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Liu L, Na N, Yu J, Zhao W, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Hu C. Sniffing Like a Wine Taster: Multiple Overlapping Sniffs (MOSS) Strategy Enhances Electronic Nose Odor Recognition Capability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305639. [PMID: 38095453 PMCID: PMC10870059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
As highly promising devices for odor recognition, current electronic noses are still not comparable to human olfaction due to the significant disparity in the number of gas sensors versus human olfactory receptors. Inspired by the sniffing skills of wine tasters to achieve better odor perception, a multiple overlapping sniffs (MOSS) strategy is proposed in this study. The MOSS strategy involves rapid and continuous inhalation of odorants to stimulate the sensor array to generate feature-rich temporal signals. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to reveal the mechanism of complex dynamic flows affecting transient responses. The proposed strategy shows over 95% accuracy in the recognition experiments of three gaseous alkanes and six liquors. Results demonstrate that the MOSS strategy can accurately and easily recognize odors with a limited sensor number. The proposed strategy has potential applications in various odor recognition scenarios, such as medical diagnosis, food quality assessment, and environmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of RadiopharmaceuticalsMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Jichuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Chuxiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of TribologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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Li M, Chananonnawathorn C, Pan N, Limwichean S, Deng Z, Horprathum M, Chang J, Wang S, Nakajima H, Klamchuen A, Li L, Meng G. Prompt Electronic Discrimination of Gas Molecules by Self-Heating Temperature Modulation. ACS Sens 2024; 9:206-216. [PMID: 38114442 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Though considerable progress has been achieved on gas molecule recognition by electronic nose (e-nose) comprised of nonselective (metal oxide) semiconductor chemiresistors, extracting adequate molecular features within short time (<1 s) remains a big obstacle, which hinders the emerging e-nose applications in lethal or explosive gas warning. Herein, by virtue of the ultrafast (∼20 μs) thermal relaxation time of self-heated WO3-based chemiresistors fabricated via oblique angle deposition, instead of external heating, self-heating temperature modulation has been proposed to generate sufficient electrical response features. Accurate discrimination of 12 gases (including 3 xylene isomers with the same function group and molecular weight) has been readily achieved within 0.5-1 s, which is one order faster than the state-of-the-art e-noses. A smart wireless e-nose, capable of instantaneously discriminating target gas in ambient air background, has been developed, paving the way for the practical applications of e-nose in the area of homeland security and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, and Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
| | - Chanunthorn Chananonnawathorn
- Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team, Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ning Pan
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Saksorn Limwichean
- Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team, Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Zanhong Deng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, and Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
| | - Mati Horprathum
- Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team, Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Junqing Chang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, and Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
| | - Shimao Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, and Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
| | - Hideki Nakajima
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Maung 30000, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Annop Klamchuen
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, and Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China
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de la Rica-Martinez A, Martínez-Muñoz G, Sanjuan MA, Conesa-Celdrán A, Garcia-Moreno L, Estan-Cerezo G, Oates MJ, Gonzalo-Jimenez N, Ruiz-Canales A. Low-Cost Electronic Nose for the Determination of Urinary Infections. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:157. [PMID: 38203029 PMCID: PMC10781376 DOI: 10.3390/s24010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Currently, urine samples for bacterial or fungal infections require a long diagnostic period (48 h). In the present work, a point-of-care device known as an electronic nose (eNose) has been designed based on the "smell print" of infections, since each one emits various volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can be registered by the electronic systems of the device and recognized in a very short time. Urine samples were analyzed in parallel using urine culture and eNose technology. A total of 203 urine samples were analyzed, of which 106 were infected and 97 were not infected. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using these data. The algorithm was initially capable of correctly classifying 49% of the total samples. By using SVM-based models, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the classification up to 74% when randomly using 85% of the data for training and 15% for validation. The model is evaluated as having a correct classification rate of 74%. In conclusion, the diagnostic accuracy of the eNose in urine samples is high, promising and amenable for further improvement, and the eNose has the potential to become a feasible, reproducible, low-cost and high-precision device to be applied in clinical practice for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba de la Rica-Martinez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.d.l.R.-M.); (M.A.S.); (L.G.-M.); (G.E.-C.); (N.G.-J.)
| | - Gemma Martínez-Muñoz
- Engineering Department, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain (A.C.-C.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Marta Amoros Sanjuan
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.d.l.R.-M.); (M.A.S.); (L.G.-M.); (G.E.-C.); (N.G.-J.)
| | - Agustín Conesa-Celdrán
- Engineering Department, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain (A.C.-C.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Lucía Garcia-Moreno
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.d.l.R.-M.); (M.A.S.); (L.G.-M.); (G.E.-C.); (N.G.-J.)
| | - Gabriel Estan-Cerezo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.d.l.R.-M.); (M.A.S.); (L.G.-M.); (G.E.-C.); (N.G.-J.)
| | - Martin J. Oates
- Engineering Department, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain (A.C.-C.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Nieves Gonzalo-Jimenez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.d.l.R.-M.); (M.A.S.); (L.G.-M.); (G.E.-C.); (N.G.-J.)
| | - Antonio Ruiz-Canales
- Engineering Department, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain (A.C.-C.); (M.J.O.)
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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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5
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Xu Y, Liu Z, Lin J, Zhao J, Hoa ND, Hieu NV, Ganeev AA, Chuchina V, Jouyban A, Cui D, Wang Y, Jin H. Integrated Smart Gas Tracking Device with Artificially Tailored Selectivity for Real-Time Monitoring Food Freshness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8109. [PMID: 37836939 PMCID: PMC10575285 DOI: 10.3390/s23198109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The real-time monitoring of food freshness in refrigerators is of significant importance in detecting potential food spoiling and preventing serious health issues. One method that is commonly reported and has received substantial attention is the discrimination of food freshness via the tracking of volatile molecules. Nevertheless, the ambient environment of low temperature (normally below 4 °C) and high humidity (90% R.H.), as well as poor selectivity in sensing gas species remain the challenge. In this research, an integrated smart gas-tracking device is designed and fabricated. By applying pump voltage on the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) membrane, the oxygen concentration in the testing chamber can be manually tailored. Due to the working principle of the sensor following the mixed potential behavior, distinct differences in sensitivity and selectivity are observed for the sensor that operated at different oxygen concentrations. Typically, the sensor gives satisfactory selectivity to H2S, NH3, and C2H5OH at the oxygen concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. In addition, an acceptable response/recovery rate (within 24 s) is also confirmed. Finally, a refrigerator prototype that includes the smart gas sensor is built, and satisfactory performance in discriminating food freshness status of fresh or semi-fresh is verified for the proposed refrigerator prototype. In conclusion, these aforementioned promising results suggest that the proposed integrated smart gas sensor could be a potential candidate for alarming food spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Xu
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zicheng Liu
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingren Lin
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jintao Zhao
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nguyen Duc Hoa
- International Training Institute for Material Science, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hieu
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Alexander A Ganeev
- Department of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Victoria Chuchina
- Department of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chengdu Environmental Investment Group Co., Ltd., Building 1, Tianfushijia, No. 1000 Jincheng Street, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai 200241, China
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6
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Brandt S, Pavlichenko I, Shneidman AV, Patel H, Tripp A, Wong TSB, Lazaro S, Thompson E, Maltz A, Storwick T, Beggs H, Szendrei-Temesi K, Lotsch BV, Kaplan CN, Visser CW, Brenner MP, Murthy VN, Aizenberg J. Nonequilibrium sensing of volatile compounds using active and passive analyte delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303928120. [PMID: 37494398 PMCID: PMC10400973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303928120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sensor technologies have allowed us to outperform the human senses of sight, hearing, and touch, the development of artificial noses is significantly behind their biological counterparts. This largely stems from the sophistication of natural olfaction, which relies on both fluid dynamics within the nasal anatomy and the response patterns of hundreds to thousands of unique molecular-scale receptors. We designed a sensing approach to identify volatiles inspired by the fluid dynamics of the nose, allowing us to extract information from a single sensor (here, the reflectance spectra from a mesoporous one-dimensional photonic crystal) rather than relying on a large sensor array. By accentuating differences in the nonequilibrium mass-transport dynamics of vapors and training a machine learning algorithm on the sensor output, we clearly identified polar and nonpolar volatile compounds, determined the mixing ratios of binary mixtures, and accurately predicted the boiling point, flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity of a number of volatile liquids, including several that had not been used for training the model. We further implemented a bioinspired active sniffing approach, in which the analyte delivery was performed in well-controlled 'inhale-exhale' sequences, enabling an additional modality of differentiation and reducing the duration of data collection and analysis to seconds. Our results outline a strategy to build accurate and rapid artificial noses for volatile compounds that can provide useful information such as the composition and physical properties of chemicals, and can be applied in a variety of fields, including disease diagnosis, hazardous waste management, and healthy building monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Brandt
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ida Pavlichenko
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Anna V. Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Haritosh Patel
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Austin Tripp
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Timothy S. B. Wong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Sean Lazaro
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ethan Thompson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Aubrey Maltz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Thomas Storwick
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Holden Beggs
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Katalin Szendrei-Temesi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - C. Nadir Kaplan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Claas W. Visser
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Michael P. Brenner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Venkatesh N. Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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Gallegos SF, Aviles-Rosa EO, DeChant MT, Hall NJ, Prada-Tiedemann PA. Explosive Odor Signature Profiling: A Review of recent advances in technical analysis and detection. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111652. [PMID: 37019070 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HME) both domestically and abroad, detection of explosives and explosive related materials is an area of urgent importance for preventing terrorist activities around the globe. Canines are a common biological detector used in explosive detection due to their enhanced olfactory abilities, high mobility, efficient standoff sampling, and optimal identification of vapor sources. While other sensors based on different principles have emerged, an important concept for the rapid field detection of explosives is understanding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with these materials. Explosive detection technology needs to be on par with a large number of threats including an array of explosive materials as well as novel chemicals used in the manufacture of IEDs. Within this much needed area of research for law enforcement and homeland security applications, several studies have sought to understand the explosive odor profile from a range of materials. This review aims to provide a foundational overview of these studies to provide a summary of instrumental analysis to date on the various types of explosive odor profiles evaluated focusing on the experimental approaches and laboratory techniques utilized in the chemical characterization of explosive vapors and mixtures. By expanding upon these concepts, a greater understanding of the explosive vapor signature can be achieved, providing for enhanced chemical and biological sensing of explosive threats as well as expanding upon existing laboratory-based models for continued sensor development.
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Frigeri P, Gombia E, Bosi M, Trevisi G, Seravalli L, Ferrari C. Electrical properties and chemiresistive response to 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene vapours of large area arrays of Ge nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:5. [PMID: 36749462 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the electrical and morphological properties of random arrays of Ge nanowires (NW) deposited on sapphire substrates. NW-based devices were fabricated with the aim of developing chemiresistive-type sensors for the detection of explosive vapours. We present the results obtained on pristine and annealed NWs and, focusing on the different phenomenology observed, we discuss the critical role played by NW-NW junctions on the electrical conduction and sensing performances. A mechanism is proposed to explain the high efficiency of the annealed arrays of NWs in detecting 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene vapours. This study shows the promising potential of Ge NW-based sensors in the field of civil security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Frigeri
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Enos Gombia
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bosi
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trevisi
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Seravalli
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrari
- IMEM-CNR Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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9
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Qin C, Wang Y, Hu J, Wang T, Liu D, Dong J, Lu Y. Artificial Olfactory Biohybrid System: An Evolving Sense of Smell. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204726. [PMID: 36529960 PMCID: PMC9929144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system can detect and recognize tens of thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at low concentrations in complex environments. Bioelectronic nose (B-EN), which mimics olfactory systems, is becoming an emerging sensing technology for identifying VOCs with sensitivity and specificity. B-ENs integrate electronic sensors with bioreceptors and pattern recognition technologies to enable medical diagnosis, public security, environmental monitoring, and food safety. However, there is currently no commercially available B-EN on the market. Apart from the high selectivity and sensitivity necessary for volatile organic compound analysis, commercial B-ENs must overcome issues impacting sensor operation and other problems associated with odor localization. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided a novel research concept for addressing these problems. In this work, the structure and operational mechanisms of biomimetic olfactory systems are discussed, with an emphasis on the development and immobilization of materials. Various biosensor applications and current developments are reviewed. Challenges and opportunities for fulfilling the potential of artificial olfactory biohybrid systems in fundamental and practical research are investigated in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key LaboratoryCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key LaboratoryCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457China
| | - Jiawang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jian Dong
- Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key LaboratoryCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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10
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100298. [PMID: 36685733 PMCID: PMC9845958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- Arson and Explosives Section I, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- Forensic Services, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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11
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Cho S, Park TH. Advances in the Production of Olfactory Receptors for Industrial Use. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200251. [PMID: 36593488 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In biological olfactory systems, olfactory receptors (ORs) can recognize and discriminate between thousands of volatile organic compounds with very high sensitivity and specificity. The superior properties of ORs have led to the development of OR-based biosensors that have shown promising potential in many applications over the past two decades. In particular, newly designed technologies in gene synthesis, protein expression, solubilization, purification, and membrane mimetics for membrane proteins have greatly opened up the previously inaccessible industrial potential of ORs. In this review, gene design, expression and solubilization strategies, and purification and reconstitution methods available for modern industrial applications are examined, with a focus on ORs. The limitations of current OR production technology are also estimated, and future directions for further progress are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyeon Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-Based sensing for detection of explosives: Current perspectives and future applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Labanska M, van Amsterdam S, Jenkins S, Clarkson JP, Covington JA. Preliminary Studies on Detection of Fusarium Basal Rot Infection in Onions and Shallots Using Electronic Nose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22145453. [PMID: 35891126 PMCID: PMC9315870 DOI: 10.3390/s22145453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of crop health status and early disease detection are critical for implementing a fast response to a pathogen attack, managing crop infection, and minimizing the risk of disease spreading. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, which causes fusarium basal rot disease, is considered one of the most harmful pathogens of onion and accounts for considerable crop losses annually. In this work, the capability of the PEN 3 electronic nose system to detect onion and shallot bulbs infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, to track the progression of fungal infection, and to discriminate between the varying proportions of infected onion bulbs was evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report on successful application of an electronic nose to detect fungal infections in post-harvest onion and shallot bulbs. Sensor array responses combined with PCA provided a clear discrimination between non-infected and infected onion and shallot bulbs as well as differentiation between samples with varying proportions of infected bulbs. Classification models based on LDA, SVM, and k-NN algorithms successfully differentiate among various rates of infected bulbs in the samples with accuracy up to 96.9%. Therefore, the electronic nose was proved to be a potentially useful tool for rapid, non-destructive monitoring of the post-harvest crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Labanska
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Sarah van Amsterdam
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Sascha Jenkins
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
| | - John P. Clarkson
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
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14
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which are finding uses in healthcare, safety, environmental monitoring, food and agriculture, oil industry, and other fields. It starts by briefly explaining the basics of VOC sensing and reviewing the currently available and quickly progressing VOC sensing approaches. It then discusses the main trends in materials' design with special attention to nanostructuring and nanohybridization. Emerging sensing materials and strategies are highlighted and their involvement in the different types of sensing technologies is discussed, including optical, electrical, and gravimetric sensors. The review also provides detailed discussions about the main limitations of the field and offers potential solutions. The status of the field and suggestions of promising directions for future development are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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15
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Thompson A, Lee KS, Lewis NS. Strain-Based Chemiresistive Polymer-Coated Graphene Vapor Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10765-10774. [PMID: 35382337 PMCID: PMC8973036 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Suspended chemiresistive graphene sensors have been fabricated using well-established nanofabrication techniques to generate sensors that are highly sensitive to pyridine and with excellent discrimination between polar and nonpolar analytes. When coated with a polymer surface layer and suspended on 3-D patterned glass electrodes, a hybrid combination of polymer and graphene yields chemiresistive vapor sensors. Expansion and contraction of the polymer layer produces strain on the suspended graphene (Gr). Hence, when organic vapors permeate into the polymer layer, the high gauge factor of the graphene induces substantial electrical resistive changes as folds and creases are induced in the graphene. The hybrid suspended polymer/Gr sensor exhibits substantial responses to polar organic vapors, especially pyridine, while also exhibiting reversibility and increased discrimination between polar and nonpolar analytes compared to previous approaches. This sensor design also allows for potential tunability in the types of polymers used for the reactive surface layer, allowing for use in a variety of potential applications.
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16
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Jahangiri-Manesh A, Mousazadeh M, Nikkhah M, Abbasian S, Moshaii A, Masroor MJ, Norouzi P. Molecularly imprinted polymer-based chemiresistive sensor for detection of nonanal as a cancer related biomarker. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Bhadra BN, Shrestha LK, Ariga K. Porous carbon nanoarchitectonics for the environment: detection and adsorption. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a post-nanotechnology concept, nanoarchitectonics has emerged from the 20th century to the 21st century. This review summarizes the recent progress in the field of metal-free porous carbon nanoarchitectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Nath Bhadra
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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18
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Gao W, Wang T, Zhu C, Sha P, Dong P, Wu X. A 'sandwich' structure for highly sensitive detection of TNT based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Talanta 2022; 236:122824. [PMID: 34635214 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) plays an important role in society security and human health. The Raman probe molecule p-aminothiophenol (PATP) can interact with TNT in three ways to form a TNT-PATP complex. In this paper, a 'sandwich' structure was developed to detect TNT with high sensitivity. Au nano-pillar arrays (AuNPAs) substrates modified by low-concentration PATP through Au-S bonds were acted as capture probe for TNT. Meanwhile, Ag nano-particles (AgNPs) modified by PATP at higher concentration were employed as tags for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The formation of the TNT-PATP complex is not only the means by which AuNPAs substrates recognize and capture TNT, but also links the SERS tags to TNT, forming an AuNPAs-TNT-AgNPs 'sandwich' structure. The Raman signal of PATP was greatly enhanced mainly because novel 'hot spots' formed between the AuNPAs and AgNPs of the 'sandwich' structure. The Raman signal of PATP was further amplified by the chemical enhancement effect induced by the TNT-PATP complex formation. Based on this mechanism, the limit of detection (LOD) of TNT was determined from the Raman signal of PATP. The LOD reached 10-9 mg/mL (4.4 × 10-12 M), much lower than that suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency (88 nM). Moreover, TNT was selectively detected over several TNT analogues 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), p-nitrotoluene (NT) and hexogen (RDX). Finally, the 'sandwich' structure was successfully applied to TNT detection in environmental water and sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Gao
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianran Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chushu Zhu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengxing Sha
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peitao Dong
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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20
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Skotadis E, Kanaris A, Aslanidis E, Kalatzis N, Chatzipapadopoulos F, Marianos N, Tsoukalas D. Identification of Two Commercial Pesticides by a Nanoparticle Gas-Sensing Array. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175803. [PMID: 34502694 PMCID: PMC8433924 DOI: 10.3390/s21175803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the experimental testing of a gas-sensing array, for the detection of two commercially available pesticides (i.e., Chloract 48 EC and Nimrod), towards its eventual use along a commercial smart-farming system. The array is comprised of four distinctive sensing devices based on nanoparticles, each functionalized with a different gas-absorbing polymeric layer. As discussed herein, the sensing array is able to identify as well as quantify three gas-analytes, two pesticide solutions, and relative humidity, which acts as a reference analyte. All of the evaluation experiments were conducted in close to real-life conditions; specifically, the sensors response towards the three analytes was tested in three relative humidity backgrounds while the effect of temperature was also considered. The unique response patterns generated after the exposure of the sensing-array to the two gas-analytes were analyzed using the common statistical analysis tool Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The sensing array, being compact, low-cost, and highly sensitive, can be easily integrated with pre-existing crop-monitoring solutions. Given that there are limited reports for effective pesticide gas-sensing solutions, the proposed gas-sensing technology would significantly upgrade the added-value of the integrated system, providing it with unique advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (E.A.); (D.T.)
- NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece; (N.K.); (F.C.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107721679
| | - Aris Kanaris
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (E.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (E.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Nikos Kalatzis
- NEUROPUBLIC S.A., 18545 Piraeus, Greece; (N.K.); (F.C.); (N.M.)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (E.A.); (D.T.)
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21
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Sui R, Charpentier PA, Marriott RA. Metal Oxide-Related Dendritic Structures: Self-Assembly and Applications for Sensor, Catalysis, Energy Conversion and Beyond. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1686. [PMID: 34199059 PMCID: PMC8308120 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have learned a great deal about self-assembly of dendritic metal oxide structures, partially inspired by the nanostructures mimicking the aesthetic hierarchical structures of ferns and corals. The self-assembly process involves either anisotropic polycondensation or molecular recognition mechanisms. The major driving force for research in this field is due to the wide variety of applications in addition to the unique structures and properties of these dendritic nanostructures. Our purpose of this minireview is twofold: (1) to showcase what we have learned so far about how the self-assembly process occurs; and (2) to encourage people to use this type of material for drug delivery, renewable energy conversion and storage, biomaterials, and electronic noses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohong Sui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - Paul A. Charpentier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada;
| | - Robert A. Marriott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada
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22
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Miranda B, Rea I, Dardano P, De Stefano L, Forestiere C. Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Functionalization of Flexible Optical Biosensors: Toward Smart Life-Sciences Applications. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11040107. [PMID: 33916580 PMCID: PMC8066870 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, optical biosensors based on nanostructured materials have obtained increasing interest since they allow the screening of a wide variety of biomolecules with high specificity, low limits of detection, and great sensitivity. Among them, flexible optical platforms have the advantage of adapting to non-planar surfaces, suitable for in vivo and real-time monitoring of diseases and assessment of food safety. In this review, we summarize the newest and most advanced platforms coupling optically active materials (noble metal nanoparticles) and flexible substrates giving rise to hybrid nanomaterials and/or nanocomposites, whose performances are comparable to the ones obtained with hard substrates (e.g., glass and semiconductors). We focus on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based biosensors. We show that large-scale, cost-effective plasmonic platforms can be realized with the currently available techniques and we emphasize the open issues associated with this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Miranda
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (B.M.); (I.R.); (P.D.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Rea
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (B.M.); (I.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Principia Dardano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (B.M.); (I.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Luca De Stefano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (B.M.); (I.R.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlo Forestiere
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy;
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John AT, Murugappan K, Nisbet DR, Tricoli A. An Outlook of Recent Advances in Chemiresistive Sensor-Based Electronic Nose Systems for Food Quality and Environmental Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2271. [PMID: 33804960 PMCID: PMC8036444 DOI: 10.3390/s21072271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An electronic nose (Enose) relies on the use of an array of partially selective chemical gas sensors for identification of various chemical compounds, including volatile organic compounds in gas mixtures. They have been proposed as a portable low-cost technology to analyse complex odours in the food industry and for environmental monitoring. Recent advances in nanofabrication, sensor and microcircuitry design, neural networks, and system integration have considerably improved the efficacy of Enose devices. Here, we highlight different types of semiconducting metal oxides as well as their sensing mechanism and integration into Enose systems, including different pattern recognition techniques employed for data analysis. We offer a critical perspective of state-of-the-art commercial and custom-made Enoses, identifying current challenges for the broader uptake and use of Enose systems in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alishba T. John
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Krishnan Murugappan
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
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