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Follistatin expression in the central nervous system of the adult rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 105:101753. [PMID: 32014555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin was initially cloned as a monomeric polypeptide that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone. Although follistatin also plays pivotal roles in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and immunoregulation in the epididymis, little information is available regarding follistatin function in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Hence, we investigated follistatin expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. Follistatin was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and some astrocytes also expressed follistatin protein. These data indicate that follistatin is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS. The abundant expression of follistatin in the adult brain suggests that this protein plays important roles in the CNS.
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Mesentier-Louro LA, Teixeira-Pinheiro LC, Gubert F, Vasques JF, Silva-Junior AJ, Chimeli-Ormonde L, Nascimento-Dos-Santos G, Mendez-Otero R, Santiago MF. Long-term neuronal survival, regeneration, and transient target reconnection after optic nerve crush and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:121. [PMID: 30995945 PMCID: PMC6472105 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retina and/or optic nerve injury may cause irreversible blindness, due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. We and others have previously shown that the intravitreal injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protects injured retinal ganglion cells and stimulates their regeneration after optic nerve injury, but the long-term effects of this therapy are still unknown. Methods We injected rat MSC (rMSC) intravitreally in adult (3–5 months) Lister Hooded rats of either sex after optic nerve crush. Retinal ganglion cell survival, axonal regeneration, and reconnection were analyzed 60 and 240 days after crush by immunohistochemistry for Tuj1, anterograde labeling with cholera-toxin B and by immunohistochemistry for nerve growth factor-induced gene A (NGFI-A, driven by light stimulation) in the superior colliculus after a cycle of light deprivation-stimulation. Visual behaviors (optokinetic reflex, looming response, and preference for dark) were analyzed 70 days after crush. Results rMSC treatment doubled the number of surviving retinal ganglion cells, preferentially of a larger subtype, and of axons regenerating up to 0.5 mm. Some axons regenerated to the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. NGFI-A+ cells were doubled in rMSC-treated animals 60 days after crush, but equivalent to vehicle-injected animals 240 days after crush, suggesting that newly formed synapses degenerated. Animals did not recover visual behaviors. Conclusions We conclude that rMSC-induced neuroprotection is sustained at longer time points. Although rMSCs promoted long-term neuroprotection and long-distance axon regeneration, the reconnection of retinal ganglion cells with their targets was transitory, indicating that they need additional stimuli to make stable reconnections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1226-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Mesentier-Louro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Leandro C Teixeira-Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gubert
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Vasques
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Almir J Silva-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Chimeli-Ormonde
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nascimento-Dos-Santos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Myostatin expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hayashi Y, Mikawa S, Masumoto K, Katou F, Sato K. GDF11 expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 89:21-36. [PMID: 29448002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP11), is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. Although GDF11 plays pivotal roles during development, including anterior/posterior patterning, formation of the kidney, stomach, spleen and endocrine pancreas, little information is available for GDF11 expression in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We, thus, investigated GDF11 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. GDF11 was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes and ependymal cells also express GDF11 protein. These data indicate that GDF11 is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS, and its abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that GDF11 plays important roles in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan; Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Masumoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Fuminori Katou
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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Mikawa S, Sato K. Chordin expression in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2013; 258:16-33. [PMID: 24231736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) exert its biological functions by interacting with membrane bound receptors. However, functions of BMPs are also regulated in the extracellular space by secreted antagonistic regulators. Chordin is an extracellular BMP antagonist that binds BMP-2, 4, and 7 with high affinity and thus interferes with binding to BMP receptors. Although chordin expression has been well described in the early development of the CNS, little information is available for its expression in the adult CNS. We, thus, investigated chordin expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. Chordin was intensely expressed in most neurons, and their dendrites and axons. In addition, abundant chordin expression was also observed in the neuropil of the gray matters where high plasticity is reported, such as the molecular layer of the cerebellum and the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes and ependymal cells also express chordin protein. These data indicate that chordin is more widely expressed throughout the adult CNS than previously reported, and its continued abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that chordin plays pivotal roles also in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mikawa
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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Mikawa S, Sato K. Noggin expression in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2011; 184:38-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zaverucha-do-Valle C, Gubert F, Bargas-Rega M, Coronel JLL, Mesentier-Louro LA, Mencalha A, Abdelhay E, Santiago MF, Mendez-Otero R. Bone marrow mononuclear cells increase retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration in the adult rat. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:391-406. [PMID: 20719093 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x524764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals generally does not regenerate, and many studies have attempted to identify factors that could increase neuroprotection and/or axonal outgrowth after CNS lesions. Using the optic nerve crush of rats as a model for CNS injury, we investigated the effect of intravitreal transplantation of syngeneic bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and on the regeneration of optic axons. Control animals received intravitreal saline injections after lesion. Injections of BMMCs resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in the number of RGCs surviving 14 days after injury. The BMMC-treated animals also had increased numbers of axons, which grew up to 1.5 mm from the crush site, and also had reduced Müller glia activation. Analysis of mRNAs in all conditions revealed an increase in levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) mRNA in treated animals 14 days after injury. To investigate whether the regenerated axons could reach the brain, we retrograde labeled the RGCs by injecting a lipophilic tracer into the superior colliculus. We also analyzed the expression of NGFI-A in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus as a possible marker of synaptic input from RGC axons. We found evidence that more RGCs were able to reach the brain after treatment and we showed that NGFI-A expression was higher in the treated animals 60 days after injury. These results demonstrate that transplant of BMMCs can increase neuroprotection and neuroregeneration after injury in a model of optic nerve crush, and these effects could be mediated by FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle
- Programa de Terapia Celular and Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bittencourt-Navarrete RD, Nascimento I, Santiago M, Mendez-Otero R. NMDA receptor blockade alters the intracellular distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:189-96. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mikawa S, Wang C, Sato K. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 expression in the adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:613-25. [PMID: 17029256 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and plays important roles in multiple biological events. Although BMP4 expression has been well described in the early development of the central nervous system (CNS), little information is available on its expression in the adult CNS. Therefore, we investigated BMP4 expression in the adult rat CNS by using immunohistochemistry. BMP4 is intensely expressed in most neurons and their dendrites. In addition, intense BMP4 expression was also observed in the neuropil of the gray matters where high plasticity is reported, such as the molecular layer of the cerebellum and the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes also express BMP4 protein. These data indicate that BMP4 is more widely expressed throughout the adult CNS than previously reported, and its continued abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that BMP4 plays pivotal roles also in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Giraldi-Guimarães A, Mendez-Otero R. Visually-induced NGFI-A protein expression in the calbindin-, parvalbumin- and nitric oxide synthase-neuronal populations of the rat superior colliculus. J Chem Neuroanat 2005; 29:209-16. [PMID: 15820622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the immediate early gene NGFI-A in the nervous system is induced by sensory stimulation and seems to be related to long-term synaptic plasticity. We have used double-labeling immunohistochemistry to identify calbindin (CB)(+), parvalbumin (PV)(+) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)(+) neurons that also expressed the protein encoded by this immediate early gene after light-exposure on in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus (sSC). The majority of the NGFI-A(+) cells were not double-labeled for the tested markers. In the stratum zonale+stratum griseum superficiale (SZ/SGS), only 17.8%, 8.0% and 12.1% of NGFI-A(+) cells were also labeled for CB, PV or nNOS, respectively. In the stratum opticum (SO), only 10.5% of the NGFI-A(+) cells were also CB(+). Furthermore, only a small subset of each population expressed the NGFI-A protein after light-exposure. In the SZ/SGS, 35.7% of the CB(+), 32.1% of the PV(+) and 26.6% of the nNOS(+) neurons also expressed the NGFI-A. In the SO, 31.7% of the CB(+) neurons also expressed the NGFI-A. The proportional distribution of the nNOS(+)/NGFI-A(+) neurons throughout the SZ/SGS layers showed a slight but significant rostro-caudal gradient. No significant difference was observed for the other markers, indicating homogeneous activation of these populations throughout the retinotopic map. Our results suggest that the visually-driven NGFI-A expression is not restricted to a specific population of the sSC and that visual processing in this structure, as assessed by the expression of this candidate-plasticity protein, involves the activation of subsets of ascending and non-ascending projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Giraldi-Guimarães
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil.
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