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Chepkemoi J, Fening KO, Ambele FC, Munywoki J, Akutse KS. Effects of four potent entomopathogenic fungal isolates on the survival and performance of Telenomus remus, an egg parasitoid of fall armyworm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1445156. [PMID: 39328358 PMCID: PMC11424514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1445156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a generalist pest known to feed on more than 300 plant species, including major staple crops such as rice, maize and sorghum. Biological control of FAW using a combination of a major indigenous egg parasitoid Telenomus remus and entomopathogenic fungi was explored in this study. Metarhizium anisopliae strains (ICIPE 7, ICIPE 41, and ICIPE 78) and Beauveria bassiana ICIPE 621 which demonstrated effectiveness to combat the pest, were evaluated through direct and indirect fungal infection to assess their pathogenicity and virulence against T. remus adults, S. frugiperda eggs and their effects on T. remus parasitism rates. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7 and ICIPE 78 exhibited the highest virulence against T. remus adults with LT50 values >2 days. ICIPE 7 induced the highest T. remus mortality rate (81.40 ± 4.17%) following direct infection with dry conidia. Direct fungal infection also had a significant impact on parasitoid emergence, with the highest emergence rate recorded in the M. anisopliae ICIPE 7 treatment (42.50 ± 5.55%), compared to the control ± (83.25 ± 5.94%). In the indirect infection, the highest concentration of 1 x 109 conidia ml-1 of ICIPE 78 induced the highest mortality (100 ± 0.00%) of T. remus adults, and the highest mortality (51.25%) of FAW eggs, whereas the least FAW egg mortality (15.25%) was recorded in the lowest concentration 1 x 105 conidia ml-1 of ICIPE 41. The number of parasitoids that emerged and their sex ratios were not affected by the different fungal strain concentrations except in ICIPE 7 at high dose. This study showed that potential combination of both M. anisopliae and B. bassiana with T. remus parasitoid can effectively suppress FAW populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junitor Chepkemoi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ken Okwae Fening
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Joseph Munywoki
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Thepbandit W, Papathoti NK, Hoang NH, Siriwong S, Sangpueak R, Saengchan C, Laemchiab K, Kiddeejing D, Tonpho K, Buensanteai K. Bio-synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Trichoderma species against cassava root rot disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12535. [PMID: 38821999 PMCID: PMC11143289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cassava root rot disease caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae produces severe damages on cassava production. This research was conducted to produce and assess silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by Trichoderma harzianum for reducing root rot disease. The results revealed that using the supernatants of T. harzianum on a silver nitrate solution changed it to reddish color at 48 h, indicating the formation of AgNPs. Further characterization was identified using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DLS supported that the Z-average size is at 39.79 nm and the mean zeta potential is at - 36.5 mV. SEM revealed the formation of monodispersed spherical shape with a diameter between 60-75 nm. The antibacterial action of AgNPs as an antifungal agent was demonstrated by an observed decrease in the size of the fungal colonies using an increasing concentration of AgNPs until the complete inhibition growth of L. theobromae and F. solani at > 58 µg mL-1 and at ≥ 50 µg mL-1, respectively. At in vitro conditions, the applied AgNPs caused a decrease in the percentage of healthy aerial hyphae of L. theobromae (32.5%) and of F. solani (70.0%) compared to control (100%). The SR-FTIR spectra showed the highest peaks in the first region (3000-2800 cm-1) associated with lipids and fatty acids located at 2962, 2927, and 2854 cm-1 in the AgNPs treated samples. The second region (1700-1450 cm-1) consisting of proteins and peptides revealed the highest peaks at 1658, 1641, and 1548 cm-1 in the AgNPs treated samples. The third region (1300-900 cm-1), which involves nucleic acid, phospholipids, polysaccharides, and carbohydrates, revealed the highest peaks at 1155, 1079, and 1027 cm-1 in the readings from the untreated samples. Finally, the observed root rot severity on cassava roots treated with AgNPs (1.75 ± 0.50) was significantly lower than the control samples (5.00 ± 0.00).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannaporn Thepbandit
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Narendra Kumar Papathoti
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | | | - Rungthip Sangpueak
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chanon Saengchan
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kansinee Laemchiab
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Dusadee Kiddeejing
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kodchaphon Tonpho
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kumrai Buensanteai
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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Gebauer S, Pompermayer K, de Oliveira DGP, da Silva Pinto FG, Rosset J, Bandeira DM, de Souza E Silva GT, de Oliveira MS, Silva GH, Alves LFA, Carvalho GA, de Oliveira DF, Alves DS. Mentha spp. essential oils: toxicity to Alphitobius diaperinus, activity against poultry pathogenic bacteria, and Beauveria bassiana compatibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34010-34027. [PMID: 38693455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The botanical insecticide market is growing because of limitations placed on the use of certain synthetic chemical insecticides. In this sense, the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the main poultry pest. The insect causes weight loss and damage to the digestive system of poultry, and it is a vector and reservoir of pathogens. Consequently, this study explored the following hypotheses: (i) essential oils (EOs) derived from Mentha spp. are toxic to A. diaperius; (ii) these EOs are compatible with Beauveria bassiana, the natural enemy of the poultry pest, that parasite A. diaperinus; (iii) these EOs also exhibit activity against bacteria that are pathogenic to poultry. In topical applications and ingestion tests, EOs from Mentha arvensis, Mentha spicata, and Mentha piperita were toxic to A. diaperinus. Chromatographic analyses revealed that menthol is the predominant compound in M. arvensis and M. piperita, whereas carvone is the major compound in M. spicata. Both (-)- and (+)-menthol, along with (-)- and (+)-carvone, underwent testing with A. diaperinus. Nevertheless, their activity was not as potent as those of the EOs, suggesting a possible synergistic and/or additive effect. The EOs did not have any adverse effects on the conidial germination, vegetative growth, or conidia production per colony of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. Consequently, these EOs are compatible with this natural enemy. The EO extracted from M. spicata exhibited significant toxicity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), whereas the remaining EOs displayed moderate toxicity against this bacterium. The EOs derived from Mentha spp., as assessed in this study, hold promise for the development of botanical insecticides tailored for the control of A. diaperinus. These insecticides are selective in favor of the natural enemy B. bassiana and can also serve as effective sanitizers, thanks to their antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gebauer
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Katiane Pompermayer
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Daian Guilherme Pinto de Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Gisele da Silva Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rosset
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Debora Marina Bandeira
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trindade de Souza E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Rua Candido Portinari, 200, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Murilo Silva de Oliveira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Humberto Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Rio Parnaíba, Km 7 - Zona Rural, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, 38810-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Francisco Angeli Alves
- Universidade Estadual Do Oeste Do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Bairro Universitário, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Andrade Carvalho
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras. Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Denilson Ferreira de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras. Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Dejane Santos Alves
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Campus Santa Helena. Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira, S/N. Bairro São Luiz, Santa Helena, Paraná, 85892-000, Brazil.
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Luke B, Acheampong MA, Rangel DEN, Cornelius EW, Asante SK, Nboyine JA, Eziah VY, Fening KO, Storm C, Jessop N, Clottey VA, Potin O, Tyson C, Moore D, Mikaelyan A. The use of Beauveria bassiana for the control of the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus, in stored maize: Semi-field trials in Ghana. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1505-1511. [PMID: 38097324 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory research in Ghana demonstrated the effectiveness of an isolate of Beauveria bassiana (IMI 389521) from the United Kingdom against the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a major pest of stored maize. The minimum effective concentration, following artificial infestation trials on maize, was between 109 and 1010 cfu/kg maize. Before moving out to village-level control, a major requirement was to determine if the product could effect control in artificially infested maize held under real environmental conditions in several locations in Ghana. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of formulated conidia of B. bassiana, IMI 389521, at two concentrations (1 × 109 and 3.16 × 109 cfu/kg maize) to control P. truncatus on stored maize kernels under semi-field conditions in Ghana. Maize ('Obatanpa' cultivar) kernels were treated with the formulated B. bassiana product and stored in polypropylene woven bags in cribs in Southern Ghana. After 24 h, one hundred adults of P. truncatus were placed into each bag containing the treated maize. Mortality and the percent of weight loss of kernels were assessed every two weeks for three months. The semi-field trials revealed the possibility of successfully controlling adult P. truncatus on maize kernels treated with B. bassiana at 3.16 × 109 cfu/kg maize. However, due to the minimal protection of kernels after four weeks, re-treating maize kernels after this period is recommended to ensure maximum protection during prolonged storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Luke
- CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK
| | - Mavis A Acheampong
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P. O. Box LG 44, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR, 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Eric W Cornelius
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P. O. Box LG 44, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen K Asante
- CSIR-Savanah Agricultural Research Institute, Nyanpkpala, P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jerry A Nboyine
- CSIR-Savanah Agricultural Research Institute, Nyanpkpala, P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Vincent Y Eziah
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P. O. Box LG 44, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ken O Fening
- Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 68, Accra, Ghana
| | - Clare Storm
- Exosect Ltd, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire, SO21 1TH UK
| | - Nick Jessop
- MagGrow, Somerford Keynes, Cirencester, GL7 6DH, UK
| | | | | | - Clara Tyson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, USA
| | | | - Aram Mikaelyan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, USA
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Aak A, Hage M, Rukke BA. Biological control of Cimex lectularius with Beauveria bassiana: Effects of substrate, dosage, application strategy, and bed bug physiology. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4599-4606. [PMID: 37432134 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimex lectularius L. (bed bug) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) is a serious indoor pest worldwide, and this nuisance needs to be controlled using different methods in integrated pest management (IPM). Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) kills bed bugs, and insect pathogenic fungi may be utilized to control bed bugs in IPM. To increase knowledge of this methodology, forced exposure experiments were conducted with different formulations, doses, and substrates, using bed bugs in variable physiological states. RESULTS Both oil- and water-formulated fungal products showed significant improvement when conidial concentrations were raised in five steps from 0.02 to 2.0%. At low concentrations (0.02% in water) effects from substrate and application strategy were observed. Application on soft substrates (cotton and polyester) yielded significantly higher bed bug mortality rates than on harder substrates (paper, wood, and linoleum) with a final mortality of 35-63% against 8-10%. Multiple applications over time also improved B. bassiana's ability to kill bed bugs, and at low concentrations only a triple application on cotton showed 100% final mortality. Bed bug age and reproductive status significantly affected survival. Older and reproducing individuals showed higher mortality compared to newly emerged adults. Differences in feeding status also yielded differences in mortality timing, but only minor differences in final mortality rates. Egg production and hatching success were significantly reduced by some treatments. CONCLUSION B. bassiana appears to be an asset in the fight against bed bugs. Substrate, dosage, application strategy, and bed bug physiology are important factors to consider for optimal efficacy and safe indoor control with insect pathogenic fungi. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hage
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Sani I, Jamian S, Saad N, Abdullah S, Mohd Hata E, Jalinas J, Ismail SI. Inoculation and colonization of the entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria javanica and Purpureocillium lilacinum, in tomato plants, and their effect on seedling growth, mortality and adult emergence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285666. [PMID: 37216342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural enemies which affect insect population and have long been recognized as biological control agents against many insect pests. Some isolates have also been established as endophytes, benefiting their host plants without causing any symptoms or negative effects. Here we demonstrated two entomopathogenic fungal species, Isariajavanica (Frieder. & Bally) Samson & Hywel-jone 2005 and Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou-braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011) as endophytes in tomato plants by using the seed inoculation method and examined their effect on plant growth, B. tabaci mortality, and adult emergence. Our study indicated that tomato seeds treated with a fungal suspension of I. javanica and P. lilacinum enabled their recovery from plant tissues (root, stem and leaf) up to 60 days after inoculation (DAI). Both endophytic isolates also caused significant mortality of adult B. tabaci on seedlings inoculated with, I. javanica (51.92±4.78%), and P. lilacinum (45.32±0.20%) compared to the control treatment (19.29±2.35). Adult emergence rates were significantly high in the control treatments (57.50±2.66%) compared to I. javanica (15.00±1.47%) and P. lilacinum (28.75±4.78%) treatments. This study provides evidence that endophytic isolates of I. javanica and P. lilacinum have a biocontrol potentials for used against whiteflies and could also explored as plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, P.M.B., Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Syari Jamian
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norsazilawati Saad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sumaiyah Abdullah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Erneeza Mohd Hata
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy & Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor
| | - Johari Jalinas
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Siti Izera Ismail
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Characterization of Brazilian Cordyceps fumosorosea isolates: Conidial production, tolerance to ultraviolet-B radiation, and elevated temperature. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107888. [PMID: 36681179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps fumosorosea is an entomopathogenic fungus with a global distribution and is used for the biological control of agricultural pests. High conidial productivity and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as elevated temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) are desired characteristics in candidate isolates for commercial products. Our goal in this study was to characterize promising isolates of C. fumosorosea from five Brazilian biomes regarding conidial production, tolerance to UV-B, and elevated temperature (45°). Seventy-two isolates out of 172 were chosen visually, based on growth and sporulation in culture medium, and grown on parboiled rice. Next, fourteen isolates were selected, based on productivity on rice and origin of isolation, for production in polypropylene bags and submitted to UV-B for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h or to 45 °C for 30, 60, and 90 min. High variations in conidial production were observed among isolates, and a positive correlation was observed between UV-B and heat tolerance. The isolates ESALQ4556 and ESALQ4778 showed the highest yields of conidial production in polypropylene bags (3.51 × 109 conidia/g dry rice), while ESALQ1296, an isolate recovered from insects, was the most tolerant to UV-B and 45 °C. Exposure to radiation for more than 4 h and placed directly at 45 °C for more than 30 min significantly reduced conidial germination for all C. fumosorosea isolates. These results contribute to a better understanding of the tolerance to abiotic factors of Brazilian isolates of C. fumosorosea.
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Vinha FB, Rojas LAC, Ramos Sales C, Monteiro Lima NS, Nascimento JD, De Carvalho LAL, Lemos EGDM. Negative effects on the development of Chrysodeixis includens and Spodoptera cosmioides fed by peanut plants inoculated with entomopathogenic fungi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 3:968528. [PMID: 37746231 PMCID: PMC10512306 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.968528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that entomopathogenic fungi, as endophytes, can have beneficial effects on plants, protecting them from defoliating insects. The potential of endophytic association by entomopathogenic fungi with the peanut crop has been little explored. In our study, we conducted experiments by inoculation of peanut seeds through a soil drench method with nine strains/species of entomopathogenic fungi of the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria and Cordyceps, subsequently these plants were consumed by two larval pests, Chrysodeixis includens and Spodoptera cosmioides. The parameters of larval growth rates, mortality, foliar consumption and larval period were observed during the development of larvae. In addition, the endophytic capacity of these fungi in peanut plants and their persistence in soil were investigated. In two replicate greenhouse trials for each larva, peanut plants were inoculated with fungi by the soil-drench method. We evaluated the performance of C. includens and S. cosmioides feeding on inoculated peanut plants starting at the 2nd larval instar. The larval and pupal weights of C. includens and S. cosmioides were significantly different among the fungal treatment groups, where insects feeding on control plants exhibited higher larval and pupal weights than insects feeding on treated plants. The differences in larval period showed that Control larvae pupated faster than the larvae fed on fungal-inoculated plants, fungal treatments had a larval period of 3 to 5 days more than the control. The mortality rates of C. includens and S. cosmioides were significantly different among the fungal treatment groups, insects fed on Control plants exhibited higher survival than insects fed on fungal-inoculated plants. The persistence of all Metarhizium fungi was higher in the soil compared to other fungi, and only Metarhizium and B. bassiana IBCB215 emerged from the phyllosphere of peanut plants. Although the fungus Cordyceps presented the worst performance among the fungal treatments. Overall, our results demonstrate the negative effects on the development of C. includens and S. cosmioides that were fed on fungal-inoculated peanut plants, the best results recorded were for Metarhizium strains and the fungus B. bassiana IBCB215.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Belezini Vinha
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Microorganisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis Angel Chicoma Rojas
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Microorganisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ramos Sales
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Microorganisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Natalia Sarmanho Monteiro Lima
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Microorganisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Joacir Do Nascimento
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Biological Control of Arthropod Pests, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lucas Amoroso Lopes De Carvalho
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Eliana Gertrudes De Macedo Lemos
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Microorganisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Letendre C, Duffield KR, Sadd BM, Sakaluk SK, House CM, Hunt J. Genetic covariance in immune measures and pathogen resistance in decorated crickets is sex and pathogen specific. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1471-1488. [PMID: 35470433 PMCID: PMC9545791 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Insects are important models for studying immunity in an ecological and evolutionary context. Yet, most empirical work on the insect immune system has come from phenotypic studies meaning we have a limited understanding of the genetic architecture of immune function in the sexes. We use nine highly inbred lines to thoroughly examine the genetic relationships between a suite of commonly used immune assays (haemocyte count, implant encapsulation, total phenoloxidase activity, antibacterial zone of inhibition and pathogen clearance) and resistance to infection by three generalist insect pathogens (the gram‐negative bacterium Serratia marcescens, the gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus cereus and the fungus Metarhizium robertsii) in male and female Gryllodes sigillatus. There were consistent positive genetic correlations between haemocyte count, antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity and resistance to S. marcescens in both sexes, but these relationships were less consistent for resistance to B. cereus and M. robertsii. In addition, the clearance of S. marcescens was genetically correlated with the resistance to all three pathogens in both sexes. Genetic correlations between resistances to the different pathogen species were inconsistent, indicating that resistance to one pathogen does not necessarily mean resistance to another. Finally, while there is ample genetic (co)variance in immune assays and pathogen resistance, these genetic estimates differed across the sexes and many of these measures were not genetically correlated across the sexes, suggesting that these measures could evolve independently in the sexes. Our finding that the genetic architecture of immune function is sex and pathogen specific suggests that the evolution of immune function in male and female G. sigillatus is likely to be complex. Similar quantitative genetic studies that measure a large number of assays and resistance to multiple pathogens in both sexes are needed to ascertain if this complexity extends to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Letendre
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America.,Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott K Sakaluk
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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10
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Sutanto KD, Husain M, Rasool KG, Malik AF, Al-Qahtani WH, Aldawood AS. Persistency of Indigenous and Exotic Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolates under Ultraviolet B (UV-B) Irradiation to Enhance Field Application Efficacy and Obtain Sustainable Control of the Red Palm Weevil. INSECTS 2022; 13:103. [PMID: 35055945 PMCID: PMC8780514 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) has become a key invasive pest and major threat to the palm tree worldwide. Several entomopathogenic fungi are used in insect biological control programs. In the present study, persistency of different local and exotic fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae was evaluated under UV-B irradiation with different exposure intervals. Several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) light, significantly decrease germination rate of fungi, as UV penetrates and damages their DNA. Several studies have investigated that UV-resistant conidia germinate better under harsh environmental conditions. Seven local and exotic fungi isolates ("BbSA-1", "BbSA-2", "BbSA-3", "MaSA-1", "BbIDN-1", "MaIDN-1", and "MaIDN-2") were tested in the current study under UV-B irradiation having different UV exposure times (i.e., 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min). The colony-forming unit (CFU) in each isolate was used to calculate the survival rate. Results indicated that survival rate of all the isolates decreased under UV-B irradiation for all exposure times compared to no exposure to UV-B irradiation. The CFU number decreased as the exposure time increased. Fungi isolates "MaSA-1", "BbSA-1", "BbSA-2", "MaIDN-1", and "MaIDN-2" could persist after 300 min exposure to UV-B, while the remaining isolates, such as "BbIDN-1", and "BbSA-3", could not persist after 300 min exposure to UV-B. The ultimate objective of the present research was to explore an ultraviolet-tolerant fungal isolate that might be useful in the field application for the sustainable management of the red palm weevil, which has become a key invasive pest in many regions rather than its native range. Most of the fungus isolates studied in the present work were collected from Saudi Arabia's Al-Qatif region, where the red palm weevil has infested more than ten thousand trees, worth millions of riyals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koko Dwi Sutanto
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.D.S.); (K.G.R.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.D.S.); (K.G.R.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Khawaja Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.D.S.); (K.G.R.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Akhmad Faisal Malik
- Directorate of Estate Crops Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia;
| | - Wahidah Hazza Al-Qahtani
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman Saad Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.D.S.); (K.G.R.); (A.S.A.)
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11
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Krain A, Siupka P. Fungal Guttation, a Source of Bioactive Compounds, and Its Ecological Role-A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091270. [PMID: 34572483 PMCID: PMC8467351 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guttation is a common phenomenon in the fungal kingdom. Its occurrence and intensity depend largely on culture conditions, such as growth medium composition or incubation temperature. As filamentous fungi are a rich source of compounds, possessing various biological activities, guttation exudates could also contain bioactive substances. Among such molecules, researchers have already found numerous mycotoxins, antimicrobials, insecticides, bioherbicides, antiviral, and anticancer agents in exudate droplets. They belong to either secondary metabolites (SMs) or proteins and are secreted with different intensities. The background of guttation, in terms of its biological role, in vivo, and promoting factors, has been explored only partially. In this review, we describe the metabolites present in fungal exudates, their diversity, and bioactivities. Pointing to the significance of fungal ecology and natural products discovery, selected aspects of guttation in the fungi are discussed.
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Phenotyping Brown Rot Susceptibility in Stone Fruit: A Literature Review with Emphasis on Peach. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant disease phenotyping methodologies can vary considerably among testers and often suffer from shortcomings in their procedures and applications. This has been an important challenge in resistance breeding to brown rot, one of the most severe pre-and postharvest stone fruit diseases caused by Monilinia spp. Literature about methodologies for evaluating stone fruit susceptibility to brown rot is abundant but displays significant variations across the described approaches, limiting the ability to compare results from different studies. This is despite the fact that authors largely agree on the main factors influencing brown rot development, such as Monilinia inocula, environmental conditions, cultivars, fruit stage, and management practices. The present review first discusses ways to control or at least account for major factors affecting brown rot phenotyping studies. The second section describes in detail the different steps of fruit infection assays, comparing different protocols available in the literature with the objective of highlighting best practices and further improvement of phenotyping for brown rot susceptibility. Finally, experimental results from multi-year evaluation trials are also reported, highlighting year-to-year variability and exploring correlations of evaluation outcomes among years and assay types, suggesting that choice of phenotyping methodology must be carefully considered in breeding programs.
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Couceiro JDC, Fatoretto MB, Demétrio CGB, Meyling NV, Delalibera Í. UV-B Radiation Tolerance and Temperature-Dependent Activity Within the Entomopathogenic Fungal Genus Metarhizium in Brazil. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:645737. [PMID: 37744102 PMCID: PMC10512313 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.645737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium comprises a phylogenetically diverse genus of entomopathogenic fungi. In Brazil, Metarhizium anisopliae s.str. subclade Mani 2 is predominantly isolated from insects, while M. robertsii and M. brunneum mostly occur in the soil environment. Solar radiation and high temperatures are important abiotic factors that can be detrimental to fungal propagules. We hypothesized that among 12 Brazilian isolates of Metarhizium spp., M. anisopliae Mani 2 (n = 6), being adapted to abiotic conditions of the phylloplane, is more tolerant to UV light and high temperatures than M. robertsii (n = 3) and M. brunneum (n = 3). Inoculum of each isolate was exposed to UV-B for up to 8 h and viability evaluated 48 h later. After 8 h under UV-B, most of the isolates had germination rates below 5%. Discs of mycelia were incubated at different temperatures, and diameter of colonies were recorded for 12 days. Mycelia of M. robertsii isolates grew faster at 33 °C, while M. anisopliae and M. brunneum grew most at 25 °C. Dry conidia were incubated at 20, 25 or 40 °C for 12 days, and then viabilities were examined. At 40 °C, conidia of five M. anisopliae isolates were the most tolerant. In the three experiments, considerable intra- and inter-specific variability was detected. The results indicate that conclusions about tolerance to these abiotic factors should be made only at the isolate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel da Cruz Couceiro
- Laboratory of Pathology and Microbial Control of Insects, Department of Entomology and Acarology, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maíra Blumer Fatoretto
- Department of Exact Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio
- Department of Exact Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Nicolai Vitt Meyling
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ítalo Delalibera
- Laboratory of Pathology and Microbial Control of Insects, Department of Entomology and Acarology, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Khun KK, Ash GJ, Stevens MM, Huwer RK, Wilson BA. Compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana with insecticides and fungicides used in macadamia production in Australia. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:709-718. [PMID: 32865346 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrating fungal biocontrol agents into crop protection programs dominated by synthetic pesticides is an important first step towards developing an integrated pest management (IPM) program; however, their successful integration relies on an understanding of how their performance may be impacted by the remaining agrochemicals deployed for managing other pests and diseases. In this study we tested 10 formulated pesticides used in macadamia production at different concentrations to determine their effects on the germination, mycelial growth and sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. Further tests with laboratory-grade actives of the noncompatible pesticides were conducted to determine whether any antagonistic effects were caused by the active constituent or by formulation additives. RESULTS At their registered concentrations, formulated trichlorfon, acephate and indoxacarb were compatible with M. anisopliae, whereas B. bassiana showed compatibility with formulated trichlorfon, acephate, indoxacarb, sulfoxaflor and spinetoram. Bioassays using laboratory-grade active constituents indicated that the adverse impact of formulated beta-cyfluthrin on both fungal species and that of formulated methidathion on B. bassiana is probably due to components of the emulsifiable concentrate formulations rather than their active constituents. Diazinon was the only insecticidal active that showed high toxicity to both fungal species. The two fungicides, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin, were toxic to both fungal species at all tested concentrations. CONCLUSION Our results identify which pesticides used on macadamias in Australia are compatible and incompatible with entomopathogenic fungi. Future studies on pesticide degradation rates will help define the spray intervals required to eliminate these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Khuy Khun
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark M Stevens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, NSW, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth K Huwer
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Bree Al Wilson
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Fumigant activity of essential oils from Cinnamomum and Citrus spp. and pure compounds against Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) and toxicity toward the nontarget organism Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.). Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109341. [PMID: 33472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae(De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) is the main ectoparasite associated with laying poultry. This mite is commonly controlled by the application of synthetic chemical insecticides, wich lead to the selection of resistant populations and formation of residues in eggs. Thus, new molecules must be developed to control D. gallinae. This work evaluated the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum camphora var. linalooliferum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantium var. bergamia, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata var. tangerine against D. gallinae. Additionally, the chemical profiles of the most bioactive EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were subjected to new tests using D. gallinae. The most toxic EOs against D. gallinae were evaluated for the nontarget entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 88). The EOs from C. cassia (LC50 = 25.43 ± 1.0423 μg/cm3) and C. camphora var. linalooliferum (LC50 = 39.84 ± 1.9635 μg/cm3) were the most active in the fumigant bioassay and caused mortality rates of 96 and 61%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were trans-cinnamaldehyde and linalool, respectively. The pure compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 68.89 ± 3.1391 μg/cm3) and linalool (LC50 = 51.45 ± 1.1967 μg/cm3), were tested on D. gallinae and showed lower toxicity than the EOs. Thus, the compounds were not the only active substances produced by C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum; moreover synergism may have occurred between the substances. The EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were also toxic to B. bassiana (Unioeste 88). Thus, EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum are promising candidates for use in D. gallinae control, but cannot be used in conjunction with the fungus B. bassiana.
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Sullivan CF, Parker BL, Davari A, Lee MR, Kim JS, Skinner M. Evaluation of spray applications of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana against larval winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:559-570. [PMID: 33185806 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae), the winter tick, is a one-host tick that parasitizes large ungulates. They can dramatically affect moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), causing significant physiological and metabolic stress and mortality among heavily parasitized individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi in the genera Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) are promising tick biological control agents. We examined the pathogenicity of experimental and commercially formulated isolates of M. anisopliae, M. brunneum and B. bassiana sprayed at concentrations of 106, 107 and 108 conidia/mL against the larval stage of D. albipictus and assessed the efficacy of spraying the commercial product Met52®EC, containing M. brunneum, strain F52, under laboratory conditions. Results showed larval D. albipictus mortality was significantly higher and occurred earlier when treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates compared to B. bassiana at 106, 107 and 108 conidia/mL. Mortality was observed as early as 3 days in the M. anisopliae and M. brunneum treatments and after 6 days in the B. bassiana treatments. After 21 days, larval mortality ranged from 74-99% when ticks were treated with M. anisopliae and M. brunneum isolates at 106, 107 and 108 and conidia/mL. In contrast, mortality of ticks treated with B. bassiana ranged from 30 to 64%. When larvae were treated with the commercial product Met52, mortality was ~ 45% after 3 days and ~ 96% after 9 days. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of M. anisopliae and M. brunneum against D. albipictus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Agrin Davari
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Desf. Aqueous extracts and assessment of the morphological changes induced to certain myco-phytopathogens. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2818-2828. [PMID: 32994742 PMCID: PMC7499382 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Plant extracts had proved a potential antifungal activity against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the aqueous extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Desf. against some fungal species. The effect on growth inhibition, conidia germination, sporogenesis, morphological, and ultrastructural characterizations of fungal growth by scanning and transmission electron microscopes, have been investigated. Both plant extracts exhibited an antifungal activity against Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria, and Rhizoctonia species, besides, the sporogenesis of Alternaria and Fusarium species was suppressed. Both plants induced severe morphological changes in the hyphal shape and surface. We concluded that the aqueous extracts of these plants had strong antifungal activities. More investigations should be performed to evaluate the possible applications in agriculture and in vivo.
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Siqueira ACO, Mascarin GM, Gonçalves CRNCB, Marcon J, Quecine MC, Figueira A, Delalibera Í. Multi-Trait Biochemical Features of Metarhizium Species and Their Activities That Stimulate the Growth of Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Canassa F, D'Alessandro CP, Sousa SB, Demétrio CG, Meyling NV, Klingen I, Delalibera I. Fungal isolate and crop cultivar influence the beneficial effects of root inoculation with entomopathogenic fungi in strawberry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1472-1482. [PMID: 31659843 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root inoculations of crop plants with beneficial fungi constitute a promising strategy for growth promotion and control of above-ground pests and diseases. Here, strawberry roots (cultivar 'Albion' and 'Pircinque') were inoculated with 25 different Brazilian entomopathogenic fungal isolates of three genera and the effects on Tetranychus urticae oviposition and plant growth were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. RESULTS Reductions in the number of T. urticae eggs compared to control treatments were observed on both cultivars inoculated with almost all isolates. For the cultivar 'Albion', Metarhizium anisopliae (ESALQ 1604, ESALQ 1669), M. robertsii (ESALQ 1622, ESALQ 1635), Metarhizium sp. Indet. (ESALQ 1684) and Beauveria bassiana (ESALQ 3323) increased dry weight of roots and leaves, and fruit yield, while M. robertsii (ESALQ 1634), Metarhizium sp. Indet. (ESALQ 1637) and (ESALQ 1636) enhanced fruit yield and dry weight of leaves, respectively. For the cultivar 'Pircinque', M. anisopliae (ESALQ 1669) was the only isolate observed to increase dry weight of roots. CONCLUSION The results suggest that inoculation of strawberry roots with entomopathogenic fungi may be an innovative strategy for pest management above ground. Furthermore, these inoculations may also stimulate plant growth and strawberry production, but the effects depend on fungal strains and crop cultivar. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Canassa
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Celeste P D'Alessandro
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sidcleide B Sousa
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Gb Demétrio
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Klingen
- Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Italo Delalibera
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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do Nascimento Silva J, Mascarin GM, de Paula Vieira de Castro R, Castilho LR, Freire DM. Novel combination of a biosurfactant with entomopathogenic fungi enhances efficacy against Bemisia whitefly. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2882-2891. [PMID: 31038255 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial surfactants are multifunctional surface-active molecules that have been overlooked in formulating microbial biopesticides. We report a novel approach using the biosurfactant rhamnolipid (RML) against the destructive cosmopolitan insect pest Bemisia tabaci, as well as the combined action of RML with aerial conidia of two entomopathogenic fungi, Cordyceps javanica and Beauveria bassiana. RML was also tested as a suspension agent to improve the recovery rate of conidia from solid substrate for fungal preparations. RESULTS The recovery rate of conidia increased dramatically (two to five times) with RML compared with a standard surfactant (Tween 80). Spraying solutions of 0.075% and 0.1% (w/v) RML on B. tabaci third instar nymphs induced 100% mortality within 4 days. Conidial suspensions at 5 × 106 conidia/mL amended with RML at 0.01% or 0.05% markedly increased nymphal mortalities and considerably reduced LC50 . Conidial suspensions of B. bassiana with 0.05% RML added were more effective against whitefly nymphs (87.3% mortality) than C. javanica + RML (51.4% mortality). CONCLUSION Our results show that this bacterium-based RML improved the recovery rate of hydrophobic conidia, and that mixtures of RML with fungal spore suspensions increased their insecticidal activity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leda R Castilho
- COPPE, Chemical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Mg Freire
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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New cost-effective bioconversion process of palm kernel cake into bioinsecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Isaria javanica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2595-2606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Aak A, Hage M, Rukke BA. Insect pathogenic fungi and bed bugs: behaviour, horizontal transfer and the potential contribution to IPM solutions. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:823-835. [PMID: 29568252 PMCID: PMC5847144 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing problem of bed bugs requires the development of new control strategies, and insect pathogenic fungi can contribute towards management. We used laboratory bioassays with Isaria fumosoroseus, Lecanicillium muscarium and Beauveria bassiana to evaluate their virulence to the bed bug. Only B. bassiana significantly affected bed bug survival and was dependent on dose and formulation. A 2% B. bassiana oil formulation induced horizontal transfer to elevate mortality in a 10-day arena bioassay. Temporal distribution of contagious individuals and increasing the dose from 2 to 4% did not increase mortality. Horizontal transfer mainly occurred between adults, and only partly between adults and nymphs. Bed bugs showed activity peaks during the night, and activity was increased by elevated levels of CO2. Distribution between harbourages was not affected by CO2 activation, level of infection or the bio-pesticide, and horizontal transfer was not dependent on the degree of aggregation. Movement in the arenas negatively affected horizontal transfer when the number of susceptible individuals was large. Level of infection also influenced behaviour as the bed bug movement increased with elevated disease burden. The use of fungi as a part of an integrated pest management strategy seems to be an interesting option that should be investigated further. B. bassiana kills bed bugs and can be carried to harbourages to target hidden individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hage
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
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Oliveira DGPD, Lopes RB, Rezende JM, Delalibera I. Increased tolerance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae conidia to high temperature provided by oil-based formulations. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 151:151-157. [PMID: 29175530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the temperature of aqueous conidial sprays on conidial viability and virulence against Diatraea saccharalis was evaluated for pure conidia, rice + fungus (technical concentrates) and oil-based formulations of Beauveria bassiana s.s. and Metarhizium anisopliae s.s. under laboratory conditions. The fungal preparations were suspended in water and maintained at 26 °C, 36 °C and 46 °C for one, four and six hours. Conidial viability was determined by plating aliquots of each suspension onto PDA medium followed by incubation for 20-22 h and observing for viable conidia (germ tubes longer than diameter of conidia). Fungal virulence was determined by spraying suspensions onto third-instar larvae of D. saccharalis. In general, germination and virulence, particularly for unformulated conidia, were negatively affected by increases in water temperature and exposure time in suspension. However, the decrease in conidial viability in the oil-in-water emulsion was less than 7% for both species after 6 h of exposure at 36 °C, in contrast to reductions of 7-21% and 28-60% for the oil-free suspensions of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. For the sprays of conidia in an oil-in-water emulsion previously exposed to elevated water temperatures for longer periods, the levels of insect mortality were higher than those of pure conidia or technical concentrates under identical conditions. Our results indicate that emulsifiable oil-based formulations can protect the conidia of both species of fungi from the adverse effects of high water temperatures before spraying in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daian Guilherme Pinto de Oliveira
- Federal University of Technology/UTFPR, Biology Department, 85892000 Santa Helena, PR, Brazil; ESALQ/University of São Paulo, Department of Entomology and Acarology, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Janayne Maria Rezende
- ESALQ/University of São Paulo, Department of Entomology and Acarology, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Italo Delalibera
- ESALQ/University of São Paulo, Department of Entomology and Acarology, P.O. Box 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Shin TS, Yu NH, Lee J, Choi GJ, Kim JC, Shin CS. Development of a Biofungicide Using a Mycoparasitic Fungus Simplicillium lamellicola BCP and Its Control Efficacy against Gray Mold Diseases of Tomato and Ginseng. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:337-344. [PMID: 28592952 PMCID: PMC5461052 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.04.2017.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To develop a commercial product using the mycoparasitic fungus Simplicillium lamellicola BCP, the scaleup of conidia production from a 5-l jar to a 5,000-l pilot bioreactor, optimization of the freeze-drying of the fermentation broth, and preparation of a wettable powder-type formulation were performed. Then, its disease control efficacy was evaluated against gray mold diseases of tomato and ginseng plants in field conditions. The final conidial yields of S. lamellicola BCP were 3.3 × 109 conidia/ml for a 5-l jar, 3.5 × 109 conidia/ml for a 500-l pilot vessel, and 3.1 × 109 conidia/ml for a 5,000-l pilot bioreactor. The conidial yield in the 5,000-l pilot bioreactor was comparable to that in the 5-l jar and 500-l pilot vessel. On the other hand, the highest conidial viability of 86% was obtained by the freeze-drying method using an additive combination of lactose, trehalose, soybean meal, and glycerin. Using the freeze-dried sample, a wettable powder-type formulation (active ingredient 10%; BCP-WP10) was prepared. A conidial viability of more than 50% was maintained in BCP-WP10 until 22 weeks for storage at 40°C. BCP-WP10 effectively suppressed the development of gray mold disease on tomato with control efficacies of 64.7% and 82.6% at 500- and 250-fold dilutions, respectively. It also reduced the incidence of gray mold on ginseng by 65.6% and 81.3% at 500- and 250-fold dilutions, respectively. The results indicated that the new microbial fungicide BCP-WP10 can be used widely to control gray mold diseases of various crops including tomato and ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teak Soo Shin
- R&D Center of Green Biotech Co., Paju 10911,
Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- R&D Center of Green Biotech Co., Paju 10911,
Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114,
Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722,
Korea
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Heat-stressed Metarhizium anisopliae: viability (in vitro) and virulence (in vivo) assessments against the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:111-121. [PMID: 27704216 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the thermotolerance of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. conidia from the commercial products Metarril® SP Organic and Metarril® WP. The efficacy of these M. anisopliae formulations against the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. was studied in laboratory under optimum or heat-stress conditions. The products were prepared in water [Tween® 80, 0.01 % (v/v)] or pure mineral oil. Conidia from Metarril® SP Organic suspended in water presented markedly delayed germination after heating to constant 40 °C (for 2, 4, or 6 h) compared to conidia suspended in mineral oil. Metarril® SP Organic suspended in oil and exposed to daily cycles of heat-stress (40 °C for 4 h and 25 °C for 19 h for 5 consecutive days) presented relative germination of conidia ranging from 92.8 to 87.2 % from day 1 to day 5, respectively. Conversely, germination of conidia prepared in water ranged from 79.3 to 39.1 % from day 1 to day 5, respectively. Culturability of Metarril® WP decreased from 96 % when conidia were cultured for 30 min prior to heat exposure (40 °C for 4 h) to 9 % when conidia were cultured for 8 h. Tick percent control was distinctly higher when engorged females were treated with oil suspensions rather than water suspensions, even when treated ticks were exposed to heat-stress regimen. Oil-based applications protected fungal conidia against heat-stress. Although Metarril® is not registered for tick control, it may be useful for controlling R. sanguineus, especially if it is prepared in mineral oil.
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Effect of heat stress and oil formulation on conidial germination of Metarhizium anisopliae s.s. on tick cuticle and artificial medium. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 138:94-103. [PMID: 27317831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heat stress (45°C) versus non-heat stress (27°C) on germination of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu stricto (s.s.) isolate IP 119 was examined with conidia formulated (suspended) in pure mineral oil or in water (Tween 80, 0.01%), and then applied onto the cuticle of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) engorged females or onto culture medium (PDAY). In addition, bioassays were performed to investigate the effect of conidia heated while formulated in oil, then applied to blood-engorged adult R. sanguineus females. Conidia suspended in water then exposed to 45°C, in comparison to conidia formulated in mineral oil and exposed to the same temperature, germinated less and more slowly when incubated on either PDAY medium or tick cuticle. Also, conidial germination on tick cuticle was delayed in comparison to germination on artificial culture medium; for example, germination was 13% on tick cuticle 72h after inoculation, in contrast to 61.5% on PDAY medium. Unheated (27°C) conidia suspended in either water or oil and applied to tick cuticle developed appressoria 36h after treatment; whereas only heat-stressed conidia formulated in oil developed appressoria on tick cuticle. In comparison to conidia heated in mineral oil, there was a strong negative effect of heat on germination of conidia heated in water before being applied to arthropod cuticle. Nevertheless, bioassays [based primarily on egg production (quantity) and egg hatchability] exhibited high percentages of tick control regardless of the type of conidial suspension; i.e., water- or oil-formulated conidia, and whether or not conidia were previously exposed to heat. In comparison to aqueous conidial preparations, however, conidia formulated in oil reduced egg hatchability irrespective of heat or no-heat exposure. In conclusion, mineral-oil formulation protected conidia against heat-induced delay of both germination and appressorium production when applied to the cuticle of R. sanguineus.
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