitz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dinç-Zor Ş, Dönmez ÖA, Aşçı B, Pingo E. Chemometric optimization of an HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of a multi component drug product by the help of central composite design. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
9
|
Vignaduzzo SE, Maggio RM, Olivieri AC. Why should the pharmaceutical industry claim for the implementation of second-order chemometric models-A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:112965. [PMID: 31753531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Today, pharmaceutical products are submitted to a large number of analytical tests, planned to either ensure or construct their quality. The official methods of analysis used to perform these determinations are very different in nature, but almost all demand the intensive use of reagents and manpower as major drawbacks. Thus, analytical development is continuously evolving to find fast and smart approaches. First-order chemometric models are well-known in the pharmaceutical industry, and are extensively used in many fields. Such is the impact of chemometric models that regulatory agencies include them in guidelines and compendia. However, the mention or practical application of higher-order models in the pharmaceutical industry is rather scarce. Herein, we try to bring a brief introduction to chemometric models and useful literature references, focusing on higher-order chemometric models (HOCM) applied to reduce manpower, reagent consumption, and time of analysis, without sacrificing accuracy or precision, while gaining selectivity and sensitivity. The advantages and drawbacks of HOCM are also discussed, and the comparison to first-order chemometric models is also analyzed. Along the work, HOCM are evidenced as a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry; moreover, its implementation is shown during several steps of production, such as identification, purity test and assay, and other applications as homogeneity of API distribution, Process Analytical Technology (PAT), Quality by Design (QbD) or natural product fingerprinting. Among these topics, qualitative and quantitative applications were covered. Experimental approaches of chemometrics coupled to several analytical techniques such as UV-vis, fluorescence and vibrational spectroscopies (NIR, MIR and Raman), and other techniques as hyphenated-chromatography and electrochemical techniques applied to production and analysis are discussed throughout this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Rubén M Maggio
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro C Olivieri
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shaaban H, Mostafa A, Almatar Z, Alsheef R, Alrubh S. Simultaneous Determination of Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers in Commercial Pharmaceutical Products Utilizing Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) Multivariate Calibration Model. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:1863910. [PMID: 31467766 PMCID: PMC6701297 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1863910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The quality of over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers is important to ensure the safety of the marketed products in order to maintain the overall health care of patients. In this study, the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) chemometric method was developed and validated for the resolution and quantification of the most commonly consumed OTC pain relievers (acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, and caffeine) in commercial drug formulations. The analytical performance of the developed chemometric methods such as root mean square error of prediction, bias, standard error of prediction, relative error of prediction, and coefficients of determination was calculated for the developed model. The obtained results are linear with concentration in the range of 0.5-7 μg/mL for acetaminophen and 0.5-3.5 and 0.5-3 μg/mL for naproxen and caffeine, respectively, while the linearity ranges for acetyl salicylic acid and ibuprofen were 1-15 μg/mL. High values of coefficients of determination ≥0.9995 reflected high predictive ability of the developed model. Good recoveries ranging from 98.0% to 99.7% were obtained for all analytes with relative standard deviations (RSDs) not higher than 1.62%. The optimized method was successfully applied for the analysis of the studied drugs either in their single or coformulated pharmaceutical products without any separation step. The optimized method was also compared with a reported HPLC method using paired t-test and F-ratio at 95% confidence level, and the results showed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. The developed method is eco-friendly, simple, fast, and amenable for routine analysis. It could be used as a cost-effective alternative to chromatographic techniques for the analysis of the studied drugs in commercial formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra Almatar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alsheef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safia Alrubh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|