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Marussi G, Crosera M, Prenesti E, Callegher B, Baracchini E, Turco G, Adami G. From Collection or Archaeological Finds? A Non-Destructive Analytical Approach to Distinguish between Two Sets of Bronze Coins of the Roman Empire. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052382. [PMID: 36903627 PMCID: PMC10005161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study stems from the need for numismatics to establish whether there may be relationships between a group of 103 bronze coins from the Roman era found in archaeological excavations on the Cesén Mountain (Treviso, Italy) and a group of 117 coins kept at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology in Montebelluna (Treviso, Italy). The chemists were delivered six coins with neither pre-agreements nor further information on the origin of the coins. Therefore, the request was to hypothetically assign the coins to the two groups on the basis of similarities and differences in their surface composition. Only non-destructive analytical techniques were allowed to be used to characterize the surface of the six coins taken blindly from the two sets. The elemental analysis of each coins' surface was carried out by µ-XRF. To better observe the morphology of the coins' surfaces, SEM-EDS was used. Compounds covering the coins coming from both corrosion processes (patinas) and the deposition of soil encrustations were also analyzed by means of the FTIR-ATR technique. The molecular analysis confirmed the presence of silico-aluminate minerals on some coins, unequivocally indicating a provenance from clayey soil. Some soil samples, collected from the archaeological site of interest, were analyzed to verify whether the encrusted layer on coins could contain chemical components compatible with them. This result, together with the chemical and morphological investigations, led us to subdivide the six target coins into two groups. The first group is made up of two coins coming from the set of coins from excavation (found in the subsoil) and from the set from open air finds (coins found in the top layer of the soil). The second group is made up of four coins that are devoid of characteristics corresponding to exposure to soil contact for long periods of time and, moreover, their surface compounds could suggest a different provenance. The analytical results of this study made it possible to correctly assign all six coins to the two groups of finds and support numismatics, which was unconvinced in considering all coins to come from the same finding site only on the basis of archaeological documentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Marussi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Crosera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrico Prenesti
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Scienze, Progetto e Politiche del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Bruno Callegher
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Baracchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Turco
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34125 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Adami
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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A Multi-Analytical Approach on Silver-Copper Coins of the Roman Empire to Elucidate the Economy of the 3rd Century A.D. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206903. [PMID: 36296493 PMCID: PMC9607305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 160 silver-copper alloy denarii and antoniniani from the 3rd century A.D. were studied to obtain their overall chemical composition. The approach used for their characterisation is based on a combination of physical, chemical, and chemometric techniques. The aim is to identify and quantify major and trace elements in Roman silver-copper coins in order to assess changes in composition and to confirm the devaluation of the currency. After a first cataloguing step, μ-EDXRF and SEM-EDX techniques were performed to identify the elements on the coins’ surface. A micro-destructive sampling method was employed on a representative sample of the coins to quantify the elements present in the bulk. The powder obtained from drilling 12 coins (keeping the two categories of coins separate) was dissolved in an acidic medium; heated and sonicated to facilitate dissolution; and then analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The two currencies had different average alloy percentages; in particular, the % difference of Ag was about 8%. The other elements were found in concentrations <1 wt%. Of these, the element highest in concentration were Pb and Sn, which is in agreement with the literature. The multivariate analysis performed on the data acquired revealed two groups of coins, corresponding to the two currencies.
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Doménech-Carbó A, Mödlinger M, Teresa Doménech-Carbó M. Multiple-scan voltammetry and OCP: Archaeometric tools for dating archaeological bronzes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Felix VS, Pereira MO, Freitas RP, Aranha PJM, Heringer PCS, Anjos MJ, Lopes RT. Analysis of silver coins from colonial Brazil by hand held XRF and micro-XRF. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109409. [PMID: 32979755 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 960 réis coins from the period when Brazil was a colony of Portugal were analyzed using the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The history of these coins, dated between the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 19th century, had a great influence on the immigration of the Portuguese Prince Regent D. João to Brazil, who arrived in 1808. Bearing in mind the need to expand the timid Brazilian monetary system, the Portuguese crown decided to collect Spanish silver pesos of 8 reales, recoined with a value of 960 réis. The recoinage procedure was carried out using a stamp; therefore, in many cases, it is possible to check the base currency. In this work, were investigated 17 samples of 960 réis coins by XRF, in which the base coin was 8 reales manufactured with raw materials from Mexican mines. In addition to characterizing the elemental composition of the coins, the XRF data were evaluated using multivariate statistical method of Robust Principal Component Analysis (ROBPCA), which was used to classify the coins based on their elemental composition. However, with XRF, elementary information is obtained for a depth of only a few micrometers. One of the essential issues in Ag-Cu metal alloys is the Ag enrichment, which can cause changes to the elemental composition of the surface. Therefore, initially, a study was carried out to verify whether the surface compositions of the coins were altered by the Ag enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter S Felix
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Simulação Computational (LISCOMP-IFRJ/CPAR), 26600-000, Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear (LIN-UFRJ), 21941-972, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo O Pereira
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Censo Suckow da Fonseca/Campus Nova Iguaçu, 26041-271, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato P Freitas
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Simulação Computational (LISCOMP-IFRJ/CPAR), 26600-000, Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paula J M Aranha
- Departamento de Numismática, Museu Histórico Nacional, 20021-200, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro C S Heringer
- Departamento de Numismática, Museu Histórico Nacional, 20021-200, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelino J Anjos
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear (LIN-UFRJ), 21941-972, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Física Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro (IF-UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, RJ, 20559-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear (LIN-UFRJ), 21941-972, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Doménech-Carbó A, Donnici M, Álvarez-Romero C, Daniele S, Doménech-Carbó MT. Multiple-scan voltammetry of immobilized particles of ancient copper/bronze coins. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Doménech-Carbó MT, Álvarez-Romero C, Doménech-Carbó A, Osete-Cortina L, Martínez-Bazán ML. Microchemical surface analysis of historic copper-based coins by the combined use of FIB-FESEM-EDX, OM, FTIR spectroscopy and solid-state electrochemical techniques. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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